scholarly journals Prevalence of Pneumococcal Carriage among Jordanian Infants in the First 6 Months of Age, 2008–2016

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1283
Author(s):  
Adnan Al-Lahham
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Surveillance Period ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
The Future

Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae is an opportunistic human-adapted pathogen driven by nasopharyngeal carriage. Aims: To find the pneumococcal carriage rate, resistance, serotypes, and coverage of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) among infants in the first six months of age in the period from March 2008 to April 2016. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs (NP) were taken from healthy infants from the northern part of Jordan. Swabs were processed for cultivation, identification, resistance testing and serotyping according to standard methods. Results: During the surveillance period, 484 infants of this age group were tested, with a total carriage rate of 56.2%. 96.2% of infants one to two months of age got one PCV7 injection and were 58% carriers at the time of the first injection. At age three to four months, 84.9% had received two injections, with a carriage rate of 54.9% at the time of the second injection. At ages five to six months, 12.5% had received one to three injections, with a carriage rate of 43.8%. Predominant serotypes in all age groups were 19F (12.5%), 6A (11.4%), 11A (8.4%), 19A (7.0%), 6B (6.6%), 23F (5.9%), 15B (5.1%), 15A and 23A (4.0% each). Coverage of PCV7, PCV13 and the future PCV20 among all cases were 30.5%, 50.7% and 70.6%, respectively. The highest coverage rate of 78.6% was noticed in the age group at five to six months with the future PCV20. Antibiotic resistance was the highest in the first age group. Conclusions: Pneumococcal carriage starts from the first month of the infant’s life. The highest coverage was noticed for PCV20, which implies the necessity for inoculation with future vaccines.

ANNUAL DYNAMICS OF PNEUMOCOCCAL CARRIAGE AND COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA INCIDENCE IN KHABAROVSK CITY IN 2015

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (62) ◽  
pp. 16-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Татьяна Корита ◽  
Tatyana Korita ◽  
Людмила Бутакова ◽  
Lyudmila Butakova ◽  
Татьяна Каравянская ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage ◽  
Annual Dynamic

The research objective was to study prevalence of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage among different age-group populations as well as evaluate annual dynamics of nasopharyngeal carriage levels against incidence rates of community-acquired pneumonia in Khabarovsk city in 2015. The bacteriological research was conducted among 2429 people (1100 adults and 1329 children) suffering from respiratory diseases. The level of pneumococcal carriage of the whole group was equal to 12.3±0.67%. The pneumococcal carriage was registered in all age-groups; its highest levels were diagnosed in children from 1 to 3 years old and in children from 3 to 6 years old (27.0±2.16 and 23.1±1.97%, respectively). The incidence rates of community-acquired pneumonia equaled to 290.2 per 100000 of general population and 687.1 per 100000 of children population. The comparative analysis of annual dynamics of pneumococcal carriage and community-acquired pneumonia incidence rates among general population of Khabarovsk city and separately for children from 0 to 14 years old has shown a correlation between these epidemiologic manifestations. Typically, pneumococcal carriage and incidence rates are the lowest in August; they elevate in September due to influence of common factors that are associated with “mixing” of people. The peculiarity of annual dynamic of community-acquired pneumonia incidence rates is a double-wave course with maximum in April and September. The revealed trends show the correlation between epidemic process of community-acquired pneumonia and undetected epidemic process of pneumococcal infections manifested as pneumococcal carriage.

scholarly journals Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Associated Factors among Children in Southwest Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-178
Author(s):  
Dejene Derseh Abateneh ◽  
Abera Kumalo Shano ◽  
Teshale Worku Dedo
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Southwest Ethiopia ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage

Background: In Ethiopia, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the predominant causative agent of pneumonia. About, 95% of bacterial pneumonia cases in under five years of children are caused by pneumococci. Objective: To assess the nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, its antibiotic susceptibility pattern, and associated factors among children in Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 01, 2018, to December 30, 2018. A total of 293 children aged ≤15 years were included in the study using a systematic random sampling technique. A nasopharyngeal swab was collected using a sterile cotton swab and cultured on blood agar supplemented with 5μg/ml gentamicin. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results: The ages of participants ranged from 5 months to 14 years. The carriage rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae was 74/293 (25.3%). Being within the age group <3 years, the habit of sleeping with parent(s)/guardians and numbers of rooms per household were significantly associated with pneumococcal carriage. Streptococcus pneumoniae showed the highest resistance to Tetracycline, 36 (48.65%), and Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 29 (39.2%), and was found to be susceptible to Chloramphenicol, 54 (77%), and Erythromycin, 38 (51.4%). Conclusion: The nasopharyngeal carriage rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae is considerably high. High antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae against Tetracycline and Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was observed. Living in a house with a single room, children’s habit of sleeping with parents/guardians and age are associated factors of high pneumococcal carriage. Strategies need to be designed to address the modifiable associated factors and the bacterium antibiotic resistance pattern should be monitored regularly.

scholarly journals Impact of PCV7 vaccination on nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial resistance among children in Turkey

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
pp. 227-232
Author(s):  
Basak Kaya Gursoy ◽  
Ufuk Beyazova ◽  
Melahat Melek Oguz ◽  
Filiz Demirel ◽  
Secil Ozkan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Effective Factors ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Household Crowding

Introduction: We aimed to evaluate the effects of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and antibiotic resistance in children in a well-child clinic in a tertiary children’s hospital in Turkey. Methodology: We collected nasopharyngeal (NP) specimens from 557 two-month-old babies before vaccination. After the study population had received PCV7, NP samples were obtained from 135 babies. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and serotyping were performed. Results: S. pneumoniae colonized in 48 (8.6%) of the 557 two-month-old babies before vaccination. The follow-up cohort consisted of 135 subjects. The prevalence of PCV7 strain decreased from 33.3% to 19.3% after vaccination. However, non-PCV7 types increased from 66.6% to 80.6% (p = 0.02). Of PCV7 serotypes, 19F was the most frequent serotype before and after vaccination. There was an increase in 6A and 15 of non-PCV7 serotypes after vaccination. Penicillin non-susceptible increased from 56.3% to 80.6% after vaccination (p =0.03). Serotypes 14, 18C, 9V and 6B, which were identified before vaccination, never colonized afterwards. Number of siblings and having sibling with older age of five were determined to be significant effective factors for SP colonization presence after vaccination and antibiotic use was negatively associated with pneumococcal carriage but associated with penicillin non-susceptibility. Conclusions: Nasopharyngeal carriage rate of S. pneumoniae dropped after PCV7 vaccination, and replacement by NVT pneumococci were also observed. Risk factors for nasopharyngeal carriage included household crowding and having a sibling age five years or older. Penicillin non-susceptibility increased in both VT and NVT strains.

scholarly journals Nasopharyngeal Meningococcal Carriage among Children and Adolescents in Turkey in 2018: An Unexpected High Serogroup X Carriage

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 871
Author(s):  
Mahmut Can Kizil ◽  
Omer Kilic ◽  
Mehmet Ceyhan ◽  
Merve Iseri Nepesov ◽  
Adem Karbuz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Meningococcal carriage studies and transmission modeling can predict IMD epidemiology and used to define invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) control strategies. In this multicenter study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of nasopharyngeal Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) carriage, serogroup distribution, and related risk factors in Turkey. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from a total of 1267 children and adolescents and were tested with rt-PCR. Nm carriage was detected in 96 participants (7.5%, 95% CI 6.1–9.0), with the peak age at 13 years (12.5%). Regarding age groups, Nm carriage rate was 7% in the 0–5 age group, was 6.9%in the 6–10 age group, was 7.9% in the 11–14 age group, and was 9.3% in the 15–18 age group. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p > 0.05). The serogroup distribution was as follows: 25% MenX, 9.4% MenA, 9.4% MenB, 2.1% MenC, 3.1% MenW, 2.1% for MenY, and 48.9% for non-groupable. The Nm carriage rate was higher in children with previous upper respiratory tract infections and with a high number of household members, whereas it was lower in children with antibiotic use in the last month (p < 0.05 for all). In this study, MenX is the predominant carriage strain. The geographical distribution of Nm strains varies, but serogroup distribution in the same country might change in a matter of years. Adequate surveillance and/or a proper carriage study is paramount for accurate/dynamic serogroup distribution and the impact of the proposed vaccination.

Peruvian Consumer Responses to the Use of Technologies in the Context of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 323-341
Author(s):  
Yezelia Danira Caceres Cabana ◽  
David Aguilar del Carpio ◽  
Erika Velásquez Chacón ◽  
Juan Mardonio Rivera Medina
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Marketing Channels ◽  
Free Movement ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Consumer Responses ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Way

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has led many states, in an attempt to control the spread of the virus, to decree social immobilization, which meant the introduction of restrictions on the free movement of people and the opening of shops. This led them to seek new marketing channels for purchases. Among these, ICTs have been important. This is the focus of the analysis in this document. Through surveys and interviews, information was obtained, divided into four age groups, which showed that an important part of the population has had to resort to ICTs to acquire goods and/or pay for services. This change in the way of acquiring had different particularities according to the age group analyzed, with a greater change in the oldest group (56 to 74 years old). It can be concluded that the massification of these tools has generated a change in the ways of acquiring products, and this is likely to transcend the pandemic and these channels will be maintained and strengthened in the future.

scholarly journals A longitudinal household study of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage in a UK setting

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. 891-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. HUSSAIN ◽  
A. MELEGARO ◽  
R. G. PEBODY ◽  
R. GEORGE ◽  
W. J. EDMUNDS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
School Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
The Impact

A 10-month longitudinal household study of pre-school children and their families was undertaken with monthly visits collecting epidemiological data and nasopharyngeal swabs in Hertfordshire, England from 2001 to 2002. Pneumococcal culture was with standard methods. In total, 121 families (489 individuals) took part. Mean prevalence of carriage ranged from 52% for age groups 0–2 years, 45% for 3–4 years, 21% for 5–17 years and 8% for [ges ]18 years. Carriage occurred more than once in 86% of children aged 0–2 years compared to 36% of those aged [ges ]18 years. The most prevalent serotypes in the 0–2 years age group were 6B followed by 19F, 23F, 6A and 14. Young children were responsible for the majority of introductions of new serotypes into a household. Erythromycin resistance (alone or in combination) occurred in 10% of samples and penicillin non-susceptibility in 3·7%. Overall the recently licensed 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV) would protect against 64% of serotypes with no intra-serogroup cross protection and 82% with such protection. Nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae is common in a UK setting in the pre-conjugate vaccine era. PCV would protect against a large proportion of carriage isolates. However, the impact of vaccination on non-vaccine serotypes will need to be monitored.

scholarly journals Persistent and Emerging Pneumococcal Carriage Serotypes in a Rural Gambian Community After 10 Years of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Pressure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Effua Usuf ◽  
Christian Bottomley ◽  
Rebecca Gladstone ◽  
Ebrima Bojang ◽  
Kaddijatou Jawneh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Trial ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Cluster Randomized Trial ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage ◽  
Cluster Randomized

Abstract Background The continuing impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in regions with high pneumococcal transmission is threatened by the persistence of vaccine serotypes (VTs) and the emergence of nonvaccine serotypes (NVTs). Methods In 2016, we conducted a cross-sectional carriage survey (CSS5) in a community where PCV7 was first introduced in 2006 during a cluster-randomized trial conducted before nationwide introduction of PCV7 (2009) and PCV13 (2011). We estimated prevalence of PCV13 VT and NVT by age and compared these with earlier surveys before (CSS0), during (CSS1-3), and after the trial but before PCV13 (CSS4). Genomic analysis was conducted for the nontypeable pneumococci. Results Prevalence of PCV13 VT carriage decreased during the 10 years between CSS0 and CSS5 across all age groups (67.6% to 13.5%, P &lt; .001; 59.8% to 14.4%, P &lt; .001; 43.1% to 17.9%, P &lt; .001; and 24.0% to 5.1%, P &lt; .001, in &lt;2, 2–4, 5–14, and ≥15 years, respectively). However, there was no difference between CSS4 and CSS5 in children ≥2 years and adults (children &lt;2 years, no data). The prevalence of PCV13 NVT increased between CSS0 and CSS5 for children &lt;2 years but decreased in older children and adults. In CSS5, serotypes 3, 6A, and 19F were the most common VT and nontypeable isolates were the most common NVT. Among nontypeable isolates, 73.0% lost the ability to express a capsule. Of these, 70.8% were from a VT background. Conclusions The decrease in PCV13 VT that has occurred since the introduction of PCV13 appears to have plateaued. Significant carriage of these serotypes remains in all age groups.

scholarly journals The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in human faecal flora in South Africa

1993 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. A. Shanahan ◽  
B. A. Wylie ◽  
P. V. Adrian ◽  
H. J. Koornhof ◽  
C. J. Thomson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Black Population ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Faecal Flora ◽  
Rural And Urban

SummaryBetween January and March 1992, 361 faecal specimens were collected from the healthy black population in the Transvaal Province of South Africa. Each specimen was examined for the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in commensal bacteria. Volunteers, from both rural and urban dwellings, were divided into four age groups. The overall carriage rate of resistance varied from 88.6% for ampicillin, 74.2% for trimethoprim, 52.6% for chloramphenicol, 10.2% for nalidixic acid to 7.5% for gentamicin. The carriage of resistance found to each individual antimicrobial agent was slightly higher in the rural population rather than the urban population but there was no correlation between the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and the age group.

Married Women At Work in 1972

1963 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 56-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfred Beckerman ◽  
Jane Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Working Population ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

In any projection of the working population in Britain, it is the number of married women at work which is the main uncertainty. For men and (to a lesser extent) for single women, the numbers likely to be working can be foreseen fairly accurately. Reasonable estimates can be made of the total numbers in each age group, and in all the sizeable age-groups over 95 per cent have a job. These participation rates—that is, the proportion in each age group which is at work—have not changed much in the past, and there is not much scope for them to rise in the future.

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