Features of growth and development of the skeleton in Simmental and crossbred steers during ontogenesis

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
I. P. Prokhorov ◽  
A. N. Pikul ◽  
V. N. Lukyanov ◽  
O. A. Kalmykova
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Axial Part ◽  
Lower Growth Rate ◽  
Age Related Changes

The results of age-related changes in the morphological composition of carcasses, features of growth and development of the axial and peripheral parts of the skeleton, and their constituent bones, Simmental and crossbred steers have been presented in the paper. The purpose of the research was to study the features of growth and development of the skeleton of Simmental and crossbred steers. The research has been carried out on the basis of the Tula Scientific and Research Institute of Agriculture – a branch of the Federal Research Center “Nemchinovka”. In order to conduct experiments 3 groups of steers have been formed per 15 heads in each with using the method of analogous pairs. Animals of Simmental breed were included in the 1st control group, and in the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups consist of 1/2-blood steers of beef Simmental and Charollais breeds, respectively, obtained from crossbreeding Simmental cows with sires of these beef breeds. The experiment lasted until the 18-month-old of steers. It has been found that the intensity of bone growth in the axial and peripheral parts of the skeleton was due to age-related changes in the absolute and relative bone mass of steers. The intensity of growth of the axial part of the skeleton in the postnatal period increased, and the peripheral decreased. The ribs and spine were characterized by the increased growth rate, while the thoracic and pelvic limbs were characterized by the lower growth rate. The intensity of bone growth in the proximal parts of the limbs exceeded that of the distal parts. Age-related differences in the intensity of growth of the skeletal parts led to changes in the ratio between the linear body size and the features of the steers’ constitution. The value of the long-legness indices in Charolais crossbreds decreased from 65,4 at birth to 53,6 and 46,6 at the age of 6 and 12 months, respectively, while the lengthiness indices on the contrary increased and in these age periods amounted to 93,4, 105,4 and 114,9, respectively.

Caecotrophes intake in growing rabbits estimated either from urinary excretion of purine derivatives or from direct measurement using animals provided with a neck collar: effect of type and level of dietary carbohydrate

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Belenguer ◽  
J. Balcells ◽  
M. Fondevila ◽  
C. Torre
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Lower Growth Rate ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
G Ratio ◽  
Microbial N

AbstractThe present study compares estimates of caecotrophes production from urinary purine derivatives (PD) excretion with that from preventing caecotrophy by using a neck collar. A total of 64 New Zealand growing male rabbits were used to study the effect of diet composition on caecotrophes production. Diets were formulated using two sources of structural carbohydrates (fibre): alfalfa hay (AH) and sugar-beet pulp (SBP), mixed at two constant proportions, (0·75: 0·25) AH diets and (0·25: 0·75) SBP diets. Both diets included either barley or maize grain at two fibre: grain ratios (F/G, 80: 20 and 45: 55). Diets were given ad libitum. Growth rate, dry matter intake and digestibility were not modified by the grain source, although high F/G diets resulted in a lower growth rate (19·8 v. 26·4 g/day; P < 0·001). Between fibre sources, dry-matter intake and growth were higher in AH than in SBP diets (122·5 and 25·6 v. 101·6 and 20·4 g/day, respectively, P < 0·001 and P < 0·01). Rabbits given high F/G ratio and AH diets excreted more caecotrophes than those given low F/G ratio and SBP diets (19·5 and 20·9 v. 16·3 and 14·85 g/day, respectively). Microbial-N recycling through the caecotrophy process was higher when considering data from PD excretion (1·33 g/d) than when estimated by preventing caecotrophy (0·72 g/day).

Shape evolution of a spherical particle growing in supersaturated solution affected by straining flows

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (06) ◽  
pp. 1650059
Author(s):  
Jingjing Gao ◽  
Mingwen Chen ◽  
Zidong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Expansion Method ◽  
Supersaturated Solution ◽  
Shape Evolution ◽  
Interface Microstructure ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Ambient Flow ◽  
Multiple Variable ◽  
Lower Growth Rate ◽  
Asymptotic Expansion Method

The convection of ambient flow field has a significant influence on the pattern formation of growing particles. In this paper, we investigate the shape evolution of particles growing in supersaturated solution affected by straining flows. By using the multiple variable asymptotic expansion method, we obtain the asymptotic solution. The solution indicates that the interface microstructure is greatly affected by the straining flows. The flow results in a higher growth rate in the surface where it is incoming and a lower growth rate where it is outgoing. Besides, the flow also has effects on the concentration distribution.

Competition, Growth Rate, and CO2Fixation in Triazine-Susceptible and -Resistant Smooth Pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus)

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Ahrens ◽  
E. W. Stoller
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Amaranthus Hybridus ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Lower Growth Rate ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Synthetic Capacity ◽  
Smooth Pigweed

Triazine-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) biotypes of smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL.) were grown in the field under competitive conditions at varying initial proportions of S and R plants. R plants were less competitive than S plants as measured by accumulation of total above-ground dry weight and seed dry weight. S and R plants were also grown in the field under non-competitive conditions at 100, 40, and 10% light. Growth rate at 10% light did not differ between S and R plants. At the two higher light intensities, dry-matter accumulation 11 weeks after seeding was about 40% less in the R plants. At 100% light, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were lower in the R plants by about 3.5 and 19%, respectively. The light- and CO2-saturated rates of CO2fixation in intact leaves of glasshouse-grown R plants were 20% less than those in S plants. An apparent 10 and 20% greater number of chlorophyll molecules per photosystem II reaction center in R plants (as compared with S plants) grown in the field at 40 and 100% light, respectively, did not explain differences between the S and R biotypes in photo synthetic capacity. The S and R plants did not differ in specific leaf weight or chlorophyll content on a leaf-area basis. Lower growth rate of R plants may be responsible for inferior competitive ability of R biotypes and could be the result of an impaired photosynthetic capacity.

scholarly journals Physiological Characterization of an Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacterium Belonging to the “Candidatus Scalindua” Group

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (13) ◽  
pp. 4145-4148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takanori Awata ◽  
Mamoru Oshiki ◽  
Tomonori Kindaichi ◽  
Noriatsu Ozaki ◽  
Akiyoshi Ohashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Maximum Specific Growth Rate ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Physiological Characterization ◽  
Phylogenetic Affiliation ◽  
Lower Growth Rate

ABSTRACTThe phylogenetic affiliation and physiological characteristics (e.g.,Ksand maximum specific growth rate [μmax]) of an anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacterium, “CandidatusScalindua sp.,” enriched from the marine sediment of Hiroshima Bay, Japan, were investigated. “CandidatusScalindua sp.” exhibits higher affinity for nitrite and a lower growth rate and yield than the known anammox species.

Transgenic growth hormone mice exposed to lifetime constant illumination: gender-specific effects

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 950-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
M L Perreault ◽  
C D Rollo
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Gender Specific

Photoperiod affects most of the features altered in transgenic growth hormone (TG) mice, and laboratory rats and mice retain some sensitivity to photoperiod. We examined growth, feeding, longevity, and reproduction of TG mice and normal control mice (Mus musculus L., 1758) in 12 h light : 12 h dark (LD) and 24 h light (LL) photoperiods. Sexual dichotomy in growth and hepatic gene expression are considered to require gender-specific patterns of growth hormone secretion that are absent in TG mice. Regardless, in the LD photoperiod mature TG females were 82.8% (46.8 g) of the mass of TG males (56.5 g, p < 0.05), whereas control mice showed no size dichotomy (≈33 g). Mature masses of TG males and of control mice of either gender were unaffected by the LL photoperiod. TG females, however, reached a mature mass 92% (50.9 g) of that of mature TG males in the LL photoperiod, attenuating the sexual size dichotomy expressed in the LD photoperiod. Growth of females was slower than that of males, even in the control group. TG females in the LL photoperiod expressed faster growth, higher reproduction, and greater mean longevity than TG females in the LD photoperiod. Differences in age-related feeding associated with gender and photoperiod reflected differential growth rates. Females grew more slowly and ate more than males of similar age because they were smaller (i.e., had lower growth efficiencies). The LL photoperiod improved the energy balance of TG females. Possible mechanisms mediating such gender-specific effects are explored.

scholarly journals Titration and Conditional Knockdown of the prfB Gene in Escherichia coli: Effects on Growth and Overproduction of the Recombinant Mammalian Selenoprotein Thioredoxin Reductase

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 432-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olle Rengby ◽  
Elias S. J. Arnér
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Essential Gene ◽  
Thioredoxin Reductase ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Native Promoter ◽  
Lower Growth Rate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Translational Termination

ABSTRACT Release factor 2 (RF2), encoded by the prfB gene in Escherichia coli, catalyzes translational termination at UGA and UAA codons. Termination at UGA competes with selenocysteine (Sec) incorporation at Sec-dedicated UGA codons, and RF2 thereby counteracts expression of selenoproteins. prfB is an essential gene in E. coli and can therefore not be removed in order to increase yield of recombinant selenoproteins. We therefore constructed an E. coli strain with the endogenous chromosomal promoter of prfB replaced with the titratable PBAD promoter. Knockdown of prfB expression gave a bacteriostatic effect, while two- to sevenfold overexpression of RF2 resulted in a slightly lowered growth rate in late exponential phase. In a turbidostatic fermentor system the simultaneous impact of prfB knockdown on growth and recombinant selenoprotein expression was subsequently studied, using production of mammalian thioredoxin reductase as model system. This showed that lowering the levels of RF2 correlated directly with increasing Sec incorporation specificity, while also affecting total selenoprotein yield concomitant with a lower growth rate. This study thus demonstrates that expression of prfB can be titrated through targeted exchange of the native promoter with a PBAD-promoter and that knockdown of RF2 can result in almost full efficiency of Sec incorporation at the cost of lower total selenoprotein yield.

Research on Biological Materials with Effect of Constant Magnetic Field Intervention on Bone Growth and Development in Rabbits

2014 ◽  
Vol 1003 ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Lin Lv ◽  
Jian Hui Yang
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Constant Magnetic Field ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Biological Materials ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Group

To investigate the effect of constant magnetic fields on bone deformation, 16 rabbits were randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group. Biological materials with effect of constant magnetic field were attached to the hind legs of rabbits in the experimental group for a period of 4 months. Rabbit bones were periodically measured and compared. Results showed that compared with the control group, rabbits in the experimental group exhibited significant bone growth, indicating that constant magnetic field may significantly activate bone growth in rabbits.

scholarly journals The intensity of changes in the activity of enzymes in the tissues of the colon in piglets in different phases of postnatal ontogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 194 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-75
Author(s):  
Mayya Terenteva ◽  
Nataliya Mardareva
Keyword(s):  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Large White ◽  
Age Related ◽  
White Breed ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Age Related Changes

Annotation. The purpose is сlarification of patterns of age-related changes in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AsAT), alanine aminotransferase (AlAT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), α-amylase, alkaline phosphatase (AlP) and acid phosphatase (AP ) in tissues of different parts of the cecum in piglets of large white breed, in different phases of nutrition of the early postnatal period of systemic genesis of pig. Methods. Enzyme activities were determined spectrophotometrically (UV-1800) and using a set of reagents from the OJSC Vital Development Corporation, St. Petersburg. The activity of the enzymes AsAT and AlAT was determined by the method of Wrightman and Frenkel, GGT – by the unified colorimetric method at the “end point”. The α-amylase activity was measured by the method of Karavei. The level of AP, AlP was determined by the Bessey – Lowry – Brock method. Results. The degree of structural and chemical changes in the tissues of the cecum in piglets is high in the early phases of the postnatal period, during the first four months of life. They are especially pronounced in transitional phases of nutrition. The most intense age-related changes in metabolic processes in the tissues of the cecum in piglets were revealed between the milk and colostrum and first milk, between the first and second milk, between the third milk and milk-definitive, as well as between the first and second definitive phases. The timing of stabilization of the activity of individual enzymes in the tissues of the cecum is determined. They are detected in piglets in the later phases of feeding. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the nature and intensity of age-related changes in the activity of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, gamma-glutamyl transferase, α-amylase, acidic and alkaline phosphatases in tissues of different parts of the cecum in growing piglets were revealed.

scholarly journals Influence of probiotics “Immunobacterin-D” on biocenoses and development of the gastrointestinal tract of calves

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (98) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Zh. V. Rybachuk ◽  
O. I. Shkromada ◽  
A. V. Predko ◽  
Y. A. Dudchenko
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Lower Growth Rate ◽  
Digestive Disorders ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Number Of Bacteria ◽  
Private Farm

The paper presents the results of an experiment on the use of enzyme-probiotic supplement “Immunobacterin-D” for calves in the first two months of life. Probiotics are used in animal husbandry for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, increase immunity, correction of the microflora after antibiotic therapy, prevention of stress, increase growth. The study was conducted in a private farm in the Lyubar district of Zhytomyr region, which kept cattle of different ages. In a randomized controlled trial, two experimental groups of six animals were formed in each on the principle of analogues. One group was a control. Calves of the experimental group from the second day after birth were fed together with colostrum “Immunobacterin-D” at the rate of 3 grams per animal. For the first five days, the enzyme-probiotic supplement was given to the calves once a day during the morning feeding, and in subsequent studies, once every two days for a month. The results of the studies show that no case of diarrhea was registered among calves receiving the enzyme-probiotic supplement “Immunobacterin-D”. Among the animals of the control group, 66.7 % had digestive disorders – dyspepsia. Subsequently, such animals had a lower growth rate. Enzyme-probiotic supplement “Immunobacterin-D” also contains Bacillus Subthilis, Bacillus Licheniformis and enzymes and protease and lipase – it provides a polyvector effect in the digestive tract in general and scarring in particular. It was found that on the fourteenth day of feeding probiotic-containing drug “Immunobacterin-D” to calves of the experimental group, the number of bacteria probably increased by 83.5 %; ciliates – by 65.0 %; endodynomorphs – by 24.3 %. After one month of the experiment, the number of bacteria in the experimental group probably increased by 94.3 %; ciliates – by 40.5 %; endodynomorphs – by 26.7 %, compared with the control (P < 0.001). The obtained data of registration of the first chewing gum in calves prove that the components of the enzyme-probiotic supplement “Immunobacterin-D” accelerate the population of microflora and the development of scar digestion in calves 2.5 times compared to calves in the control group. Prospects for further research are to study the effect of enzyme-probiotic supplement “Immunobacterin-D” on the indicators of scar fermentation of calves.

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