scholarly journals Eradicating the Scourge of Peste Des Petits Ruminants from the World

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Njeumi ◽  
Dalan Bailey ◽  
Jean. Jacques Soula ◽  
Bouna Diop ◽  
Berhe G. Tekola
Keyword(s):  
Animal Movement ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Eradication Strategy ◽  
The World

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of both domestic (goats and sheep) and wild ruminants. Caused by a morbillivirus, that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. The disease is clinically and pathologically similar to rinderpest of cattle and human measles. PPR is one of the most economically devastating viral diseases of small ruminants. In April 2015, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) launched the PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy (PPR GCES) with the vision for global eradication by 2030. There is a strong and lasting international consensus to eradicate the disease in order to protect the livelihoods of the world’s poorest populations. As with any disease, eradication is feasible when, policy, scientific and technical challenges are addressed. Ten majors challenges are described in this paper namely: understanding small ruminant production, facilitating research to support eradication, refining laboratory testing, improving epidemiological understanding of the virus, defining infection of wildlife and other species, optimizing vaccine delivery and novel vaccines, developing better control of animal movement, heightening serological monitoring, understanding socio-economic impact, and garnering funding and political will.

scholarly journals Regional epidemiology and associated risk factors of PPR in Asia-A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 178-190
Author(s):  
Munibullah Munibullah ◽  
Li Yanmin ◽  
Munib Kainat ◽  
Zhang Zhidong
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
South Central ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Ppr Virus ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
World Organization

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a world organization for animal health (OIE) notifiable and economically important transboundary, highly contagious and acute viral disease of small ruminants. The disease is caused by the PPR Virus (PPRV). PPRV belongs to the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. The recent epidemiological and molecular characterization of PPR virus isolates subdivides them into four genetically distinct lineages (I, II, III and IV). The disease is endemic across Asia, the Middle East and African regions and is considered to be a major obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture across the developing world due to a huge burden on the economy and development of the affected countries and has recently been targeted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the OIE for global eradication by 2030. PPR-endemic countries should join the regional force, and implement regional roadmaps for the progressive and successful control and elimination of PPRV. In this review, the regional epidemiology of PPR outbreaks and overall regional associated risk factors including animal factors (age, species, sex), environmental factors (season, spatial distribution of disease in various locations) and trade associated factors with special reference to the PPR-affected countries in South, Central and East Asia is comprehensively discussed.

scholarly journals Progress towards Eradication of Peste des Petits Ruminants through Vaccination

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Hang Zhao ◽  
Felix Njeumi ◽  
Satya Parida ◽  
Camilla T. O. Benfield
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
National Level ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Eradication Strategy ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a transboundary viral disease that threatens more than 1.74 billion goats and sheep in approximately 70 countries globally. In 2015, the international community set the goal of eradicating PPR by 2030, and, since then, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) have jointly developed and implemented the Global Control and Eradication Strategy for PPR. Here, data from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Database (FAOSTAT), the OIE World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS), Regional Roadmap Meetings, and countries’ responses to PPR Monitoring and Assessment Tool (PMAT) questionnaires were analyzed to inform on current progress towards PPR eradication. OIE recorded the use of over 333 million doses of vaccine in 12 countries from 2015 to 2018, 41.8% of which were used in Asia and 58.2% in Africa. Between 2015 and 2019, a total of 12,757 PPR outbreaks were reported to OIE: 75.1% in Asia, 24.8% in Africa, and 0.1% in Europe. The number of global outbreaks in 2019 fell to 1218, compared with 3688 in 2015. Analysis of vaccine use and PPR outbreaks in countries indicates that disease control strategies, particularly vaccination campaigns and vaccine distribution strategies, still require scientific evaluation. It is imperative that vaccination is undertaken based on the epidemiology of the disease in a region and is coordinated between neighboring countries to restrict transboundary movements. Strengthening surveillance and post-vaccination sero-monitoring at the national level is also essential. The PPR vaccine stock/bank established by FAO, OIE, and other partners have improved the quality assurance and supply of vaccines. However, to achieve PPR eradication, filling the funding gap for vaccination campaigns and other program activities will be critical.

scholarly journals Occurrence of peste des petits ruminants and its increasing threat to Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (02) ◽  
pp. 6209-2019
Author(s):  
WIESŁAW NIEDBALSKI
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The World

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious disease of small ruminants that leads to high morbidity and mortality, and thereby results in devastating economic consequences to the livestock industry. It is caused by the PPR virus (PPRV), which belongs to the genus Morbilivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. PPR was first recorded in early 1942 in Ivory Coast, West Africa. In the following years, the disease extended its distribution to other parts of the world and now circulates throughout Northern, Eastern and West Africa, as well as Asia – in particular, China, Central Asia, Eurasia, the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East. The molecular epidemiology of PPRV, based on the sequence comparison of a small region of either the N or the F gene, has revealed the existence of four distinct lineages (I-IV) of the virus. Until June 2018, PPR had never been detected in Europe, with the exception of the European part of Turkish Thrace. However, on 24th June 2018 the Bulgarian authorities reported cases of PPR in sheep in the village of Voden, Bolyarovo municipality of Yambol region, on the border with the Thrace region of Turkey. It was the first occurrence of PPR in Bulgaria and in the European Union (EU). The source of PPR infection in Bulgaria is not clear, it could have been the illegal movement of animals, contaminated materials or humans, e.g. refuges. Due to the increased risk of introduction of PPR from North Africa and Turkey to neighbouring regions, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has recently published a report assessing the risk of PPR spreading in Europe. According to a scientific opinion by the EFSA, the spread of PPRV in the territory of the UE could occur by the illegal transport of infected animals or infected animal products. In order to limit the spread and impact of PPR outbreaks in Europe, rapid detection, movement restriction, prompt culling of infected herds and disinfection measures should be introduced immediately. The control and eventual eradication of PPR is now one of the top priorities for the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). In 2015, the international community agreed on a global strategy for PPR eradication, setting 2030 as a target date for elimination of the disease.

Main Achievements of the World Organisation for Animal Health/United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Network on Animal Influenza

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (s1) ◽  
pp. e69-e70
Author(s):  
Gwenaelle Dauphin ◽  
Keith Hamilton ◽  
L. Mia Kim ◽  
Ghudipa Choudhury ◽  
Ilaria Capua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
United Nations Food ◽  
World Organisation

Main Achievements of the World Organisation for Animal Health/United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Network on Animal Influenza

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (s1) ◽  
pp. 380-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwenaelle Dauphin ◽  
Keith Hamilton ◽  
L. Mia Kim ◽  
Bhudipa Choudhury ◽  
Ilaria Capua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
United Nations Food ◽  
World Organisation

scholarly journals Eradication of peste des petits ruminants: Application of new research to guide and facilitate the global elimination of the disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (03) ◽  
pp. 6380-2020
Author(s):  
WIESŁAW NIEDBALSKI
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eradication Programme

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic and wild small ruminants caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), which belongs to the genus Morbilivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. The PPRV causes disease in goats and sheep, as well as in wild ruminants, such as gazelle, deer, antelope, Nubian ibex, gemsbok and others. PPR was first recorded in early 1942 in Ivory Coast, West Africa, and spread to around 70 countries in Africa, the Middle East and Asia – regions that are home to over 80% of the world’s sheep and goats. Until 2018, PPR had never been detected in Europe. On 24th June 2018, however, the Bulgarian authorities reported cases of PPR in sheep in the village of Voden, Bolyarovo municipality of Yambol region, on the border with the Thrace region of Turkey. It was the first occurrence of PPR in Bulgaria and in the European Union (EU). The control and eventual eradication of PPR is now one of the top priorities for the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). In 2015, the international community agreed on a global strategy for PPR eradication, setting 2030 as a target date for elimination of the disease. The aim of this paper was to highlight future research that could be performed to guide and facilitate the PPR eradication programme. Such research includes studies on PPR transmission and epidemiology, as well as the development and application of new-generation PPR vaccines capable of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Moreover, there is a need for research to improve and adapt existing diagnostic techniques as well as to develop novel PPRV recognition methods, such as a lateral flow device for in-field use, that accelerate decisions about the implementation of control measures.

scholarly journals Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Infection at the Wildlife–Livestock Interface in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem, 2015–2019

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 838
Author(s):  
Bryony A. Jones ◽  
Mana Mahapatra ◽  
Daniel Mdetele ◽  
Julius Keyyu ◽  
Francis Gakuya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Weighted Estimate ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
African Buffalo ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Serengeti Ecosystem

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease of goats and sheep that occurs in Africa, the Middle East and Asia with a severe impact on livelihoods and livestock trade. Many wild artiodactyls are susceptible to PPR virus (PPRV) infection, and some outbreaks have threatened endangered wild populations. The role of wild species in PPRV epidemiology is unclear, which is a knowledge gap for the Global Strategy for the Control and Eradication of PPR. These studies aimed to investigate PPRV infection in wild artiodactyls in the Greater Serengeti and Amboseli ecosystems of Kenya and Tanzania. Out of 132 animals purposively sampled in 2015–2016, 19.7% were PPRV seropositive by ID Screen PPR competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA; IDvet, France) from the following species: African buffalo, wildebeest, topi, kongoni, Grant’s gazelle, impala, Thomson’s gazelle, warthog and gerenuk, while waterbuck and lesser kudu were seronegative. In 2018–2019, a cross-sectional survey of randomly selected African buffalo and Grant’s gazelle herds was conducted. The weighted estimate of PPRV seroprevalence was 12.0% out of 191 African buffalo and 1.1% out of 139 Grant’s gazelles. All ocular and nasal swabs and faeces were negative by PPRV real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Investigations of a PPR-like disease in sheep and goats confirmed PPRV circulation in the area by rapid detection test and/or RT-qPCR. These results demonstrated serological evidence of PPRV infection in wild artiodactyl species at the wildlife–livestock interface in this ecosystem where PPRV is endemic in domestic small ruminants. Exposure to PPRV could be via spillover from infected small ruminants or from transmission between wild animals, while the relatively low seroprevalence suggests that sustained transmission is unlikely. Further studies of other major wild artiodactyls in this ecosystem are required, such as impala, Thomson’s gazelle and wildebeest.

scholarly journals Strengthening implementation of antimicrobial resistance national action plans

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Anderson ◽  
K Schulze ◽  
A Cassini ◽  
D Plauchoras ◽  
E Mossialos
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Governance Framework ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major challenges of our time. Countries use national action plans as a mechanism to build engagement among stakeholders and coordinate a range of actions across human, animal, and environmental health. However, implementation of recommended policies such as stewardship of antimicrobials, infection prevention and control, and stimulating research and development of novel antimicrobials and alternatives remains inconsistent. Improving the quality of governance within antimicrobial resistance national action plans is an essential step to improving implementation. To date, no systematic approach to governance of national action plans on AMR exists. To address this issue, we aimed to develop the first governance framework to offer guidance for both the development and assessment of national action plans on AMR. We reviewed health system governance framework reviews to inform the basic structure of our framework, international guidance documents from WHO, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Organisation for Animal Health, and the European Commission, and sought the input of 25 experts from international organisations, government ministries, policy institutes, and academic institutions to develop and refine our framework. The framework consists of 18 domains with 52 indicators that are contained within three governance areas: policy design, implementation tools, and monitoring and evaluation. Countries must engage with a cyclical process of continuous design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation to achieve these aims.

scholarly journals Peste des petits ruminants in Africa: a review of currently available molecular epidemiological data, 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 165 (10) ◽  
pp. 2147-2163 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Dundon ◽  
Adama Diallo ◽  
Giovanni Cattoli
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Global Eradication

Abstract Small ruminants (e.g., sheep and goats) contribute considerably to the cash income and nutrition of small farmers in most countries in Africa and Asia. Their husbandry is threatened by the highly infectious transboundary viral disease peste des petits ruminants (PPR) caused by peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV). Given its social and economic impact, PPR is presently being targeted by international organizations for global eradication by 2030. Since its first description in Côte d’Ivoire in 1942, and particularly over the last 10 years, a large amount of molecular epidemiological data on the virus have been generated in Africa. This review aims to consolidate these data in order to have a clearer picture of the current PPR situation in Africa, which will, in turn, assist authorities in global eradication attempts.

scholarly journals Eradication of Rinderpest from Poland in 1921-1922

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 966-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Orzechowska ◽  
Liliana Bezpalko ◽  
Małgorzata Lis ◽  
Janusz Boratyński
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Rinderpest Virus ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Field Station ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Epithelial Cell Layer

Due to Rinderpest disease (cattle plague) in Poland, over 40,000 cattle died within the three months of the first half of 1920. Stopping the epizooty of rinderpest (pestis bovum; cattle plague; Typhus bovum contagiosus) spreading from Russia should be considered one of the greatest scientific, organizational and economic achievements of the reviving Polish statehood. Rinderpest is a highly contagious, viral disease caused by the Rinderpest virus, which leads to the death of over 90% of infected animals. Rinderpest virus damages lymphoid cells and the epithelial cell layer of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, genital tract and external- -secretory glands (lacrimal glands, mucous glands, salivary glands). Within a few days after infection, animals begin presenting symptoms of sepsis and dehydration caused by necrotic and hemorrhagic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. In order to stop the epizooty of bovine disease, the Ministry of Agriculture and State Goods ordered Dr. Feliks Jaroszyński to organize a rinderpest field station. The station was established in the forester’s lodge, in Michałówka near Puławy. The station produced anti-rinderpest serum and a rinderpest vaccine. In the peak period of operation, 2000 L of vaccine was produced each month. Vaccination of cattle carried out in the area endangered by rinderpest prevented the epidemic in 1922 and protected Poland and Europe from enormous losses. Knowledge about this unprecedented scientific, organizational and economic enterprise is not widely known, which neglects Poland’s pioneering contribution to preventing the epidemic of rinderpest. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) announced in 2010 that the world is free of the disease caused by the Rinderpest virus belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus.

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