Mechanisms of adaptation of motor «fast» and «slow» locomotor muscles in mice under conditions of allergic reorganization of the body

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-72
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Yurievich Teplov
Keyword(s):  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽  
Locomotor Muscles ◽  
Action Taking ◽  
Mandatory Vaccination

The state of the contractile function of transversely striated locomotor muscles under conditions of allergic reorganization remains relevant for modern sports medicine. In particular, it is known that the mandatory vaccination of athletes before the competition leads to changes in the state of the muscular system. The mechanisms of these changes are not fully understood. In the presented work, the following research methods were used: the registration of: a) the contractile function of various locomotor «fast» and «slow» muscles of the mouse in vitro on humoral initiators of contraction — carbacholine (CCh) and potassium chloride (KCI); b) indicators of the systems of pro- and antioxidant balance in the blood and in the tissues of these muscles and the determination of the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in them. The differences in the ratios of the dynamics of the contraction force and the MDA level in both muscles demonstrate the degree of their resistance to oxidative stress, which determines the differences in the mechanisms of their adaptation to allergic reorganization. The materials of the article can be used to correct the function of locomotor muscles during vaccination, as well as to determine the strategy of therapeutic action, taking into account their fiber composition. The purpose of the article is to determine the mechanisms of adaptation of skeletal muscles (SM) of the mouse («fast» (m.EDL) and «slow» (m.Soleus)) during allergic reorganization.

AUTOMATED WORKPLACES FOR FUNCTIONAL DIAGNOSTICS OF ATHLETES

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 137-149
Author(s):  
Nataliya Aralova ◽  
◽  
Larisa Shakhlina ◽  
Albina Aralova ◽  
Svetlana Kalytka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
General Characteristic ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Functional Diagnostics ◽  
Respiratory Gases

One of the most important tasks in modern sport's training for the sport of highest achievements is the ability to control the state of the athlete's body in the process of training and competitive activities. For this purpose, the use of systems registering and analyzing information about the functional capabilities of an athlete in the dynamics of his activity, allows you to provide an individual approach when planning and correcting training loads. This is especially important for medical and pedagogical examination. The development of methods and means for increasing physical performance and, in particular, in the practice of high-performance sports, is one of the most important principles of modern sports medicine, physiology of labor and sports. In the practice of modern sports medicine, when carrying out mass examinations of athletes, the approach based on the proposed A.Z. Kolchinskaya concept on the regulation of the body's oxygen regimes, which allows to give a general characteristic of gas homeostasis, to diagnose the main syndromes associated with disorders of the transport of respiratory gases in the body, to assess the functional state of the body at all stages of the annual cycle of sports training and during the post-exercise recovery period. Since this work is associated with a large number of calculations and subsequent processing of the information received, it is necessary to use modern means of modern information support. Thus, the automated information system (AIS) for the functional diagnostics of athletes allows many times to speed up the processing of data obtained during the examination of athletes, centrally accumulate information for its preprocessing, storage and collective use of the AIS, is equipped with convenient services for graphical and tabular presentation of data, allows analyzing the dynamics of functional the state of athletes in the annual cycle of their training, as well as at the stage of the 4-year training Olympic cycle.

Methods for obtaining the strain-free lattice parameter when using diffraction to determine residual stress

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 891-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Withers ◽  
M. Preuss ◽  
A. Steuwer ◽  
J. W. L. Pang
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Lattice Spacing ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Free Lattice ◽  
Stress Measurements

The determination of residual stress by diffraction depends on the correct measurement of the strain-free lattice spacing d_{hkl}^0, or alternatively the enforcement of some assumption about the state of strain or stress within the body. It often represents the largest uncertainty in residual stress measurements since there are many ways in which the strain-free lattice spacing can vary in ways that are unrelated to stress. Since reducing this uncertainty is critical to improving the reliability of stress measurements, this aspect needs to be addressed, but it is often inadequately considered by experimenters. Many different practical strategies for the determining of d_{hkl}^0 ordrefhave been developed, some well known, others less so. These are brought together here and are critically reviewed. In practice, the best method will vary depending on the particular application under consideration. Consequently, situations for which each method are appropriate are identified with reference to practical examples.

scholarly journals HYGIENIC REGULATION FOR JOINTLY ACTING HARMFUL FACTORS AND METHODOLOGY OF ITS EXPERIMENTAL RATIONALE

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-221
Author(s):  
Yury N. Katulskiy
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Effect ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Cooperative Agents ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
The Impact

With the combined action of agents, the toxic effect depends not only on the time and effects levels of each of them but also on the combinations in which these levels are located. The main problems in the experimental substantiation of hygienic regulations for this type of action are the determination of this dependence, the establishment with its help of safe combinations of exposure levels and their description. In the work methods of their solution are offered. This dependence is recommended to be obtained in the economical experiments proposed by the theory of mathematical planning. It is represented by a system of regression equations describing the dose dependencies observed at different moments after the onset of the impact (when indices are removed). In this case, the toxic effect is estimated by two indices, reflecting the degree of deviation of the state of the body of the experimental animals from the norm and the probability of this deviation. Effective and ineffective combinations are determined by this system of equations when substituting in them the values of the toxic effect corresponding to its presence or absence. In turn, hygienically safe combinations are determined by a system describing ineffective combinations of exposure levels that include stock coefficients that are reasonable for each agent. This system can be adopted as an experimentally valid hygiene regulation, which has the following advantages. It is determined by the results of the study of the joint rather than isolated action of agents, does not require the fulfillment of any conditions about the nature of this action (isoadditivity, etc.), and also takes into account not only the degree of deviation of the state of the organism of the experimental animals from the norm, but also the probability this deviation. In order to obtain the necessary information, we propose plans for experiments in which the number of groups of experimental animals is only one more than the number of cooperative agents. An example of the proposed approach is given.

Engineering Tools for Studying the Interplay Between Mechanics and Biology in Lymphatic Lipid Transport

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Brandon Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lipid Transport ◽  
Cell Trafficking

The lymphatic vasculature extends through most tissues of the body and plays an essential role in maintaining fluid balance, immune cell trafficking, and lipid transport. Nearly all dietary lipid is transported from the intestine to the circulation via the lymphatic system in the form of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins called chylomicrons. This process can be described through two different mechanisms: 1) entry of the chylomicron into the initial lymphatic vessels of the small intestine, known as lacteals, and 2) the transport of these chylomicrons through the larger collecting lymphatics by a complex and coordinated system of individual contracting vessel units (lymphangions) and valve leaflets. We describe here a set of in vitro and in vivo tools we have developed to study the mechanisms that modulate lipid transport under these two different paradigms and show how these tools are uncovering important biological features involved in these mechanisms. Lymphatic pump function is known to be sensitive to the mechanical load on the vessel as the contractility of isolated vessels has been shown to be both shear and stretch sensitive [1], yet whether these mechanisms are important in regulating contractile function in vivo remains uncertain.

scholarly journals PeBiToSens™: A Platform for PBT Screening of Fragrance Ingredients Without Animal Testing

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-175
Author(s):  
Heike Laue ◽  
Lu Hostettler ◽  
Gordon Sanders ◽  
Georg Kreutzer ◽  
Andreas Natsch
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Chemical Toxicity ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Ecotoxicological Assessment ◽  
Microbial Biodegradation ◽  
Animal Tests ◽  
Safe By Design

The determination of persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B) and toxicity (T) plays a central role in the environmental assessment of chemicals. Persistence is typically evaluated via standard microbial biodegradation tests. Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of chemicals in organisms and is usually assessed in fish exposed to the test chemical. Toxicity is determined at three trophic levels, with fish toxicity as the highest trophic level assessed. Thus, animal tests are classically needed for both B and T assessment. In vitro systems based on fish liver cells or liver S9 fractions ('RT-S9 assay') have been recently adopted by OECD to measure the biotransformation rates for the chemicals for B assessment. Biotransformation drives clearance from the body and reduces bioaccumulation. For T assessment, an assay based on in vitro toxicity on fish gill cells has been established ('RTgill-W1 assay'). Here we summarize our findings indicating that these tests are highly predictive for fragrance ingredients, and show with two case studies of our latest new registered substances how we apply these tests in particular during development and also for chemical registration. This platform of tests (PeBiToSens™) could fully replace animal tests in ecotoxicological assessment and is key in the Givaudan Safe by Design™ approach to develop safer and environmentally compatible novel fragrance ingredients.

scholarly journals Early Specific Metabolic Markers of Deadaptation of the Organism of Pregnant Women in Preeclampsia in The Conditions of the Hard North

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Severe Preeclampsia ◽  
Mild Form ◽  
Metabolic Markers ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Irkutsk Region

Preeclampsia is one of the most common obstetric pathologies affecting the level of maternal and perinatal loss. Preeclampsia is manifested maladjustment state organ of the body for pregnancy, depending on the climatic conditions due to changes in temperature and atmospheric pressure. Objective: To identify the frequency of severe preeclampsia in the Far North and the determination of the most sensitive markers of the state of maladjustment pregnant. Results: the incidence of preeclampsia in the northern areas of the Irkutsk region is higher than in its southern region. The frequency of severe preeclampsia in these regions did not differ. The most sensitive markers of the state of maladjustment pregnant as a mild form of preeclampsia are the concentration ratios dienes and cortisol.

scholarly journals Modern Approaches to Determination of the Biological Activity of Insulin and its

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
T. A. Batuashvili ◽  
L. V. Simutenko ◽  
P. V. Shadrin ◽  
N. P. Neugodova
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Insulin Analogues ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Biological Potency

The paper considers insulin’s specific action on the patient’s body, types of insulin preparations and insulin analogues which are used for the treatment of diabetes, as well as applicable requirements for these products. It was demonstrated that determination of biological activity is one of the key quality parameters of this type of medicines. The paper summarises the methods used for evaluation of insulin and its analogues, which are based both on the hormone’s general action on the body (in vivo: double crossing, euglycemic clamp, etc.), and on certain aspects of the hormone’s interaction with the body systems (in vitro: receptor-binding assay, phosphorylation, metabolic methods). Due to the appearance of insulin biosimilars on the pharmaceutical market, the article raises the issue that the «Biological potency» parameter tested in animals should be kept as part of the product specification. The analysis of the in vivo and in vitro methods of biological activity determination convincingly demonstrates that animal models can not be replaced with the modern analytical methods based on cell cultures. Consequently, animal models are still necessary, as they allow for an adequate assessment of the quality of insulins in terms of «Biological potency». Taking into account the global trend towards reduction of animal testing, the authors point out the need to develop modern methods, the results of which will be comparable to the results of in vivo determination of the biological activity.

scholarly journals Intravital Assessment of the Accumulation of Heavy Metals in the Body of Farm Animals (Review)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-213
Author(s):  
V. Epimakhov ◽  
V. Sarukhanov
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Livestock Products

In order to prevent the development of pathological processes in the body of farm animals, the intravital determination of the content of heavy metals in organs and tissues is relevant. The state of the solution to this problem is considered. A description is given of various approaches that allow testing the content of heavy metals in animals, assessing and adjusting the environmental safety of livestock products.

scholarly journals Adaptive Mechanisms of a Mouse Locomotor Muscles "M. Soleus" and "M. Edl" the Conditions of the Allergic Modification of the Organism

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Slow Muscle ◽  
Muscular System ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Locomotor Muscles ◽  
Adaptation Processes ◽  
Fast Muscles

The relevance of the problem discussed in the article is connected to the fact that mandatory athletes’ vaccination before competitions leads to the change in the function of the muscular system, the mechanisms of which have not yet been fully clarified. The purpose of the article is to determine the mechanism of a mouse skeletal muscles adaptation (SM) ("fast" (in case of m.edl) and "slow" (in case of m.soleus) in case of allergic alteration. The following research methods were used in the presented work: registration of the constrictive function of the abovementioned muscles in vitro to the humoral constriction initiators (carbacholinum and KCI) and determination of malonyldialdehyde (MDA) level in them, just as the indicators of the oxidant and antioxidant equilibrium. It has been demonstrated that the change in the “slow” muscle strength correlates with the MDA level dynamics, evidently, reflects the adaptation processes during the allergic modification. "Fast" muscles turn out to be more sustainable to oxidative stress which is most probably achieved by the work of compensatory mechanisms and is expressed in quite minor changes in the MDA dynamics. The article can be used in the search of the new possibilities for the correction of the locomotor muscles function in the conditions of the allergy, аnd also while the therapeutic impact strategy is determined, taking into account their fiber composition.

Immunoprophylaxis. Its role in sports medicine

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
I.E. Starikov
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
Prophylactic Use ◽  
Immune Dysfunctions

Achieving high results in sports directly depends on the biological characteristics of the athlete’s body and the state of his health, which, in turn, is determined by the adequate functioning of the integrative systems of the body: immune, endocrine and nervous. At the same time, modern sport is associated with the presence of many factors that adversely affect the state of the athlete’s immunity. These include physical activity that is on the verge of a person’s physiological capabilities, states of extreme psychological stress, changes in climatic-zone conditions when moving athletes over long distances, unfavorable environmental factors leading to hypothermia (the same stress). A decrease in the activity of the immune system leads to the emergence of immune dysfunctions, as a result of which the risk of the occurrence of infectious colds and exacerbation of chronic pathology significantly increases. The presence of these facts indicates the need for the prophylactic use of immunotherapy.

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