scholarly journals Effecting Partial Elimination of Isocyanuric Acid from Swimming Pool Water Systems

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 712
Author(s):  
Marina Corral Bobadilla ◽  
Eliseo Vergara González ◽  
Rubén Lostado Lorza ◽  
Fátima Somovilla Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Isocyanuric Acid ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

It is essential to disinfect the water in swimming pools in order to deactivate pathogenic microorganisms. Chlorination of swimming pool water provides rapid and long-lasting disinfection, but leads to the formation of potentially toxic compounds, including isocyanuric acid, that are used to stabilize chlorine in pool water. Hygiene and health guidelines require an isocyanuric acid concentration in swimming pools of 25 to 75 ppm and that there be no level in excess of 100 ppm. This paper provides a new method to partially remove isocyanuric acid from the water of swimming pool systems with the use of melamine-based reagents. A melamine-photometry process stabilizes the isocyanuric acid. The melamine-based reagent that is added to the raw water reacts with the isocyanuric acid and forms a precipitated salt. The reaction also creates turbidity that is proportional to the isocyanuric acid concentration in the water. It was noted in this study that the optimum functioning range of melamine doses in the raw water was 0.04 to 0.06 g/L and that the reduction of isocyanuric acid in raw water increased as the dose of melamine was increased. Thus, it is necessary to obtain an estimate of the dose of melamine that is necessary to reduce the isocyanuric acid in the water without needing to add fresh water from the network to dilute it. Finally, it can be stated that eliminating isocyanuric acid that has accumulated in a pool’s water by treatment with melamine provides an efficient process, as it eliminates the amount of isocyanuric acid that is necessary to conform to the human health criteria of the European Union Directive 2006/7/EC. Treatment with melamine also reduces water network consumption and sewer discharge by successive purges that eventually will become unnecessary. Therefore, this proposed method is environmentally and economically beneficial.

scholarly journals An exploration of disinfection by-products formation and governing factors in chlorinated swimming pool water

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 861-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huma Ilyas ◽  
Ilyas Masih ◽  
Jan Peter van der Hoek
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
By Products

Abstract This paper investigates disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation and their relationship with governing factors in chlorinated swimming pools. The study compares concentrations of DBPs with WHO guidelines for drinking water quality recommended to screen swimming pool water quality. The statistical analysis is based on a global database of 188 swimming pools accumulated from 42 peer-reviewed journal publications from 16 countries. The mean and standard deviation of dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were estimated as 282 ± 437 and 326 ± 517 μg L−1, respectively, which most often surpassed the WHO guidelines. Similarly, more than half of the examined pools had higher values of chloral hydrate (102 ± 128 μg L−1). The concentration of total chloramines (650 ± 490 μg L−1) was well above the WHO guidelines in all reported cases. Nevertheless, the reported values remained below the guidelines for most of the studied pools in the case of total trihalomethanes (134 ± 160 μg L−1), dichloroacetonitrile (12 ± 12 μg L−1) and dibromoacetonitrile (8 ± 11 μg L−1). Total organic carbon, free residual chlorine, temperature, pH, total nitrogen and bromide ions play a pivotal role in DBPs formation processes. Therefore, proper management of these governing factors could significantly reduce DBPs formation, thereby, contributing towards a healthy swimming pool environment.

Design of a Device to Eliminate Isocyanuric Acid from Water

2015 ◽  
Vol 799-800 ◽  
pp. 952-956
Author(s):  
Marina Corral Bobadilla ◽  
Eliseo P. Vergara Gonzalez ◽  
Ruben Lostado Lorza ◽  
Fatima Somovilla Gomez ◽  
Roberto Fernández Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Renewal Process ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Insoluble Complex ◽  
Isocyanuric Acid ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Over Time

This paper shows the design of a device for partial eliminating of isocyanuric acid (ICN) from swimming pool water using melamine additives. The renewal process of swimming pool water through its own purification makes absolutely necessary the elimination of isocyanuric acid that has been accumulated in the water over time. An excess of isocyanuric acid in water will then prevent chlorine effectiveness in the pool water and as a result, becomes harmful to human health. Therefore, the disinfection stage is considered as well as Isocyanuric acid (ICN) stabilization and as doing this is achieved through melamine-photometry filtering of insoluble complex ICN-M. The overall objective of these stages of purification is to eventually eliminate ICN from swimming pool. The overall objective of this device is to eventually eliminate ICN from swimming pool and then make it safe for human uses, a case that has been considered viable technologically and economically in the system treatment.

The Occurrence of Unfavorable Phenomena in Swimming Pool Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Anna Lempart-Rapacewicz ◽  
Edyta Kudlek ◽  
Mariusz Dudziak ◽  
Marta Dyrała
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Organic Micropollutants ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
The Relationship

The study assessed unfavorable phenomena occurring in swimming pool water, including the occurrence of organic micropollutants in swimming pools and the transformation of these compounds during the swimming pool water treatment processes. The presence of three selected compounds was examined from the personal care products group (PCP) in pool water samples, collected in 2018 and 2019, from fifteen pools characterized using three different solutions of swimming pool water treatment systems. In addition, experimental studies on the effects of UV radiation and ozone on selected organic micropollutants, previously identified in swimming pools and the relationship between swimming pool water turbidity and the concentration of the selected PCP micropollutants, were carried out

scholarly journals Staphylococci in swimming pool water

1974 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Crone ◽  
G. H. Tee
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Filtration Technique ◽  
Different Parts

SUMMARYDuring a period of five years 1192 water samples from swimming pools were examined for staphylococci and 338 for coliform organisms only. Eighty-nine different pools were sampled.Numbers of staphylococci, estimated by the membrane filtration technique did not bear any significant relation to either bathing load or concentration of free chlorine.Wide variation in the staphylococcal count was observed when different parts of a pool were sampled on the same occasion.The only practicable standard for pool samples in relation to staphylococci would appear to be that these organisms should be absent from 100 ml. water when the pool has been out of use during at least ten hours before sampling if filtration and chlorination are adequate.

Swimming Pools – Brief Outline of Water Treatment and Management

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. J. Powick
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
History Of ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

A brief history of the development of swimming pool water treatment and management has been discussed, applicable to both large and small pools. An outline of typical bathing loads and current methods of water treatment has been presented with particular emphasis being given to disinfection. Chlorine has been the traditional sole disinfectant used since the 1920's but alternatives are continually being sought. Chief amongst the alternatives to date has been ozone, used in conjunction with chlorine. Ozone acts as a powerful oxidiser and disinfectant but has little residual effect. Chlorine is therefore used to provide a residual in the pool. Current British trends in pool design and treatment have been noted.

scholarly journals Analysis of Free and Combined Chlorine Concentrations in Swimming Pool Water and an Attempt to Determine a Reliable Water Sampling Point

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Wyczarska-Kokot ◽  
Anna Lempart-Rapacewicz ◽  
Mariusz Dudziak
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Middle Point ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Characteristic Points ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

The analysis of free chlorine concentrations in swimming pool water makes it possible to assess the antiseptic effect of the disinfectant. The concentration of combined chlorine determines the comfort of swimming and indicates if there is a threat from DBP (disinfection by-products). The distribution of free and combined chlorine concentration was analyzed in four basins differing in seasonality of use and in the applied water flow systems. After considering the distribution of free and combined chlorine content in characteristic points of pools, an attempt was made to determine the most reliable point for assessing the quality of water and its suitability for swimming. Such searches should aim to identify the places with the worst water quality. The most uniform distribution of the concentrations of both free and combined chlorine was observed at the middle point of swimming pools, while at points near the corners and walls of swimming pools a varied distribution was observed. Such a control strategy, based on the least favorable test results at a point considered as characteristic, would make it possible to verify the parameters of the swimming pool water treatment system and thus minimize the risk to swimmers’ health.

scholarly journals Kesesuaian Risiko Pencemaran Antara Inspeksi Sanitasi dan Pemeriksaan Bakteriologi pada Air Kolam Renang di DKI Jakarta, 2005

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Endang Darajat
Keyword(s):  
Total Sample ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Pollution Risk ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
The People ◽  
Bivariate Method ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Di Jakarta, setiap hari diperkirakan 8000 orang melakukan aktifitas berenang yang membutuhkan air bersih dalam jumlah yang besar. Air bersih yang digu-nakan berasal dari air tanah dan Perusahaan Air Minum DKI Jakarta. Jumlah orang yang berenang sangat mempengaruhi kualitas air kolam renang yang harus terus dipertahankan agar terhindar dari risiko pencemaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kesesuaian hasil pengukuran risiko pencemaran de-ngan inspeksi sanitasi dan pemeriksaan bakteriologik pada air kolam renang di DKI jakarta tahun 2005 Penelitian yang menggunakan disain studi cross sec-tional mengamati mengamati 30 kolam renang. Variabel yang didiamati adalah 13 variabel inspeksi sanitasi dengan menggunakan adalah univariat dan bi-variat. Hitemukan bahwa 13 (44 %) air kolam renang menunjukkan tingkat risiko pencemaran rendah dan 17 (56%) air kolam renang menunjukkan tingkatrisiko pencemaran tinggi. Sedangkan untuk kualitas bakteriologik diketahui 11 (36,7%) air kolam renang berkualitas baik dan 19 (63,3%) air kolam renangberkualitas buruk. Kesesuaian yang diperoleh adalah 0,733 yang berarti nilai kesesuaian yang baik. Variabel isi air memiliki tingkat risiko pencemaran pa-ling tinggi. Berdasarkan aspek inspeksi sanitasi didapat 8 aspek prediktif dan 5 aspek non–prediktif. Perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan air kolam renang secara berkala serta penyuluhan dan bimbingan pada pengelola kolam renang dan masyarakat tentang kualitas air kolam renang yang baik terhadap kesehatan.Kata Kunci : Kesesuaian, risiko pencemaran, Inspeksi Sanitasi, Kualitas Bakteriologik, Air Kolam Renang, DKI Jakarta.AbstractIt was estimated in Jakarta, more then 8000 people swim everyday, so it requires height volume of clean water that comes from ground water as well as DKI Jakarta Municipal Water Corporation. The quality of the swimming pool water will affect the people health. By conducting surveillance, we are able to know the quality of the water and recommending intervention when needed. The objective of this research is to obtain information about compatibility pollution risk level between measurement results of sanitary inspection and bacteriological assessment of the swimming pool water in Jakarta 2005. The research used a sectional cross design with total sample of 30 swimming pools. Variable used in this research are 13 sanitation inspection variables and analized using bivariate method of analyses. About 17 (56%) of swimming pool water shows the hight risk level of pollolutan . The study also shown that the quality of bacte-riology is bed, (19; 63, 3%) is in bad quality. The total compatibility of the swimming fool water is in a good value 73. Based on sanitation inspection aspect, there are 8 predictive aspects and 5 non predictive aspects. It is important to inspect the swimming pools water periodically, to explain and to guide the swim-ming pools organizers as well as the society about the importance of swimming pools water quality for health.Keywords: Compatibility, Pollution risk level, Sanitary Inspection, Bacteriological assessment, Swimming pool water, DKI Jakarta.

scholarly journals The Occurrence of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Swimming Pools: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 117863022110365
Author(s):  
Saheed Mustapha ◽  
Tijani Jimoh ◽  
Muhammed Ndamitso ◽  
Saka Ambali Abdulkareem ◽  
Shuaib Damola Taye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Suitable Method ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Secondary Amines ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Inadequate Information ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

The occurrence of several disinfectant byproducts has been investigated in swimming pools. Until now, there are only a few studies on nitrosamine, particularly N-nitrosodimethylamine in swimming pool water. This could be due to the lack of a suitable method that is sensitive enough for the measurement of N-nitrosodimethylamine in pool waters. Other disinfectant byproducts formed in pool water widely documented are trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, halonitromethanes, and chloramines but inadequate information on N-nitrosodimethylamine. This paper provides a review of the nitrogenous disinfectant byproduct in swimming pools and its health implications. Anthropogenic substances introduced by swimmers such as sweat, lotions, and urine contribute to the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine. The reaction of secondary amines such as dimethylamine with mono/dichloroamines produced dimethyl hydrazine and further undergo oxidation to form N-nitrosodimethylamine. The reaction of chlorine and other disinfectants with these anthropogenic sources in swimming pools cause cancer and asthma in human tissues. Thus, the assessment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in the swimming pool is less well documented. Therefore, the health consequences, mutagenic, and genotoxic potentials of N-nitrosodimethylamine should be the focus of more research studies.

Review of swimming-associated cryptosporidiosis and Cryptosporidium oocysts removals from swimming pools

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Lu ◽  
Tao Yuan ◽  
Qiyan Feng ◽  
Aiqin Xu ◽  
Jiayuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

In this paper, outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in swimming pools in the last 20 years are summarized. Cryptosporidium oocysts are very resistant to many disinfectants, including chlorine, one of the most widely-used disinfectants in swimming pools. Ozone or UV is shown to inactivate Cryptosporidium, while not effective to newly introduced Cryptosporidium and bacteria because of no residual ozone or UV in the treated swimming pool water. Additionally, swimming pool sand filters or cartridge filters are not able to effectively remove Cryptosporidium (removal rate <50%). Above 99% Cryptosporidium removals are achieved in drinking water treatment, but swimming pool water treatment is different from drinking water treatment: no coagulation is performed prior to filtration in most US swimming pools, filtration rate is four to five times higher for swimming pool water treatment compared with drinking water treatment, and the input compounds and microorganisms from bathers continuously recirculate in the swimming pool. Moreover, up-to-date Cryptosporidium or Cryptosporidium surrogate removals from swimming pools are discussed, and alternative swimming pool treatment techniques are reviewed.

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