scholarly journals Evaluation of Microbial Contamination of Groundwater under Different Topographic Conditions and Household Water Treatment Systems in Special Region of Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1673
Author(s):  
Indrastuti ◽  
Shinobu Kazama ◽  
Satoshi Takizawa
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Sanitation Facility ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Facility Type ◽  
Shallow Wells ◽  
Microbial Removal

Since the coverage of piped water is still only 20.1% in Indonesia, many people rely on groundwater for drinking and daily use, although the quality of the groundwater is not well understood. This study evaluated the influence of the topography, well type, groundwater abstraction depth, sanitation facility type, and distance between the well and the sanitation facility on the groundwater quality. In addition, a possible household treatment system was investigated based on microbial removal efficiency and household acceptance. The results showed the groundwater abstraction depth and well type were the most important factors in controlling microbial contamination. The sanitation facility type, except small-scale sewer systems, and the distance from a well were not significantly correlated with E. coli concentration. A high microbial concentration was found in a flat area with predominantly shallow wells, latrines, and septic tanks because the topographic conditions determined the commonly used well types and groundwater abstraction depth. The RO + UV system was the only system that assured microbial safety of treated water. The chlorination and microfiltration systems had difficulty with chlorine-dosage adjustment and microbial removal, respectively. Raising public awareness of water quality problems was found to be important to improve acceptance of household treatment systems.

scholarly journals Reality versus rhetoric: Assessing the efficacy of third-party hate crime reporting centres

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Wong ◽  
Kris Christmann ◽  
Michelle Rogerson ◽  
Neil Monk
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Diagnostic Facility ◽  
The Uk

The underreporting of hate crime is recognised as problematic for jurisdictions across Europe and beyond. Within the UK, the landmark inquiry report into the murder of Stephen Lawrence 25 years ago has seen governments faithfully adhering to a policy of promoting the increased reporting of hate crime. An enduring legacy of the inquiry, third-party reporting centres (TPRCs) have been equally faithfully promoted as the primary vehicle for achieving such increases. While the nations of the United Kingdom have pioneered the development of TPRCs, their function and form have been adopted in other jurisdictions, including Victoria, Australia. Nevertheless, despite their reliance on TPRCs, policymakers have given limited attention to their efficacy. The evidence from a plethora of small scale studies has consistently found that TPRCs have been limited by public awareness, capability, capacity and poor oversight difficulties. Responding to these long-standing problems, the authors have developed the first ‘TPRC assessment tool’ which offers a diagnostic facility to improve effectiveness. This paper describes the development and piloting of this tool and highlights its potential to inform policy and practice both in the UK and internationally, providing an original contribution to the limited evidence base around third-party reporting.

scholarly journals Mobile crowd participation to root small-scale piped water supply systems in India and Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mink ◽  
B. A. Hoque ◽  
S. Khanam ◽  
D. Van Halem
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water System ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Smartphone Applications ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Mobile Crowd

Abstract In the arsenic-contaminated Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta in India and Bangladesh, small-scale piped water supply seems a promising way to provide safe drinking water to households in the region. The use of smartphone applications can support monitoring of the system and enhance local engagement and empowerment. In this paper the scope for mobile crowd participation as a research and monitoring tool for piped water supply systems in Bihar, India and in Khulna and Chittagong, Bangladesh is investigated. In these areas, the use of smartphones and internet access are growing rapidly and smartphone applications would enable real-time water quality monitoring, payment of water bills, awareness creation, and a dialogue between the end-user and the water supplier. To identify the relevance and acceptability of piped water supply and smartphone monitoring, four surveys with potential end-users were conducted. Based on these surveys we conclude that in the investigated areas there is a desire for piped water systems, that households already own smartphones with internet access, and that there is an interest in smartphone monitoring. The enabling environment to deploy mobile crowd participation for piped water system monitoring stimulates further research towards an investigation of potential functionalities and the actual development of such an application.

scholarly journals Diarrhoea prevention in a high-risk rural Kenyan population through point-of-use chlorination, safe water storage, sanitation, and rainwater harvesting

2008 ◽  
Vol 136 (11) ◽  
pp. 1463-1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. GARRETT ◽  
P. OGUTU ◽  
P. MABONGA ◽  
S. OMBEKI ◽  
A. MWAKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Shallow Wells ◽  
Diarrhoea Prevention ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Combined Interventions

SUMMARYLack of access to safe water and sanitation contributes to diarrhoea moribidity and mortality in developing countries. We evaluated the impact of household water treatment, latrines, shallow wells, and rainwater harvesting on diarrhoea incidence in rural Kenyan children. We compared diarrhoea rates in 960 children aged <5 years in 556 households in 12 randomly selected intervention villages and six randomly selected comparison villages during weekly home visits over an 8-week period. On multivariate analysis, chlorinating stored water [relative risk (RR) 0·44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·28–0·69], latrine presence (RR 0·71, 95% CI 0·54–0·92), rainwater use (RR 0·70, 95% CI 0·52–0·95), and living in an intervention village (RR 0·31, 95% CI 0·23–0·41), were independently associated with lower diarrhoea risk. Diarrhoea risk was higher among shallow well users (RR 1·78, 95% CI 1·12–2·83). Chlorinating stored water, latrines, and rainwater use all decreased diarrhoea risk; combined interventions may have increased health impact.

The impact of domestic water on household enterprises: evidence from Vietnam

Water Policy ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey Noel ◽  
Hoang Thi Phuong ◽  
John Soussan ◽  
Jon C. Lovett
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Micro Enterprises

A number of rural household-based productive activities, such as kitchen gardens, livestock rearing and micro enterprises, are dependent on adequate supplies of domestic water to operate. This paper examines whether improved access to piped water can facilitate these types of activities, particularly for poor households. Using data from rural Vietnam, we find that most household enterprises use non-metered water and have very small profit margins. Thus, the evidence suggests that these enterprises may be better supported by a household-level water supply infrastructure, such as well pumps and rainwater catchment tanks, rather than by piped systems in rural areas. We also found an unanticipated link between operating small-scale food production businesses and raising livestock: for many households, waste products from food-based micro enterprises were used for rearing pigs, and this enabled business owners to expand their pork production, a significant source of income and prosperity in rural Vietnam.

Characterisation of the water quality from open and rope-pump shallow wells in rural Cambodia

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Bennett ◽  
A. Shantz ◽  
G. Shin ◽  
M. L. Sampson ◽  
J. S. Meschke
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Iron Chloride ◽  
Shallow Aquifer ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Shallow Wells ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Rope Pump

An 8 month investigation into the quality of water from open and rope-pump shallow wells in rural Cambodia was conducted. Wells were analysed for indicators of the health (arsenic, fluoride, manganese, nitrate, total coliforms, E. coli, male-specific coliphage) and aesthetic (iron, chloride, conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardnesss, turbidity, pH) quality of the water, and referenced to the Cambodian Drinking Water Standard when available. The shallow aquifer was chemically less of a health risk than the deep aquifer; however, microbial contamination was considerable for both shallow well types with mean E. coli loads of 103 CFU/100 mL and male-specific coliphage contamination of 102 PFU/eluate. Temporal variation in microbial contamination was significant (p &lt; 0.05), with overall loads decreasing during the dry season. The aesthetic quality of the water was poor for all samples, but worsened during the dry season. No significant difference was observed in the quality of water from open and rope-pump wells, despite their classification as unimproved and improved respectively by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme. Contaminants present in both well types may readily be removed by simple water treatment, suggesting that household treatment may be more beneficial to rural Cambodian households than shallow aquifer source improvements.

scholarly journals Sosialisasi Pemanfaatan Air Hujan dengan Pembuatan Sumur Resapan Untuk Penanggulangi Banjir/Genangan dan Konservasi Air Tanah di SMP Negeri 8 Menteng Jakarta Pusat

TERANG ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-127
Author(s):  
Endah Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Floods And Droughts ◽  
Infiltration Techniques

 In recent years floods and droughts have occurred in various places in Indonesia. Java is one of the islands that often experiences flooding. During the rainy season floods cause several major cities to be submerged. Jakarta was hit several times by severe flooding. Flood events that occurred in 2007 caused approximately 60% of the DKI area to be submerged by a depth of more than 5 meters. PKM Partners is a public junior high school building located in Menteng, Central Jakarta. The Mitra area in the last few years has experienced a flood, it is quite disturbing the teaching and learning process in the Mitra area. The clean water crisis also occurs in the Mitra area, this is due to the location of the Mitra which is quite close to office buildings that have large enough water needs. The average rainfall in Indonesia is 2779 mm per year, in Jakarta around 2500 mm per year, with 180 days / year of rainy days. With a large enough rainfall average is the potential of water resources that can be utilized optimally. With the potential of existing water resources, it is necessary to have efforts to utilize water resources, especially rainwater, one of which is by making water infiltration techniques into the ground in the form of infiltration wells. Through this outreach activity, it is hoped that it can develop public awareness on how to tackle flooding on a small scale, namely at the household level to a wider level, schools, office buildings, etc. by using infiltration well technology in handling floods. and groundwater conservation.

scholarly journals Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Practices and Challenges during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Odisha, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Bauza ◽  
Gloria D. Sclar ◽  
Alokananda Bisoyi ◽  
Fiona Majorin ◽  
Apurva Ghugey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Heads Of Household

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices emerged as a critical component to controlling and preventing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted 131 semistructured phone interviews with households in rural Odisha, India, to understand behavior changes made in WASH practices as a result of the pandemic and challenges that would prevent best practices. Interviews were conducted from May through July 2020 with 73 heads of household, 37 caregivers of children < 5 years old, and 21 members of village water and sanitation committees in villages with community-level piped water and high levels of latrine ownership. The majority of respondents (86%, N = 104) reported a change in their handwashing practice due to COVID-19, typically describing an increase in handwashing frequency, more thorough washing method, and/or use of soap. These improved handwashing practices remained in place a few months after the pandemic began and were often described as a new consistent practice after additional daily actions (such as returning home), suggesting new habit formation. Few participants (13%) reported barriers to handwashing. Some respondents also detailed improvements in other WASH behaviors, including village-level cleaning of water tanks and/or treatment of piped water (48% of villages), household water treatment and storage (17% of respondents), and household cleaning (41% of respondents). However, there was minimal change in latrine use and child feces management practices as a result of the pandemic. We provide detailed thematic summaries of qualitative responses to allow for richer insights into these WASH behavior changes during the pandemic. The results also highlight the importance of ensuring communities have adequate WASH infrastructure to enable the practice of safe behaviors and strengthen resilience during a large-scale health crisis.

scholarly journals Quality Assessment of Three Types of Drinking Water Sources in Guinea-Bissau

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 7254
Author(s):  
Aducabe Bancessi ◽  
Luís Catarino ◽  
Maria José Silva ◽  
Armindo Ferreira ◽  
Elizabeth Duarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Chromium Concentration ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Guinea Bissau ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Shallow Wells ◽  
Important Health

The lack of access to safe drinking water causes important health problems, mainly in developing countries. In the West African country Guinea-Bissau, waterborne diseases are recognised by WHO as major infectious diseases. This study analysed the microbiological and physicochemical parameters of drinking water in the capital Bissau and its surroundings. Twenty-two sites belonging to different water sources (piped water, tubewells and shallow wells) were surveyed twice a day for three weeks, in both dry and wet seasons. Most of the microbiological parameters were out of the acceptable ranges in all types of water and both seasons and tended to worsen in the wet season. Moreover, in Bissau, the levels of faecal contamination in piped water increased from the holes to the consumer (tap/fountain). Several physicochemical variables showed values out of the internationally accepted ranges. Both well sources showed low-pH water (4.87–5.59), with high nitrite and iron levels in the wet season and high hexavalent chromium concentration in the dry season. The residual chlorine never reached the minimum recommended level in any of the water sources or seasons, suggesting a high risk of contamination. Results reveal a lack of quality in the three water sources analysed, coherent with the high number of diarrheal cases in the country. There is an urgent need to improve sanitarian conditions to reduce the disease burden caused by these waterborne illnesses.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document