2,4-Thiazolidinedione in Well-Fed Lactating Dairy Goats: II. Response to Intra-Mammary Infection

In a prior experiment, treatment of goats with the putative PPARγ agonist 2,4-thiazolidinedione (2,4-TZD) ameliorated the response to intramammary infection without evidence of PPARγ activation. The lack of PPARγ activation was possibly due to deficiency of vitamin A and/or a poor body condition of the animals. Therefore, the present study hypothesized that activation of PPARγ by 2,4-TZD in goats supplemented with adequate amounts of vitamin A can improve the response to sub-clinical mastitis. Lactating goats receiving a diet that met National Research Council requirements, including vitamin A, were injected with 8 mg/kg BW of 2,4-TZD (n = 6) or saline (n = 6; control (CTR)) daily. Two weeks into treatment, all goats received Streptococcus uberis (IMI) in the right mammary gland. Blood biomarkers of metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative status plus leukocytes phagocytosis were measured. Mammary epithelial cells (MEC) and macrophages were isolated from milk and liver tissue collected for gene expression analysis. Milk fat was maintained by treatment with 2,4-TZD, but decreased in CTR, after IMI. Haptoglobin was increased after IMI only in 2,4-TZD without any effect on negative acute phase proteins, indicating an improved liver function. 2,4-TZD vs. CTR had a greater amount of globulin. The expression of inflammation-related genes was increased by IMI in both macrophages and MEC. Except for decreasing expression of SCD1 in MEC, 2,4-TZD did not affect the expression of measured genes. Results confirmed the successful induction of sub-clinical mastitis but did not confirm the positive effect of 2,4-TZD on the response to IMI in well-fed goats.

Download Full-text

2,4-Thiazolidinedione in Well-Fed Lactating Dairy Goats: I. Effect on Adiposity and Milk Fat Synthesis

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci6020045 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 45 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shana Jaaf ◽

Fernanda Rosa ◽

Misagh Moridi ◽

Johan S. Osorio ◽

Jayant Lohakare ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Vitamin A ◽

Body Condition ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽

Dairy Goats ◽

Pparγ Agonist ◽

Lactating Goats ◽

Fat Synthesis ◽

Milk Fat Synthesis

Background: In a prior experiment, treatment of goats with the putative PPARγ agonist 2,4-thiazolidinedione (2,4-TZD) did not affect milk fat or expression of milk-fat related genes. The lack of response was possibly due to deficiency of vitamin A and/or a poor body condition of the animals. In the present experiment, we tested the hypothesis that PPARγ activation affects milk fat synthesis in goats with a good body condition and receiving adequate levels of vitamin A. Methods: Lactating goats receiving a diet that met NRC requirements, including vitamin A, were injected with 8 mg/kg BW of 2,4-TZD (n = 6) or saline (n = 6; CTR) daily for 26 days. Blood metabolic profiling and milk yield and components were measured including fatty acid profile. Expression of genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism was measured in adipose tissue and in mammary epithelial cells (MEC). Size of adipocytes was assessed by histological analysis. Results: NEFA, BHBA, and fatty acids available in plasma decreased while glucose increased in 2,4-TZD vs. CTR. Size of cells and expression of insulin signaling and glucose metabolism-related genes were larger in 2,4-TZD vs. CTR in adipose tissue. In MEC, expression of SCD1 and desaturation of stearate was lower in 2,4-TZD vs. CTR. Conclusions: Overall data revealed a lack of PPARγ activation by 2,4-TZD and no effect on milk fat synthesis despite a strong anti-lipolysis effect on adipose tissue.

Download Full-text

2,4-Thiazolidinedione Treatment Improves the Innate Immune Response in Dairy Goats with Induced Subclinical Mastitis

PPAR Research ◽

10.1155/2017/7097450 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Fernanda Rosa ◽

Johan S. Osorio ◽

Erminio Trevisi ◽

Francisco Yanqui-Rivera ◽

Charles T. Estill ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Milk Fat ◽

Target Genes ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Minor Effect ◽

Dairy Goats ◽

Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽

Lactating Goats ◽

Fat Synthesis ◽

Milk Fat Synthesis

Mastitis is a major disease in dairy cows resulting in significant economic losses. In vitro works suggest that ruminants peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) can aid in improving the response to mastitis and can control milk fat synthesis. The objectives of the present experiment were to test if treatment with the putative PPARγ agonist 2,4-thiazolidinedione (TZD) improves (1) the response to subclinical mastitis and (2) milk fat production. Lactating goats received daily injections of 8 mg/kg BW of TZD or saline for 3 weeks. After one week of TZD injection, half of the goats in each group received intramammary infusion of Strep. uberis or saline in both halves for a total of 4 groups (n=6/group). TZD treatment did not affect milk fat but had positive effect on milk somatic cells count, blood nonesterified fatty acids, inflammatory markers, and liver function. TZD significantly increased myeloperoxidase but did not affect leukocytes phagocytosis or insulin. TZD increased adipocytes size and had minor effect on expression of PPARγ target genes in mammary epithelial cells but not in adipose tissue. Overall, TZD ameliorated the response to intramammary infection but the effect on milk fat synthesis and expression of related transcripts was less than expected.

Download Full-text

Study on prevalence, clinical presentation, and associated bacterial pathogens of goat mastitis in Bauchi, Plateau, and Edo states, Nigeria

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2019.638-645 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 638-645 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Faruq Ahmad Danmallam ◽

Nikolai Vasilyevich Pimenov

Keyword(s):

Micrococcus Luteus ◽

Bacterial Pathogens ◽

Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Lactation Period ◽

Dairy Goats ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Inflammatory Reactions ◽

Streptococcus Uberis ◽

Lactating Goats

Aim: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and clinical presentations of different forms of mastitis and mastitis-causing pathogens in lactating goats in Bauchi, Plateau, and Edo states, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 quarters from 250 lactating goats of Red Sokoto and West African Dwarf breeds during the lactation period were clinically examined. Clinical mastitis was detected by gross signs of udder infection during physical examination and abnormal milk, whereas subclinical mastitis (SCM) was recognized using California mastitis test. The bacterial pathogens were identified by morphology, hemolysis, gram staining, and biochemical tests such as catalase, oxidase, coagulase, reaction on sulfite, indole, and motile medium, and fermentation of sugars. Results: The overall prevalence of mastitis in goats was found to be 101 (40.4%), of which 8% (20/250) were clinical, and 32.4% (81/250) were SCM cases. The quarter level prevalence was 29.4% (145/493), comprising 5.9% (29/493) clinical and 23.2% (116/493) subclinical forms of mastitis. In addition, 1.4% (7/500) of teats were found to be blind on the clinical examination of the udder and teat. Several regional inflammatory reactions and abnormalities in milk were found in 69% and 100% of the cases, respectively. Moreover, some indications of generalized signs such as fever, reduction in appetite, increase in respiration, and pulse rate per minute were recorded in 100%, 75%, 85% and 80% of the cases, respectively. The predominant bacterial isolates recovered were Staphylococcus aureus (20.0%), followed by Escherichia coli (15.5%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (11.0%), and the least isolated microorganisms (≤6%) were bacteria of different species including Staphylococcus auricularis, Staphylococcus caprae, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus lentus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus pluranimalium, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus ruminatorum, Streptococcus suis, Micrococcus luteus, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, Salmonella Typhimurium, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter rudis, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, and Bacillus cereus. Conclusion: Mastitis continues to be recognized as one of the important health issues and leads to major economic losses to the dairy goats caused by many bacterial pathogens, and the effective measures need to be taken to control the disease.

Download Full-text

High Rumen-Degradable Starch Diet Promotes Hepatic Lipolysis and Disrupts Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids in Dairy Goats

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxaa238 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 150 (10) ◽

pp. 2755-2763

Author(s):

Jing Shen ◽

Xiaoying Han ◽

Lixin Zheng ◽

Shimin Liu ◽

Chunjia Jin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Expression ◽

Bile Acids ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Enterohepatic Circulation ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Liver Protein ◽

Dairy Goats ◽

Linear Discriminant ◽

Lactating Goats ◽

Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1

ABSTRACT Background High rumen-degradable starch (RDS) diets decrease milk fat. The increase of LPS in plasma associated with increased RDS impairs liver function, immune response and lipid metabolism, which depress the precursors for milk fat. Objective This study investigated the mechanism of depression of milk fat precursors in the liver and small intestine of dairy goats fed different RDS diets. Method Eighteen Guanzhong lactating goats (second lactation, 45.8 ± 1.54 kg) and 6 ruminally cannulated dairy goats (aged 2–3 y, 54.0 ± 2.40 kg) were fed 3 different diets with low dietary RDS concentrations of 20.52% (LRDS), medium RDS of 22.15% (MRDS), and high RDS of 24.88% (HRDS) for 36 and 21 d, respectively, in experiments 1 and 2. The liver metabolites and jejunal microbiota in experiment 1 and LPS concentrations in rumen fluid and plasma in experiment 2 were measured. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the biochemical parameters and mRNA or protein expression. The MIXED procedure was used to analyze LPS concentrations. Results In experiment 1, the HRDS diet showed increased activity of alkaline phosphatase (27.4 to 41.4 U/L) in plasma (P < 0.05) compared with LRDS treatment. The HRDS diet significantly increased the hepatic concentrations of l-carnitine (129%), l-palmitoylcarnitine (306%), taurochenodeoxycholate (856%), and taurodeoxycholic acid (588%) in liver (variable importance in the projection > 1, P < 0.10) compared with the LRDS treatment. Goats fed the HRDS diet had 33.6% greater liver protein expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (P < 0.05), and greater relative abundance of Firmicutes and Ruminococcus 2 in the jejunal content (linear discriminant analysis > 2.0, P < 0.05) than did goats fed LRDS diet. In experiment 2, goats fed the HRDS diet had greater LPS concentrations in rumen fluid (7.57 to 13.6 kEU/mL) and plasma (0.037 to 0.179 EU/mL) (P < 0.05) than did goats fed LRDS diet. Conclusions Feeding the HRDS diet promoted hepatic lipid β-oxidation and disrupted phospholipid and bile acids metabolisms in liver, thereby reducing the supply of lipogenic precursors to the mammary gland in dairy goats.

Download Full-text

Relationship between previous history ofStreptococcus uberisinfection and response to a challenge model

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029913000289 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 80 (3) ◽

pp. 360-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sally-Anne Turner ◽

John H Williamson ◽

S Jane Lacy-Hulbert ◽

J Eric Hillerton

Keyword(s):

Milk Fat ◽

Previous History ◽

Positive Association ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Negative Association ◽

Natural Resistance ◽

Streptococcus Uberis ◽

History Of ◽

Mastitis Pathogens ◽

Teat Canal

Streptococcus uberisis the most common cause of clinical mastitis at calving in pasture-based dairy cows. Results of experimental inoculations were compared with cows' previous history of infection to help define a model for susceptibility toStr. uberismastitis. Cows used had either no apparent history of intramammary infection (IMI) byStr. uberisor other major mastitis pathogens throughout their productive lifetime (‘apparently uninfected’; AUI), or had a confirmed history ofStr. uberisIMI (‘historically infected’; HI). Cows were exposed toStr. uberisin sequential steps: dipping of the teat end (DIP;n=53 cows); a teat canal inoculation (TCI;n=33 cows); and, finally, intramammary inoculation challenge (IC;n=7 cows). Only cows that remained free of infection at each step progressed to the next phase. Infection rates were similar between AUI or HI cows following the DIP (9 and 17% respectively), or the TCI (75 and 68% respectively). Physical and biochemical traits of cows were examined. Analysis of traits prior to inoculations implied that HI cows produced more milk fat, while AUI cows tended to have longer teat canals. Analysis of traits for cows that became infected following DIP, implied that there was a positive association with milk fat production and negative association with somatic cell count (SCC), while there was a positive association with the duration of p.m. milking, and negative association with SCC in those cows that became infected following TCI. Only AUI cows became infected following the IC inoculation. Similarity in response to experimental inoculation between the two groups suggests that the current dip or teat canal inoculation (using a 3-mm depth of inoculation) models are not good predictors of natural resistance toStr. uberis. However, a population of cows was identified that remained uninfected after DIP, TCI and IC, and may comprise a resistant phenotype.

Download Full-text

0870 Percentages of milk fat, lactose, and protein are affected by diurnal variations in dairy goats

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/jam2016-0870 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 94 (suppl_5) ◽

pp. 418-418

Author(s):

F. Rosa ◽

J. S. Osorio ◽

J. Lohakare ◽

M. Moridi ◽

A. Ferrari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Milk Fat ◽

Diurnal Variations ◽

Dairy Goats

Download Full-text

Impact of Transfaunation of Rumen Ciliate Cultures on Physical Examination, Selected Serum Parameters and Milk Profile in Defaunated Lactating Dairy Goats

International Journal of Veterinary Science ◽

10.37422/ijvs/20.012 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Physical Examination ◽

Mixed Culture ◽

Pure Culture ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Mixed Cultures ◽

Dairy Goats ◽

Serum Parameters ◽

Native Breed ◽

Culture Duration ◽

Inorganic Phosphorous

Rumen ciliates still have mysterious secrets and influences in ruminants. This study investigated the effect of transfaunation of pure and mixed cultures of rumen ciliates on physical clinical examination, selected serum parameters and milk profile in defaunated lactating dairy goats. A number of 8 Baladi native breed goats were randomly classified into two groups each one containing 4 goats. Pure culture group was transfaunated with 6 ml of pure culture of Holotricha spp., while mixed culture group was transfaunated with 6 ml of mixed culture of 81.85% Holotricha and 18.15% Ophryoscolex spp. once weekly for three consecutive weeks, after defaunation of both groups using 30 ml of 8% SLS for two consecutive days. Serum and milk samples were collected weekly for three successive weeks to study effect of type of ciliate culture, duration of transfaunation and their interaction. Results revealed that transfaunation of pure and mixed cultures of rumen ciliates had no effect on physical examination with minimal non-significant improvement of calcium, inorganic phosphorous, total protein and globulin in serum of defaunated goats. Transfaunation of pure or mixed cultures of rumen ciliates within three weeks could not improve significantly decreased milk fat % of defaunated goats without any effect on other measured milk profile parameters. It is concluded that further investigations on transfaunation without prior defaunation should be performed using different pure and mixed cultures of rumen ciliates for therapeutic and productive purposes.

Download Full-text

PSX-8 Effects of dietary concentrate level and limited feed access on feed intake and performance by lactating Alpine dairy goats

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.793 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 455-456

Author(s):

Luana P Ribeiro ◽

Ryszard Puchala ◽

Terry A Gipson ◽

Raquel V Lourencon ◽

Arthur L Goetsch

Keyword(s):

Feed Intake ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Protein Concentration ◽

Free Choice ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Dairy Goats ◽

Improve Performance ◽

Entire Study ◽

And Performance ◽

Concentrate Level

Abstract The objective was to determine if effects of different limited feed access treatments on performance by lactating Alpine dairy goats vary with dietary concentrate level. Primiparous (29; 55.2±0.8 kg BW) and multiparous Alpine goats (29; 70.2±1.06 kg) were used in a 24-wk study of 3 8-wk phases beginning at 7.1±0.37 d after kidding. Diets of 40 or 60% concentrate (40C and 60C, respectively) were offered free choice in Calan gate feeders, with access continuously (CON), for 8 h between morning and afternoon milkings (DAY), or for 2 h after each milking (FRH). Although there were many interactions involving phase, ADG during the entire study was greater for CON vs. FRH (P < 0.05; -20, -41, and -61 g for CON, DAY, and FRH, respectively; SEM = 8.6). Intake of DM also was greater for CON than for FRH (P < 0.05; 2.17, 2.03, 2.01, 2.29, 2.07, and 1.80 kg/d for 40C-CON, 40C-DAY, 40C-FRH, 60C-CON, 60C-DAY, and 60C-FRH, respectively; SEM=0.093). There were interactions (P < 0.02) between concentrate level and access treatment in milk yield (2.55, 2.41, 2.61, 3.21, 2.66, and 2.27 kg/d; SEM=0.103) and protein concentration (2.65, 2.55, 2.60, 2.67, 2.70, and 2.49%; SEM = 0.042), and milk fat concentration was greatest among treatments (P < 0.05) for FRH (2.79, 2.77, 3.18, 2.86, 2.89, and 3.02% for 40C-CON, 40C-DAY, 40C-FRH, 60C-CON, 60C-DAY, and 60C-FRH, respectively; SEM=0.103). As a consequence, milk energy yield was 6.14, 5.70, 6.67, 7.83, 6.58, and 5.61 MJ/d (SEM=0.251) and the ratio of milk energy to DMI was 3.01, 2.87, 3.37, 3.47, 3.28, and 3.18 MJ/kg for 40C-CON, 40C-DAY, 40C-FRH, 60C-CON, 60C-DAY, and 60C-FRH, respectively; SEM=0.123). Overall, limited feeder access treatments did not improve performance and, in fact, the shortest access treatment increased BW loss; however, efficiency of feed DM usage for milk energy yield was not adversely impacted.

Download Full-text

Prediction of Streptococcus uberis clinical mastitis treatment success in dairy herds by means of mass spectrometry and machine-learning

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87300-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alexandre Maciel-Guerra ◽

Necati Esener ◽

Katharina Giebel ◽

Daniel Lea ◽

Martin J. Green ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Treatment Success ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Supervised Machine Learning ◽

Structural Protein ◽

Cohen’S Kappa ◽

Maldi Tof ◽

Streptococcus Uberis ◽

Cohen's Kappa

AbstractStreptococcus uberis is one of the leading pathogens causing mastitis worldwide. Identification of S. uberis strains that fail to respond to treatment with antibiotics is essential for better decision making and treatment selection. We demonstrate that the combination of supervised machine learning and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry can discriminate strains of S. uberis causing clinical mastitis that are likely to be responsive or unresponsive to treatment. Diagnostics prediction systems trained on 90 individuals from 26 different farms achieved up to 86.2% and 71.5% in terms of accuracy and Cohen’s kappa. The performance was further increased by adding metadata (parity, somatic cell count of previous lactation and count of positive mastitis cases) to encoded MALDI-TOF spectra, which increased accuracy and Cohen’s kappa to 92.2% and 84.1% respectively. A computational framework integrating protein–protein networks and structural protein information to the machine learning results unveiled the molecular determinants underlying the responsive and unresponsive phenotypes.

Download Full-text