scholarly journals Effluent Water Reuse Possibilities in Northern Cyprus

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Gozen Elkiran ◽  
Fidan Aslanova ◽  
Salim Hiziroglu
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Effluent Water ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Northern Cyprus

Northern Cyprus (NC) is suffering from limited water resources and reiterated drought condition experiences due to global warming effects. Previous studies revealed that the water management policy in the country is not sustainable from the perspective of demand and balance. Apparently, the reuse of recycled water will be an alternative resource and can be utilized for some specific purposes to reduce water extraction from the ground. It is expected that treated wastewater will reach 20 million cubic meters (MCM) per year after the completion of the new sewage system for Lefkosa. Today, 20,000 m3 of wastewater is treated at the Lefkosa Central Treatment Plant up to the secondary treatment level, in which the degree of treatment varies from 60% to 95% owing to the weather conditions in the country during the year. Effluent water reuse in NC was not accepted due to cultural belief. However, water scarcity was experienced in the country during the last decade, forcing the farmers to benefit from the recycled water. There is no regulatory framework available in the country for effluent water reuse. However, preparation studies are almost finalized after discussions among government and European Union (EU) agencies. Cyprus, as an EU country, has an obligation to treat the wastewater up to the secondary level before releasing it in an environmentally friendly nature, following the Directive 91/271/EEC. This paper analyzes the effluent water reuse possibilities as a component of integrated water resource management in Northern Cyprus considering laboratory experiment results. It appears that applying tertiary treatment in Northern Cyprus will allow 20 MCM of water contribution to the water budget and it will help protect the vulnerable environment. Also, since the cost of tertiary treatment will be 0.2 United States dollars (USD)/m3, it would be reasonable to prefer this process to the desalination of water, which costs of 1 USD/m3.

scholarly journals HESS Opinions: Agricultural irrigation with effluent – Pharmaceutical residues that we should worried about

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dror Avisar ◽  
Gefen Ronen-Eliraz
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Effluent Water ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Water Leaching ◽  
Pharmaceutical Residues ◽  
Inorganic Matter

Abstract. Policy regarding effluent water and reclamation aims to prevent environmental pollution while proposing an alternative water resource. Water makes up 99–99.9 % of raw wastewater. Thus extracting organic and inorganic matter from water is a must. Worldwide, but especially in developed countries, great effort has been made to reuse wastewater, and it is becoming a reliable alternative source. Israel is the world leader in water reuse, allocating 85 % of effluent water for agricultural irrigation. As such, it constitutes a living laboratory in which to study the implications of the intensive use of treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation, leading to research and legislation regarding effluent quality and regulation. Effluent produced in Israel is subject to severe regulations and standards and is considered suitable for every use except drinking water. It is mostly allocated for agricultural irrigation with no restrictions. The irrigated lands are close to natural water sources, and therefore water leaching from the fields infiltrate those sources, becoming part of the water cycle. A group of persistent and toxic nano- and micro-organic contaminants, including pharmaceutical residues, flows to water-treatment plants from hospitals, industry, agriculture and especially the domestic sector. These contaminants' chemical structure, characterized by a couple of aromatic rings and double bonds, makes them especially persistent; they are resistant to conventional biological treatment, used as a secondary treatment. As a result, the effluent that leaves the treatment plants, which is considered to be of high quality, actually contains pharmaceutical residues. After secondary and tertiary treatment, these persistent chemical residues can still be found in surface water, groundwater and agricultural products. Pharmaceutical residues in effluent allocated for agricultural irrigation are undesirable. Expansion of the monitoring system for those contaminants, improvement of the tertiary treatment, and implementation of advanced technologies for decomposition and removal of pharmaceutical contaminants are thus needed

scholarly journals Sewer Mining as a Distributed Intervention for Water-Energy-Materials in the Circular Economy Suitable for Dense Urban Environments: A Real World Demonstration in the City of Athens

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 2764
Author(s):  
Argyro Plevri ◽  
Klio Monokrousou ◽  
Christos Makropoulos ◽  
Christos Lioumis ◽  
Nikolaos Tazes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Plant Nursery

Water reuse and recycling is gaining momentum as a way to improve the circularity of cities, while recognizing the central role of water within a circular economy (CE) context. However, such interventions often depend on the location of wastewater treatment plants and the treatment technologies installed in their premises, while relying on an expensive piped network to ensure that treated wastewater gets transported from the treatment plant to the point of demand. Thus, the penetration level of treated wastewater as a source of non-potable supply in dense urban environments is limited. This paper focuses on the demonstration of a sewer mining (SM) unit as a source of treated wastewater, as part of a larger and more holistic configuration that examines all three ‘streams’ associated with water in CE: water, energy and materials. The application area is the Athens Plant Nursery, in the (water stressed) city of Athens, Greece. SM technology is in fact a mobile wastewater treatment unit in containers able to extract wastewater from local sewers, treat it directly and reuse at the point of demand even in urban environments with limited space. The unit consists of a membrane bioreactor unit (MBR) and a UV disinfection unit and produces high quality reclaimed water for irrigation and also for aquifer recharge during the winter. Furthermore, a short overview of the integrated nutrient and energy recovery subsystem is presented in order to conceptualise the holistic approach and circularity of the whole configuration. The SM technology demonstrates flexibility, scalability and replicability, which are important characteristics for innovation uptake within the emerging CE context and market.

scholarly journals A case study of urban wastewater reclamation in Spain: comparison of water quality produced by using alternative processes and related costs

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquín Melgarejo ◽  
Daniel Prats ◽  
Andrés Molina ◽  
Arturo Trapote
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Royal Decree ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Alternative Processes

In Spain, and particularly in the Valencia Region, the scarcity of water resources means that water resource exploitation must be optimized. In this light, reusing the large amounts of treated wastewater is a top priority, especially in agriculture, urban use and the irrigation of golf courses. Rincón de León wastewater treatment plant–water reclamation plant (Alicante, Spain) supplies reclaimed flow to a number of users according to the guidelines stated in the Royal Decree 1620/2007. Reclamation treatment includes: coagulation + flocculation + filtration (sand bed), ultrafiltration, ultraviolet disinfection and desalination (reverse osmosis). By combining these processes, three tertiary treatment alternatives were configured, and for each of them the quality of effluents, treatment costs, energy consumption and the uses of treated water were analysed. The results show that the quality of the water treated using the three alternatives is suitable for different uses. Moreover, the costs resulting from the tertiary treatment processes, their energy consumption and the final price of the treated water paid by farmers have been obtained.

Water reuse for urban landscape irrigation: aspersion and health related regulations

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 781-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Brissaud ◽  
E. Blin ◽  
S. Hemous ◽  
L. Garrelly
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Wwtp Effluent ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Spray Irrigation

The Mediterranean seaside resort of Le Grau du Roi includes 40 hectares of landscaped areas spray irrigated with river water supplied through a separate network. Wastewater collected from several municipalities is treated in an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and polished in waste stabilization ponds (WSPs). Planned substitution of treated wastewater for river water is hindered by spray irrigation prohibition within a 100 m distance from houses and recreational areas. WWTP and WSP effluents were monitored for pathogens with a particular attention to Legionella in Spring and Summer 2006. Helminth eggs, salmonellae and enteroviruses were never detected neither in WWTP effluent nor in the ponds. Legionella spp content was slightly higher or of the order of magnitude of river water contents. Regarding Legionella pneumophila contents, WSP effluent did not significantly differ from the river water. E.coli and enterococci contents in WSP effluents complied with the “excellent quality” criteria of the European Directive for coastal bathing waters. Therefore, substituting WSP effluents to river water is unlikely to alter health risks related to spray irrigation and, in this case, the buffer zone required by the French water reuse guidelines appears being short of support.

Integrated urban drainage, status and perspectives

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Harremös
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Storm Drainage

This paper summarises the status of urban storm drainage as an integrated professional discipline, including the management-policy interface, by which the goals of society are implemented. The paper assesses the development of the discipline since the INTERURBA conference in 1992 and includes aspects of the papers presented at the INTERURBA-II conference in 2001 and the discussions during the conference. Tools for integrated analysis have been developed, but there is less implementation than could be expected. That is due to lack of adequate knowledge about important mechanisms, coupled with a significant conservatism in the business. However, significant integrated analyses have been reported. Most of them deal with the sewer system and the treatment plant, while few incorporate the receiving water as anything but the object of the loads to be minimised by engineering measures up-stream. Important measures are local infiltration, source control, storage basins, local treatment and real time control. New paradigms have been introduced: risk of pollution due to system failure, technology for water reuse, sustainability, new architecture and greener up-stream solutions as opposed to down-stream concrete solutions. The challenge is to combine the inherited approaches with the new approaches by flexibility and adaptability.

Current status of water reuse systems in Korea

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Noh ◽  
I. Kwon ◽  
H.-M. Yang ◽  
H.-L. Choi ◽  
H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Service Water ◽  
Site Water ◽  
Recycling Systems

In Korea, the current water resources will fall short by 2.6 billion tons to meet the 38 billion ton water demand in the year 2020. To overcome the future water shortage, it is desirable to minimize water consumption and to reuse treated wastewater. There are a total of 99 on-site water-recycling systems in the country. The potential capacity of the 99 systems is 429 thousands tons/day, which is 3.6% of the total service water. Compared to other industrialized countries, the number of the water recycling systems in Korea is extremely small. This is mainly due to the following reasons. First, in Korea, any building with more than 60,000 m2 of total floor space is required to install a water reuse system by law. However, only less than 0.5% of the total buildings have more than 10,000 m2. Therefore, the regulation is ineffective and merely nominal. Second, service water is supplied at low charge (0.20 US-dollar/m3 water). The inexpensive service water often discourages people to recycle treated wastewater. Third, people still think recycled water is not clean enough and can cause diseases. Therefore, they should be informed that a well-maintained recycling system does not fail to produce water with high quality.

scholarly journals AHP-GP Approach by Considering the Leopold Matrix for Sustainable Water Reuse Allocation: Najafabad Case Study, Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behnam Fooladi Dehaghi ◽  
Ali Khoshfetrat
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Multiple Stakeholders ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
Hierarchy Process

Water reuse allocation is one of the major challenges in water resource management which requires the assessment of water reuse alternatives, especially in regions with limitation in water resources, arid climates, population growth and increasing water demand. Considering the complexity of the problem, water reuse allocation by using conventional methods for maximizing benefits, minimizing cost and environmental risks, cannot guarantee optimal allocation. In this paper, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) which can be combined with Goal Programming (GP) by considering the Leopold matrix for carrying-out the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is used for sustainable water reuse allocation for multiple stakeholders in Najafabad as a case study. The results show that the developed mathematical model with combination of quantitative evaluation and optimization can be considered as an effective and flexible tool for creating better guidelines to adapt the requirements of various stakeholders for better allocation of recycled water. Finally, based on sensitivity analysis in AHP, a What-If analysis in GP is performed to the robustness of the final results of water reuse allocation.

Design of the Reclaimed Water Reuse Project for Recirculating Cooling Water in a Thermal Power Plant

2014 ◽  
Vol 507 ◽  
pp. 688-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Cong Pang ◽  
Can Can Zhang ◽  
Tai Zhong Gao
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Thermal Power Plant ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Treated Water

The paper introduced the design parameters of a reclaimed water island engineering in a power plant. The total processing scale was 3.84×104m3/d. The raw water source of this project was the further treated wastewater from municipal treatment plant. The combination of BAF-Lime Conglomeration and Clarification-Filtration was employed in the design for advanced treatment. The operation results showed that the quality of treated water with this process in the reclaimed water island could satisfy the design requirement and the treated water was reused as recirculating cooling water in a thermal power plant.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Escherichia coli and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria During Fresh Produce Production (Romaine Lettuce) Using Municipal Wastewater Effluents

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey N. Summerlin ◽  
Cícero C. Pola ◽  
Eric S. McLamore ◽  
Terry Gentry ◽  
Raghupathy Karthikeyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli

High demand for food and water encourages the exploration of new water reuse programs, including treated municipal wastewater usage. However, these sources could contain high contaminant levels posing risks to public health. The objective of this study was to grow and irrigate a leafy green (romaine lettuce) with treated wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment plant to track Escherichia coli and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms through cultivation and post-harvest storage to assess their fate and prevalence. Contamination levels found in the foliage, leachate, and soil were directly (p < 0.05) related to E. coli concentrations in the irrigation water. Wastewater concentrations from 177 to 423 CFU ml−1 resulted in 15–25% retention in the foliage. Leachate and soil presented means of 231 and 116% retention, respectively. E. coli accumulation on the foliage was observed (p < 0.05) and increased by over 400% during 14-day storage (4°C). From randomly selected E. coli colonies, in all four biomass types, 81 and 34% showed resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin, respectively. Reclaimed wastewater usage for leafy greens cultivation could pose potential health risks, especially considering the bacteria found have a high probability of being antibiotic resistance. Successful reuse of wastewater in agriculture will depend on appropriate mitigation and management strategies to guarantee an inexpensive, efficient, and safe water supply.

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