scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Splash Erosion Devices for Rainfall Simulation Experiments: A Laboratory Study

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Fernández-Raga ◽  
Julián Campo ◽  
Jesús Rodrigo-Comino ◽  
Saskia D. Keesstra
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Erosion Process ◽  
Rain Intensity ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Rainfall Characteristics ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Set Up

For the study of soil erosion it is important to set up the experiments well. In the experimental design one of the key factors is the choice of the measurement device. This is especially important when one part of the erosion process needs to be isolated, such as for splash erosion. Therefore, the main aim of this research is to list the general characteristics of the commonly used splash erosion devices and to discuss the performance, to be able to relate them, and make suggestions regarding their use. The devices we selected for this comparative comparison were: the splash cup, funnel, Morgan tray, Tübingen cup, tower, and the gutter. The devices were tested under the same conditions (rainfall characteristics, slope, and soil type) to assess their hydrological response under different intensities of simulated rainfall. All devices were installed on a sloping plot (10°) with sandy soil, and were exposed to 10 min. of simulated rain with intensities ranging from 60 to 172 mm/h to measure the splashed sediment, and to describe problems and differences among them. The results showed that the Tübingen cup was the best performing device to measure kinetic energy of the rain, but, because of its design, it is not possible to measure the detached splashed sediment under natural (field) conditions. On the other hand, the funnel device showed a significant relation with rain intensity because it loses little sediment to washing. In addition, the device is easy to use and cheap. Therefore, this device is highly recommended to estimated splash erosion. to the good performance measuring the actual splash erosion, because it loses little sediment by washing. The device is also cheap and easy to install and manage.

scholarly journals Characterizing the Interception Capacity of Floor Litter with Rainfall Simulation Experiments

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3145
Author(s):  
Qiwen Li ◽  
Ye Eun Lee ◽  
Sangjun Im
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Rainfall Interception ◽  
Quercus Acutissima ◽  
Pinus Rigida ◽  
Rainfall Characteristics ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
Retention And Drainage

Floor litter can reduce the amount of water reaching the soil layer through rainfall interception. The rainfall interception capacity of floor litter varies with the physical features of the litter and rainfall characteristics. This study aimed to define the maximum and minimum interception storages (Cmx, Cmn) of litter layers using rainfall simulation experiments, and examine the effects of litter type and rainfall characteristics on rainfall retention and drainage processes that occur in the litter layer. Different types of needle-leaf and broadleaf litters were used: Abies holophylla, Pinus strobus, Pinus rigida, Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis, and Sorbus alnifolia. Our results indicate a wide variation in interception storage values of needle leaf litter, regardless of the rainfall intensity and duration. The A. holophylla needle-leaf litter showed the highest Cmx and Cmn values owing to its short length and low porosity. Conversely, the lowest interception storage values were determined for the P. strobus needle leaf litter. No significant differences in interception storage were established for the broadleaf litter. Moreover, except for A. holophylla litter, the broadleaf litter retained more water than the needle leaf litter. An increase in the intensity or duration of rainfall events leads to an increase in the water retention storage of litter. However, these factors do not influence the litter’s drainage capacity, which depends primarily on the force of gravity.

INVESTIGATION OF EROSION RESISTANCE OF GRAY-BROWN SOILS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN SLOPES OF THE GREATER CAUCASUS

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-49
Author(s):  
Aliyev Z.H.
Keyword(s):  
Erosion Resistance ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Erosion Process ◽  
Greater Caucasus ◽  
Sloping Lands ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In recent years, sharp changes have occurred in the state of sloping lands of Azerbaijan. There was tension from the influence of the anthropogenic factors on the mountain slopes. The fact that the erosion process is rein-forced in the research site. Due to lack of agrotechnical measures on the slopes erosion process has been strength-ened, soil flooded with soil, physical and chemical properties of the soil have deteriorated, nutritional elements are reduced, vegetation is reduced and destruction limit. For some reason, the purpose of the research was Aqsu, two land cuts were set up to determine the degree of actual erosion in the Qizmeydan village. prevent erosion intensity, take preventive measures to take and implement appropriate measures.

Research on Outdoor Positioning Based on Ray Tracing Method

2014 ◽  
Vol 556-562 ◽  
pp. 3039-3042
Author(s):  
Xian Qiang Peng
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Ray Tracing ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
Positioning Method ◽  
Tracking Point ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Tracing Method

GPS can’t detect the signal because of the cell complex environment in the outdoor and poor radio wave propagation conditions, so that the positioning result is not ideal. However, the positioning method using the ray tracing prediction of radio waves, the tracking point of the scene from all the source radiation, record the relevant parameters, and then positioned within the microcell environment can satisfy the demand. The principle of ray tracing was firstly introduced in this paper, then an outdoor positioning model was set up, finally, the corresponding simulation experiments was implemented to demonstrate the effectiveness of ray tracing positioning in the outdoor environments.

scholarly journals Straw mulch as a sustainable solution to decrease runoff and erosion in glyphosate-treated clementine plantations in Eastern Spain. An assessment using rainfall simulation experiments

CATENA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Keesstra ◽  
J. Rodrigo-Comino ◽  
A. Novara ◽  
A. Giménez-Morera ◽  
M. Pulido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Straw Mulch

On the Mechanism and the Rate of Sub-Ground Erosion in the Loess Material

2011 ◽  
Vol 233-235 ◽  
pp. 2528-2531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi An Li ◽  
Qiang Xu ◽  
Hong Zhou Lin ◽  
Wan Jun Ye
Keyword(s):  
Critical Condition ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Erosion Process ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
The Relationship

Sub-ground erosion often resulted in severe problems in various engineering constructions, most of which is due to the sub-erosion in loess. In this paper, the critical condition of “soil bursting” was analyzed and the formula describing the critical condition of soil bursting was derivated by the analytical method. Furthermore, the velocity of tunnel-erosion in loess and its influential factors were studied. A set of tests are designed to study the relationship between the tunnel-erosion velocity and the key influential factors. The key factors considered in the test include soil density as well as the initial water content. The other purpose is to reveal the characteristics of the tunnel-erosion process. Phenomena observed during the tests together with the data from field survey revealed the mechanism of tunneling in loess very well, and the work in this paper formed a theoretical basis for further study about sub-ground erosion in loess.

Overcoming Intersectional Barriers

2018 ◽  
pp. 971-993
Author(s):  
Sara L. Parker ◽  
Kay Standing
Keyword(s):  
Life Experiences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
Just Society ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Research And Policy

This chapter discusses the complexity and challenges of exploring the impact of gender on women's ability to realise their potential in Nepal. It demonstrates the limitations of using binary divisions to exploring ‘gender' as a key factor that impacts upon women's lives. By analysing interviews with ‘inspirational' women in Nepal conducted between 2009 and 2012 the chapter highlights the importance of exploring intersectional factors that also influenced women's life experiences. Based on interviews with 34 ‘inspirational' women in Nepal the chapter explores how the term ‘inspirational' is defines and discusses the range of work being done by so many women in Nepal that is truly inspiring. Through a discourse analysis of their stories of childhood and education we can see what key factors have played a role in enabling these women to realise their potential and to overcome intersectional barriers to work in a range of diverse positions, from the first female District Development Officer to the first women to gain her doctorate from overseas, to women who have set up NGOS working towards a more equitable and just society to others who have set up their own businesses or becoming leading academics. The conclusion draws together some key recommendations for future research and policy makers as well as those seeking to promote more equitable sustainable development that truly includes women in the process as autonomous, heterogeneous actors in the development process

Rainfall simulation experiments as a tool for process research in soil science, hydrology, and geomorphology

2021 ◽  
pp. 395-418
Author(s):  
Petr Kavka ◽  
Martin Neumann ◽  
Tomáš Dostál ◽  
David Zumr ◽  
Tomáš Laburda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Research ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Simulation Experiments

scholarly journals Research on Optimal Landing Trajectory Planning Method between an UAV and a Moving Vessel

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 3708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liguo Tan ◽  
Juncheng Wu ◽  
Xiaoyan Yang ◽  
Senmin Song
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Approach ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Accuracy Improvement ◽  
Flight Path Angle ◽  
Calculation Process ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Heading Angle ◽  
Optimal Approach ◽  
Landing Trajectory

The location, velocity, and flight path angle of an autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) landing on a moving vessel are key factors for an optimal landing trajectory. To tackle this challenge, this paper proposes a method for calculating the optimal approach landing trajectory between an UAV and a small vessel. A numerical approach (iterative method) is used to calculate the optimal approach landing trajectory, and the initial lead is introduced in the calculation process of the UAV trajectory for the inclination and heading angle for accuracy improvement, so that the UAV can track and calculate the optimal landing trajectory with high precision. Compared with the variational method, the proposed method can calculate an optimal turning direction angle for the UAV during the landing. Simulation experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and give optimal initialization values.

Scale Effects of Sediment-Related Transport of Phosphorus

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 473-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Bolton ◽  
T. J. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Small Rivers ◽  
Phosphorus Transport ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Stream Type

Sediment and nutrient data from USGS gauged stream sites in New Mexico and from rainfall simulation experiments were compiled and analyzed. Above a suspended sediment concentration of about 500 mg/l, associated concentrations of total phosphorus are highest in overland flow and then progressively decrease from agricultural drains to ephemeral washes to undammed rivers. Within a stream type, sediment-related concentrations of total phosphorus typically differed between larger and smaller basins. Small rivers had higher phosphorus transport per unit of sediment load than larger rivers. Small and medium sized washes had different relationships between phosphorus and sediment than did large and very large washes.

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