Immunity, microbiome and probiotics in viral infections

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-71
Author(s):  
Raphael Iosifovich Rosenson
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Relevant Issue ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Early Use

Currently, studying the role of microbiome in the realization of antiviral mechanisms is a relevant issue, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is known that microbiome disrupts the life cycle of viruses in the human organism cells at different stages and stimulates both innate and specific immune response. Such factors as delivery by cesarean section, artificial feeding of a child, early use of antibacterial agents, age-related changes lead to the development of dysbiosis, which increases the body’s susceptibility to viral infections. A positive role of probiotics use is observed in a range of viral infections, including HIV, HPV infection, viral hepatitis, respiratory infections and a number of other diseases.

scholarly journals The Role of the Cervicovaginal Microbiome on the Genesis and as a Biomarker of Premalignant Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Invasive Cervical Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gislaine Curty ◽  
Pedro S. de Carvalho ◽  
Marcelo A. Soares
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Invasive Cervical Cancer ◽  
Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Human Organism

The microbiome is able to modulate immune responses, alter the physiology of the human organism, and increase the risk of viral infections and development of diseases such as cancer. In this review, we address changes in the cervical microbiota as potential biomarkers to identify the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) development and invasive cervical cancer in the context of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Current approaches for clinical diagnostics and the manipulation of microbiota with the use of probiotics and through microbiota transplantation are also discussed.

scholarly journals Innate Immunity in Children and the Role of ACE2 Expression in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-382
Author(s):  
Mario Dioguardi ◽  
Angela Pia Cazzolla ◽  
Claudia Arena ◽  
Diego Sovereto ◽  
Giorgia Apollonia Caloro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Bibliographic Search ◽  
Meta Analyses

COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) is an emerging viral disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which leads to severe respiratory infections in humans. The first reports came in December 2019 from the city of Wuhan in the province of Hubei in China. It was immediately clear that children developed a milder disease than adults. The reasons for the milder course of the disease were attributed to several factors: innate immunity, difference in ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme II) receptor expression, and previous infections with other common coronaviruses (CovH). This literature review aims to summarize aspects of innate immunity by focusing on the role of ACE2 expression and viral infections in children in modulating the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Articles deemed potentially eligible were considered, including those dealing with COVID-19 in children and providing more up-to-date and significant data in terms of epidemiology, prognosis, course, and symptoms, focusing on the etiopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 disease in children. The bibliographic search was conducted using the search engines PubMed and Scopus. The following search terms were entered in PubMed and Scopus: COVID-19 AND ACE2 AND Children; COVID-19 AND Immunity innate AND children. The search identified 857 records, and 18 studies were applicable based on inclusion and exclusion criteria that addressed the issues of COVID-19 concerning the role of ACE2 expression in children. The scientific literature agrees that children develop milder COVID-19 disease than adults. Milder symptomatology could be attributed to innate immunity or previous CovH virus infections, while it is not yet fully understood how the differential expression of ACE2 in children could contribute to milder disease.

scholarly journals The role of azithromycin in the antibacterial therapy of acute respiratory infections in children

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
S.O. Kramarov ◽  
◽  
V.V. Yevtushenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Therapy ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Pediatric Practice ◽  
Key Words Antibiotics ◽  
Indications For Use

Acute respiratory infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in childhood. Antibacterial therapy for acute respiratory infections should be prescribed carefully and under strict indications. This review analyzes the etiological structure of diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract, identifies modern views on the rational use of antibacterial agents in diseases such as acute tonsillopharyngitis, rhinosinusitis, bronchitis and pneumonia. Among the variety of antibacterial agents, macrolide drugs, in particular azithromycin, are most often used in pediatric practice. The pharmacological properties of azithromycin, mechanisms of its antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity, indications for use in acute respiratory infections in children are considered in the article. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: antibiotics, acute respiratory infection, macrolides, azithromycin, children.

scholarly journals Defensive Properties of Mucin Glycoproteins during Respiratory Infections—Relevance for SARS-CoV-2

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maitrayee Chatterjee ◽  
Jos P. M. van Putten ◽  
Karin Strijbis
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Mucin Production ◽  
Mucin Glycoproteins ◽  
Microbial Invasion ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Mucin Expression ◽  
Airway Mucus ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Mucus plays a pivotal role in protecting the respiratory tract against microbial infections. It acts as a primary contact site to entrap microbes and facilitates their removal from the respiratory tract via the coordinated beating of motile cilia. The major components of airway mucus are heavily O-glycosylated mucin glycoproteins, divided into gel-forming mucins and transmembrane mucins. The gel-forming mucins MUC5AC and MUC5B are the primary structural components of airway mucus, and they enable efficient clearance of pathogens by mucociliary clearance. MUC5B is constitutively expressed in the healthy airway, whereas MUC5AC is upregulated in response to inflammatory challenge. MUC1, MUC4, and MUC16 are the three major transmembrane mucins of the respiratory tracts which prevent microbial invasion, can act as releasable decoy receptors, and activate intracellular signal transduction pathways. Pathogens have evolved virulence factors such as adhesins that facilitate interaction with specific mucins and mucin glycans, for example, terminal sialic acids. Mucin expression and glycosylation are dependent on the inflammatory state of the respiratory tract and are directly regulated by proinflammatory cytokines and microbial ligands. Gender and age also impact mucin glycosylation and expression through the female sex hormone estradiol and age-related downregulation of mucin production. Here, we discuss what is currently known about the role of respiratory mucins and their glycans during bacterial and viral infections of the airways and their relevance for the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Understanding the impact of microbe-mucin interaction in the respiratory tract could inspire the development of novel therapies to boost mucosal defense and combat respiratory infections.

scholarly journals Possible role of vitamin D supplementation in coronavirus disease 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 376
Author(s):  
Devi Dayal
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
The Impact

<p>Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is presumed to play a role in several infective and non-infective conditions such as acute respiratory infections, tuberculosis, diabetes, hypertension, stroke etc. Most of the respiratory viral infections occur during winter season when the vitamin D levels in most individuals are generally low. The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which began during winter season similar to the previous epidemics due to coronaviruses, has again stirred a debate on the role of VDD in the initiation and spread of the pandemic. The data on vitamin D status in patients with COVID-19 is however lacking. Different vitamin D supplementation strategies have recently been suggested as part of several countermeasures aimed at reducing the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. This brief narrative review discusses the evidence for the link between VDD and COVID-19 and the approaches suggested for vitamin D supplementation.</p>

scholarly journals A role of respiratory infections in exacerbations of asthma

2007 ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
A. G. Chuchalin ◽  
T. P. Ospelnikova ◽  
G. L. Osipova ◽  
N. V. Lizogub ◽  
V. B. Gervazieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Chlamydophila Pneumoniae ◽  
Atopic Asthma ◽  
Interferon System

Nineteen patients aged 18–65 years with moderate and severe exacerbations of atopic asthma were examined for respiratory viruses, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Interferon system, IL-4 and γ-IFN serum levels were also investigated. Viral infections (RS-virus, adenovirus, influenza types A (H1N1, H3N2) and B viruses, parainfluenza types 1 and 3 viruses) were diagnosed serologically or using PCR with direct detection of viral nucleic acids in 73.6 % of the patients. Diagnostic level of Mycoplasma pneumoniae antigen was found in 78.9 % of the patients, anti-Chlamydophila pneumoniae antibodies were detected in 31.6 %. Leukocyte interferon-producing function was decreased in all the patients.

scholarly journals The Role of Adaptogens in Prophylaxis and Treatment of Viral Respiratory Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Panossian ◽  
Thomas Brendler
Keyword(s):  
Withania Somnifera ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Resistance To Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Respiratory

The aim of our review is to demonstrate the potential of herbal preparations, specifically adaptogens for prevention and treatment of respiratory infections, as well as convalescence, specifically through supporting a challenged immune system, increasing resistance to viral infection, inhibiting severe inflammatory progression, and driving effective recovery. The evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies with Andrographis paniculata, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Glycyrrhiza spp., Panax spp., Rhodiola rosea, Schisandra chinensis, Withania somnifera, their combination products and melatonin suggests that adaptogens can be useful in prophylaxis and treatment of viral infections at all stages of progression of inflammation as well as in aiding recovery of the organism by (i) modulating innate and adaptive immunity, (ii) anti-inflammatory activity, (iii) detoxification and repair of oxidative stress-induced damage in compromised cells, (iv) direct antiviral effects of inhibiting viral docking or replication, and (v) improving quality of life during convalescence.

scholarly journals Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and other eicosanoid pathway modifiers on antiviral and allergic responses. EAACI task force on eicosanoids consensus report in times of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Sokolowska ◽  
G Enrico Rovati ◽  
Zuzana Diamant ◽  
Eva Untersmayr ◽  
Jürgen Schwarze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Prostaglandin D2 ◽  
Asthma Exacerbations ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Consensus Report

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other eicosanoid pathway modifiers are among the most ubiquitously used medications in the general population. Their broad anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects are applied against symptoms of respiratory infections, including SARS-CoV-2, as well as in other acute and chronic inflammatory diseases that often coexist with allergy and asthma. However, the current pandemic of COVID-19 also revealed the gaps in our understanding of their mechanism of action, selectivity and interactions not only during viral infections and inflammation, but also in asthma exacerbations, uncontrolled allergic inflammation, and NSAIDs-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD). In this context, the consensus report summarises currently available knowledge, novel discoveries and controversies regarding the use of NSAIDs in COVID-19, and the role of NSAIDs in asthma and viral asthma exacerbations. We also describe here novel mechanisms of action of leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs), outline how to predict responses to LTRA therapy and discuss a potential role of LTRA therapy in COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, we discuss interactions of novel T2 biologicals and other eicosanoid pathway modifiers on the horizon, such as prostaglandin D2 antagonists and cannabinoids, with eicosanoid pathways, in context of viral infections and exacerbations of asthma and allergic diseases. Finally, we identify and summarise the major knowledge gaps and unmet needs in current eicosanoid research.

Rational therapy for acute respiratory infections in young children with recombinant interferon alfa-2b

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
E.V. Obraztsova ◽  
◽  
E.G. Golovacheva ◽  
L.V. Osidak ◽  
O.I. Afanasieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Interferon Α ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Recombinant Interferon ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Interferon Status ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections

Influenza and acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) remain a global health problem worldwide, and therefore the search for effective means of prevention and treatment of these diseases is extremely urgent. Objective. To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of a drug form of recombinant human IFN alpha-2b in combination with a complex of antioxidants (Viferon®-suppositories) in children with ARVI. Patients and methods. Clinical and laboratory studies were conducted in 100 children (toddlers up to 3 years old), hospitalized in St. Olga's children hospital No 4 with a diagnosis of influenza or ARVI. The etiology of diseases was established using serological methods and immunofluorescence analysis; the immune and interferon status was determined. VIFERON®-suppositories were used rectally daily in age-related dosages. The effectiveness of therapy was evaluated by comparative analysis of disease symptoms, as well as laboratory indicators – immune and interferon status. Results. The use of VIFERON® – suppositories contributed to reducing intoxication and catarrhal symptoms, speeding up the recovery time of patients. After the treatment, the children's ability to produce IFN-α and – γ, as well, as sIgA content in nasal secretions, increased, but there was no marked enhancement in serum IL-1β, IL-8 levels, whereas the children in the control group and in 30% of cases occurred to change them. The use of the medicine did not cause any complaints in patients and staff. Conclusion. Data from clinical and laboratory studies of children hospitalized for ARVI, whose therapy included the VIFERON® – suppositories, indicate a significant therapeutic effect of this medicine and restoration of the immune and interferon defense systems of patients. Keywords: children, acute respiratory viral infections, recombinant interferon α-2b, immune status, interferon status, antiviral therapy, cytokines IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α

scholarly journals Vitamin D and acute respiratory infections: prevention or treatment?

2019 ◽  
pp. 116-124
Author(s):  
N. B. Lazareva ◽  
E. V. Rebrova ◽  
L. R. Panteleeva ◽  
A. Yu. Ryazanova ◽  
D. A. Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections

Vitamin D has a large number of biological effects due to the effect on the vitamin D receptor, which is present in most tissues in  the body. The possible role of vitamin D in infections is explained by its effect on the mechanisms of the innate and acquired immune  response. Suppression of the inflammatory response is also an important effect of vitamin D.  Many scientists strongly believe that vitamin D deficiency is among the so-called «seasonal stimulators» of acute respiratory viral  infections (ARVI), the potential for the prophylactic and therapeutic use of vitamin D in the season of ARVI and influenza is of particular interest.  25-hydroxycalciferol-stimulated production of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensin and cathelicidin is the most important fact  proving the possible protective role of vitamin D in influenza and other acute respiratory infections. These endogenous peptides  have a direct action, destroying not only microbial pathogens, but also viruses, including the influenza virus. 

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