scholarly journals Application of the SCS–CN Method to the Hancheon Basin on the Volcanic Jeju Island, Korea

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3350
Author(s):  
Minseok Kang ◽  
Chulsang Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Jeju Island ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Condition ◽  
Soil Moisture Condition ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Initial Abstraction ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Scs Cn

This study investigates three issues regarding the application of the SCS–CN (Soil Conservation Service–Curve Number) method to a basin on the volcanic Jeju Island, Korea. The first issue is the possible relation between the initial abstraction and the maximum potential retention. The second is the determination of the maximum potential retention, which is also closely related to the estimation of CN. The third issue is the effect of the antecedent soil moisture condition (AMC) on the initial abstraction, maximum potential retention and CN. All of these issues are dealt with based on the analysis of several rainfall events observed in the Hancheon basin, a typical basin on Jeju Island. In summary, the results are that, firstly, estimates of initial abstraction, ratio λ, maximum potential retention, and CN were all found to be consistent with the SCS–CN model structure. That is, CN and the maximum potential retention showed a strong negative correlation, and the ratio λ and the maximum potential retention also showed a rather weak negative correlation. On the other hand, a significant positive correlation was found between CN and the ratio λ. Second, in the case where the accumulated number of days is four or five, the effect of antecedent precipitation amount is clear. The antecedent five-day rainfall amount for the AMC-III condition is higher than 400 mm, compared to the AMC-I condition of less than 100 mm. Third, an inverse proportional relationship is found between the AMC and the maximum potential retention. On the other hand, a clear linear proportional relation is found between the AMC and CN. Finally, the maximum potential retention for the Hancheon basin is around 200 mm, with the corresponding CN being around 65. The ratio between the initial abstraction and the maximum potential retention is around 0.3. Even though these results are derived by analyzing a limited number of rainfall events, they are believed to properly consider the soil characteristics of Jeju Island.

Assessment of the Effect of C-Peptide Level on Na-K ATPase Activity In Individuals with Type II Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (03) ◽  
pp. 213-219
Author(s):  
Eman H Al-Rikabi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Diabetic Neuropathy ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
The Other ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Peptide Level

Background: Both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes can cause neuropathy, which is a frequent and severe consequence. C-peptide depletion may be partly related to in the occurrence of certain diabetic complications. It has been demonstrated that even a little amount of residual C-peptide has a considerable metabolic advantage. Objective: The study’s objective was to predict the relation of plasma C-peptide levels in patients with diabetic neuropathy, and its effect on Na-K ATPase activity. Design and Methods: In this case-control study, 150 individuals have been included: 80 patients with diabetic neuropathy, 40 diabetics without neuropathy and 30 non-diabetic subjects as a control. Patients in the first group were carefully chosen based on their clinical symptoms and nerve conduction studies results. The assessment of plasma C-peptide was done by ELISA, Na-K ATPase enzyme activity by spectrophotometer, and HbA1C by HPLC. Results: Mean plasma C-peptide level and Erythrocyte Na-K ATPase activity were substantially lower in neuropathy type 2 DM patients compared to diabetes without neuropathy and control (p= 0.002, 0.000 respectively). The negative correlation between C-peptide with HbA1c, and diabetes period were all negligible (p= 0.447,0.098), Even though there was a notable negative correlation with age (p= 0.03). On the other hand, the relationship linking C-peptide and Na-K ATPase enzyme activity was shown to be insignificant (p=0.69). Conclusions: Diabetic neuropathy is related to a low C-peptide level. The association between C-peptide and Na-K ATPase enzyme activity, on the other hand, was shown to be insignificant. C-peptide HbA1c, and duration of diabetes all had minor negative associations.

scholarly journals A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of flood management measures based on the concept of "retaining water in the landscape" in different European hydro-climatic regions

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3287-3306 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Salazar ◽  
F. Francés ◽  
J. Komma ◽  
T. Blume ◽  
T. Francke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Condition ◽  
Soil Moisture Condition ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Management Measures

Abstract. In this paper, we analyse the effectiveness of flood management measures based on the concept known as "retaining water in the landscape". The investigated measures include afforestation, micro-ponds and small-reservoirs. A comparative and model-based methodological approach has been developed and applied for three meso-scale catchments located in different European hydro-climatological regions: Poyo (184 km2) in the Spanish Mediterranean, Upper Iller (954 km2) in the German Alps and Kamp (621 km2) in Northeast-Austria representing the Continental hydro-climate. This comparative analysis has found general similarities in spite of the particular differences among studied areas. In general terms, the flood reduction through the concept of "retaining water in the landscape" depends on the following factors: the storage capacity increase in the catchment resulting from such measures, the characteristics of the rainfall event, the antecedent soil moisture condition and the spatial distribution of such flood management measures in the catchment. In general, our study has shown that, this concept is effective for small and medium events, but almost negligible for the largest and less frequent floods: this holds true for all different hydro-climatic regions, and with different land-use, soils and morphological settings.

scholarly journals Study on the Behavior of the Water Temperature Inversion Layer in the Northern East China Sea

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seong Hyeon Kim ◽  
Bok Kyoung Choi ◽  
Eung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
East China Sea ◽  
Inversion Layer ◽  
Temperature Inversion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Jeju Island ◽  
East China ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Other Hand

To investigate the behavioral characteristics of the water temperature inversion layer (TIL), we used data (KODC) from areas in the Northern East China Sea from 1995 to 2016. Water temperature and salinity surveys were conducted 8820 casts over 22 years. Of these, 1589 water temperature inversion layers were found, and the probability of occurrence was 18.0%. In the Gageo island, probability of TIL occurrence in winter was 25 times higher than in summer. On the other hand, in the south of Jeju Island, summer values were 3.7 times higher than winter values. A T–S diagram analysis shows the components of the water temperature inversion layers. Yellow Sea Cold Water was mainly found in the winter, while Jeju Warm Currents and Tsushima Warm Currents were found in summer. The correlation between the probability of the occurrence of a monthly water temperature inversion layer and the amount of seawater volume transported into the study area was analyzed. The correlation coefficient was higher than r = 0.8 in parts of southern Jeju Island. On the other hand, the correlation coefficient was r = −0.6 in the Gageo Island. The spatial correlation index for the seawater volume transport and the water temperature inversion layer is presented.

scholarly journals Multiscale interactions between monsoon intra-seasonal oscillations and low pressure systems that produce heavy rainfall events of different spatial extents

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Akshaya C Nikumbh ◽  
Arindam Chakraborty ◽  
G.S. Bhat ◽  
Dargan M. W. Frierson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Thermodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Central India ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Monsoon Trough ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Seasonal Oscillations ◽  
Low Pressure Systems

AbstractThe sub-seasonal and synoptic-scale variability of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall are controlled primarily by monsoon intra-seasonal oscillations (MISO) and low pressure systems (LPS), respectively. The positive and negative phases of MISO lead to alternate epochs of above-normal (active) and below-normal (break) spells of rainfall. LPSs are embedded within the different phases of MISO and are known to produce heavy precipitation events over central India. Whether the interaction with the MISO phases modulates the precipitation response of LPSs, and thereby the characteristics of extreme rainfall events (EREs) remains unaddressed in the available literature. In this study, we analyze the LPSs that produce EREs of various spatial extents viz., Small, Medium, and Large over central India from 1979 to 2012. We also compare them with the LPSs that pass through central India and do not give any ERE (LPS-noex). We find that thermodynamic characteristics of LPSs that trigger different spatial extents of EREs are similar. However, they show differences in their dynamic characteristics. The ERE producing LPSs are slower, moister and more intense than LPS-noex. The LPSs that lead to Medium and Large EREs tend to occur during the positive phase of MISO when an active monsoon trough is present over central India. On the other hand, LPS-noex and the LPSs that trigger Small EREs occur mainly during the neutral or negative phases of the MISO. The large-scale dynamic forcing, intensification of LPSs, and diabatic generation of low-level potential vorticity due to the presence of active monsoon trough help in the organization of convection and lead to Medium and Large EREs. On the other hand, the LPSs that form during the negative or neutral phases of MISO do not intensify much during their lifetime and trigger scattered convection, leading to EREs of small size.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal impact of antecedent drought on hot extremes from the nonstationary risk perspective: A case study in eastern China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengcheng Xu ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
Yuankun Wang ◽  
Vijay Singh ◽  
Jianchun Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Dependence Structure ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Driving Mechanism ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Condition ◽  
Soil Moisture Condition

Hot extremes may adversely impact human health and agricultural production. Owing to anthropogenic and climate changes, the close and dynamic interaction between drought and hot extremes in most areas of China need to be revisited from the perspective of nonstationarity. This study therefore proposes a time-varying Copula-based model to describe the nonstationary dependence structure of extreme temperature (ET) and antecedent soil moisture condition to quantify the dynamic risk of hot extremes conditioned on dry/wet condition. This study proposed a new approach to identify the soil moisture driving law over extreme temperature from the point view of tail monotonicity and nonstationary risk assessment. Owing to the LTI-RTD (left tail increasing and right tail decreasing) tail monotonicity for dependence structure of these two extremes derived from most areas, the driving laws of soil moisture over ET follows DDL1-WDL1 laws (DDL1: drier antecedent soil moisture condition would trigger a higher risk of ET; WDL1: wetter antecedent soil moisture condition would alleviate the occurrence risk of ET). Because of the spatiotemporal divergence of sensitivity index derived from tail monotonicity (SITM), we can conclude that the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of response degree of ET over the variations of antecedent dry/wet conditions is evident. Incorporation of nonstationarity and tail monotonicity helps identify the changes of driving mechanism (laws) between soil moisture and hot extremes. From the comparison of different kinds of nonstationary behaviours over the spatial distribution of conditional probability of ET (CP1), the dependence nonstationarity can impose greater variations on the spatial distribution of conditional risk of ET given antecedent dry condition (CP1).

scholarly journals Factors affecting the runoff coefficient

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 4919-4941 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Del Giudice ◽  
R. Padulano ◽  
G. Rasulo
Keyword(s):  
Curve Number ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Drainage Basins ◽  
Simple Analytical Expression ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Condition ◽  
Soil Moisture Condition ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
The Us

Abstract. The runoff coefficient φ is a crucial parameter for flood peak discharge estimate in ungauged drainage basins. Tables and graphs generally allow the determination of φ in a somewhat empirical way that can lead to inconsistency in application; therefore, it is important to identify other parameters that can be utilized to assess φ more directly. In the present paper, focusing on Southern Continental Italy, a simple analytical expression between runoff coefficient φ and soil potential maximum retention S is proposed; moreover, an improvement of this expression is provided by considering the pre-event moisture condition of the watershed through the use of a climatic factor. At this aim, the US Soil Conservation Service classification for soil permeability has been adopted, that allows the evaluation of S, according to its relationship with the runoff curve number CN, as a function of soil type, land use and antecedent soil moisture condition (AMC).

PENGARUH KONDISI AWAL KELENGASAN TANAH TERHADAP DEBIT PUNCAK HIDROGRAF SATUAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Sasmito Sasmito ◽  
Bambang Triatmodjo ◽  
Joko Sujono ◽  
Sri Harto, Br
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Soil Moisture Deficit ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Condition ◽  
Soil Moisture Condition ◽  
Moisture Deficit

Abstrak: Hidrograf satuan adalah salah satu cara untuk memperkirakan besarnya banjir di sungai akibat hujan pada suatu DAS. Hidrograf satuan sangat populer dan dipakai secara luas di dunia. Metode ini mempunyai fleksibilitas yang rendah terhadap hujan yang berbeda, sehingga hidrograf yang dihasilkan berbeda-beda pada setiap hujan. Hal ini diduga disebabkan antara lain karena teori hidrograf satuan mengabaikan pengaruh kondisi awal kelengasan tanah (antecedent soil moisture condition, AMC) pada proses penurunan hidrograf satuan. Tulisan ini menyajikan hasil penelitian tentang pengaruh AMC terhadap debit puncak hidrograf satuan observasi (qp-obs). Dalam penelitian ini variabel AMC didekati dengan besaran defisit kelengasan tanah (soil moisture deficit, SMD) yang mempunyai makna berlawanan dengan AMC. SMD direpresentasikan dengan variabel Sc (storage capacity) yakni volume udara di dalam pori tanah yang ditinggalkan air karena terevapotranspirasi keluar. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan data hidrologi (hujan, debit aliran, dan evaporasi) yang dikumpulkan dari 3 DAS hulu (upper catchment) di kawasan Gunung Merapi. Percobaan penelitian dilakukan dengan cara menurunkan hidrograf satuan dengan dua cara, yakni cara konvensional (Collins) menghasilkan hidrograf satuan observasi (HSosb), dan cara simulasi menggunakan model tangki menghasilkan hidrograf satuan simulasi (HSsim). Analisis pengaruh Sc dilakukan terhadap debit puncak HSosb dan debit puncak HSsim. Penelitian menghasilkan temuan yang dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut: (1) Hubungan Sc dan debit puncak hidrograf satuan, menunjukkan semakin besar Sc (semakin kecil AMC) debit puncak HSobs semakin kecil, (2) Formula koreksi yang didapat berbentuk fungsi eksponensial (qp-obs)/(qp-obs-kor)=1,104 e-0,012Sc, dengan qp-obs-kor adalah debit puncak hidrograf satuan observasi terkoreksi, (3)  HS observasi terkoreksi rerata mempunyai debit puncak puncak paling tinggi dibanding debit puncak HSS Nakayasu dan debit puncak HSS Gama 1.

scholarly journals Detection of future changes in trends and scaling exponents in extreme short-term rainfall at selected stations in Slovakia

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-230
Author(s):  
Silvia Kohnová ◽  
Marianna Vasilaki ◽  
Martin Hanel ◽  
Ján Szolgay ◽  
Kamila Hlavčová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Scaling Exponents ◽  
Maximum Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Future

Abstract This paper analyses projected changes in short-term rainfall events during the warm season (April – October) in an ensemble of 30 regional climate model (RCM) simulations. The analysis of trend changes and changes in scaling exponents was done for the Hurbanovo, Bratislava, Oravská Lesná, and Myjava stations in Slovakia. The characteristics of maximum rainfall events were analysed for two scenario periods, one past and one future (1960–2000 and 2070–2100) and compared to the characteristics of the actual observed events. The main findings from the analysis show that 60-min short-term events for most of the RCM simulations will either increase or remain constant. On the other hand, the depths and intensities of daily events are projected to increase significantly; in some cases they were found to be ten times larger. Trends in future events at the Hurbanovo station were found to be insignificant. In the other stations positive trends in future rainfall events prevail, except for daily rainfall at the Myjava station, which shows a negative trend. Using results from the selected simulations, the scaling exponents estimated are on average lower than the exponents of the data observed. On the other hand, due to the higher daily precipitation amounts in the future seen to all the scenarios, the downscaled values of short-term rainfall at all the stations analysed might be considerably higher in the future horizons, which could subsequently affect future design rainfall values for engineering designs.

scholarly journals Event Based Post-Fire Hydrological Modeling of the Upper Arroyo Seco Watershed in Southern California

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2303
Author(s):  
Nawa Raj Pradhan ◽  
Ian Floyd
Keyword(s):  
Southern California ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Rainfall Event ◽  
Watershed Model ◽  
Fire Event ◽  
Moisture Condition ◽  
Soil Moisture Condition ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Event Based

Understanding, development and integration of pre-fire and post-fire watershed hydrological processes into a watershed hydrological model in a wild-fire repeating region similar to parts of California is critical for emergency assessments. 95% of the upper Arroyo Seco watershed located in Los Angeles County in southern California was burned by the Station fire that occurred in August 2009, significantly increasing the watershed observed runoff. This watershed was employed to develop the January 2008 rainfall runoff model as a pre-fire event-based watershed hydrological model. This pre-fire watershed model was subsequently employed in the rainfall events of 18 January 2010 and 27 February 2010, a few months after the fire event of August 2009. The pre-fire watershed model when employed in the post-fire rainfall events without considering the fire effects vastly underestimated the simulated discharge. For this reason, in this study of the post-fire catchment runoff modeling the following points are taken into consideration: (a) a realistic distributed initial soil moisture condition; (b) a formulation that includes a reduction factor and a burn severity factor, as multiplying factors to soil hydraulic conductivity in the soil characteristic curve; and (c) runoff routing parameterization under burned conditions. Developing the post-fire Arroyo Seco watershed model by using the above-mentioned points enhanced the Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency from −24% to 82% for the 18 January 2010 rainfall event and from −47% to 96% for the 27 February 2010 rainfall event.

scholarly journals A contrastive study of conventional indirectness in Spanish

Pragmatics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosina Márquez Reiter
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contrastive Study ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Indirect Requests ◽  
Peninsular Spanish

This article examines the results of a contrastive empirical study of conventional indirect requests in Peninsular and Uruguayan Spanish. The results reveal pragmatic similarities at the level of the linguistic encoding of utterances with both, Peninsular and Uruguayan Spanish speakers showing a negative correlation between (in)directness and social distance. The less familiar the interlocutors are with each other, the more likely it is for their requests to be realised indirectly. On the other hand, pragmatic differences were found in the tentativeness conveyed by the requests in these two language varieties. Uruguayan Spanish requests were more tentative than those in Peninsular Spanish. This tentativeness was achieved through a more frequent and more varied use of external modifications and a much higher incidence of internal modificating devices of the downgrading type.

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