Hydrometry. Catching-type liquid precipitation measuring gauges

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Precipitation

Changes of Ionic and Oxygen Isotopic Composition of the Snowpack at the Glacier Austre Okstindbreen, Norway, 1995

1998 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Raben ◽  
Wilfred H. Theakstone
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Oxygen Isotopes ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic Composition ◽  
Isotopic Ratios ◽  
Vertical Variations ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Liquid Precipitation ◽  
Different Altitudes

Marked vertical variations of ions and oxygen isotopes were present in the snowpack at the glacier Austre Okstindbreen during the pre-melting phase in 1995 at sites between 825 m and 1,470 m above sea level. As the first meltwater percolated from the top of the pack, ions were moved to a greater depth, but the isotopic composition remained relatively unchanged. Ions continued to move downwards through the pack during the melting phase, even when there was little surface melting and no addition of liquid precipitation. The at-a-depth correlation between ionic concentrations and isotopic ratios, strong in the pre-melting phase, weakened during melting. In August, concentrations of Na+ and Mg2+ ions in the residual pack were low and vertical variations were slight; 18O enrichment had occurred. The difference of the time at which melting of the snowpack starts at different altitudes influences the input of ions and isotopes to the underlying glacier.

scholarly journals Application of Thermal Resistant Gemini Surfactants in Highly Thixotropic Water-in-oil Drilling Fluid System

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1435-1441
Author(s):  
Yonggui Liu ◽  
Yang Zhang ◽  
Jing Yan ◽  
Tao Song ◽  
Yongjun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Gemini Surfactants ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Excellent Thermal Stability ◽  
Oil Drilling ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Emulsion Drops ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
Building Capability ◽  
Liquid Precipitation

AbstractTraditional water-in-oil drilling fluids are limited by their shear thinning behavior. In this article, we propose the synthesis of a thermal resistant quaternary ammonium salt gemini surfactant DQGE-I. This surfactant was synthesized using monomers such as N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, organic acids and epichlorohydrin, as well as blocking groups such as N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP). The prepared surfactant exhibited various advantages over traditional surfactants, including excellent thermal stability, good emulsifying and wetting capability. The use of these surfactants was shown to improve the compactness of emulsifier molecules at the oil/water interface, as well as the overall emulsificaiton effect. Laboratory studies revealed that water-in-oil emulsions prepared using DQGE-I showed high emulsion breaking voltage, low liquid precipitation and small and uniformly distributed emulsion drops. Highly thixotropic water-in-oil drilling fluids based on DQGE-I showed low viscosity, high shear rate and thermal tolerance up to 260oC. Additionally, the proposed fluid was applied in 16 wells (including WS1-H2, GS3 and XS1-H8) in the Daqing Oilfield. Testing showed that DQGE-1 exhibited excellent rheological behavior and wall-building capability. The emulsion breaking voltage exceeded 1500 V, and the yield point/ plastic viscosity ratio exceeded 0.4. The use of this surfactant can help to solve problems such as high formation temperature and poor well wall stability.

scholarly journals Fabrication of Dy2O3 Transparent Ceramics by Vacuum Sintering Using Precipitated Powders

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Dianjun Hu ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Ziyu Liu ◽  
Xiaoying Li ◽  
Feng Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Optical Quality ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Infrared Range ◽  
Transparent Ceramics ◽  
Vacuum Sintering ◽  
Hydrogen Carbonate ◽  
Ammonium Hydrogen ◽  
Liquid Precipitation ◽  
Near Infrared Range

As a kind of promising material for a Faraday isolator used in the visible and near infrared range, Dy2O3 transparent ceramics were prepared by vacuum sintering from the nano-powders synthesized by the liquid precipitation method using ammonium hydrogen carbonate as precipitant with no sintering aids. The synthesized precursor was calcinated at 950 °C–1150 °C for 4 h in air. The influences of the calcination temperature on the morphologies and phase composition of Dy2O3 powders were characterized. It is found that the Dy2O3 powder calcinated at 1000 °C for 4 h is superior for the fabrication of Dy2O3 ceramics. The Dy2O3 transparent ceramic sample prepared by vacuum sintering at 1850 °C for 10 h, and subsequently with air annealing at 1400 °C for 10 h, from the 1000 °C-calcined Dy2O3 powders, presents the best optical quality. The values of in-line transmittance of the optimal ceramic specimen with the thickness of 1.0 mm are 75.3% at 2000 nm and 67.9% at 633 nm. The Verdet constant of Dy2O3 ceramics was measured to be −325.3 ± 1.9 rad/(T·m) at 633 nm, about 2.4 times larger than that of TGG (Tb3Ga5O12) single crystals.

Characterization of Ultrafine Glassy Powder for Al-Si-Ca-P-O-F Polynary System by Liquid Precipitation

2010 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 433-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C. Yuan ◽  
Q.G. Wu ◽  
Guo Xun Zeng ◽  
Z.Y. Ling
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Amorphous State ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Hollow Particles ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Quenched Glass ◽  
Liquid Precipitation

The ultrafine glassy powder of Al-Si-Ca-P-O-F polynary system was prepared by liquid precipitation method with several inorganic compounds as reactants containing the ions such as Al3+, SiO32-, P3O105-, Ca2+, F-, respectively. The powder was heat-treated in the range of temperature from 773 to 1173K and its crystallized processes were ascertained. The morphology, composition, bonding state and structure, crystallized behavior of the glassy powder were characterized by means of TEM, XRD, EDAX, IR, DSC etc methods. The results show that the powder containing Al, Si, Ca, P, O, F elements belongs to typical amorphous state, and the particles appeared hollow and near spherical morphology with the size from 30 to 70nm. The hollow particles collapsed as plate like conglutination state and a series of crystallized phases CaF2, Al2SiO5, Ca2SiO4, and Ca3(PO4)2 were separated sequentially during heat treatment in the range of temperature above. The characteristics of the glassy powder are similar to those of popular melting-quenched glass of the system. The network structure of the glass was mainly formed by the tetrahedrons of [SiO4], [AlO4] and [PO4], which were linked by the oxygen atoms of the angle in the tetrahedrons.

scholarly journals Three-frequency remote sensing of liquid precipitation

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
A. Linkova ◽  
◽  
G. Khlopov G. I.
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Liquid Precipitation

scholarly journals Main Results of Mapping Glacio-Nival Systems in the World Atlas of Snow and Ice Resources

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
Vladimir M. Kotlyakov ◽  
Natalia N. Dreyer ◽  
Valentina I. Kravtsova
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Snow Storage ◽  
Surface Ablation ◽  
Run Off ◽  
The World ◽  
Complementary Nature ◽  
Liquid Precipitation ◽  
Ice Resources ◽  
Snow And Ice

The compilation of the Atlas was based on the concept of glacio-nival systems (and the fields of these systems), developed in the U.S.S.R. It became possible to map glacionival systems by using all available data and by the development of indirect methods of obtaining regime parameters, characterising the glacio-nival zones. This, in turn, made it possible to show, on maps of different scales, properties relating to glacio-nival phenomena and processes, such as air temperature in a glacierized zone, the amount of solid and liquid precipitation, snow storage, the accumulation and surface ablation of glaciers and melt run-off. The compilation of these maps has demonstrated their conformity and complementary nature, the principles of which were worked out in the course of creating the Atlas. Based on the experience of compiling hundreds of various maps, the paper describes some peculiarities of depicting different elements of glacio-nival systems on maps of different scales and shows ways to overcome shortages of data in preparing the maps.

scholarly journals Development of a longterm dataset of solid/liquid precipitation

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Chimani ◽  
R. Böhm ◽  
C. Matulla ◽  
M. Ganekind
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Alpine Region ◽  
Nonlinear Relationship ◽  
Solid Precipitation ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Climate Studies ◽  
Liquid Precipitation

Abstract. Solid precipitation (mainly snow, but snow and ice pellets or hail as well), is an important parameter for climate studies. But as this parameter usually is not available operationally before the second part of the 20th century and nowadays is not reported by automatic stations, information usable for long term climate studies is rare. Therefore a proxy for the fraction of solid precipitation based on a nonlinear relationship between the percentage of solid precipitation and monthly mean temperature was developed for the Greater Alpine Region of Europe and applied to the existing longterm high resolution temperature and precipitation grids (5 arcmin). In this paper the method is introduced and some examples of the resulting datasets available at monthly resolution for 1800–2003 are given.

The Characteristics of Multi-layer Clouds in Summer over Tibetan Plateau Based on CloudSat Measurements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
xiao pan ◽  
Yunfei Fu ◽  
Deqin Li
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Occurrence Frequency ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Lower Cloud ◽  
Cloud Water Content ◽  
Liquid Precipitation ◽  
Layer Cloud

<p>The characteristics including cloud occurrence frequencies, vertical structure, configuration of cloud type, and microphysical structure of single-layer and multi-layer clouds in Tibetan Plateau (TP) in summer (June-August) during 2007-2010 are investigated based on the CloudSat merged data. The results indicate that cloud over the TP is mainly in the form of single-layer cloud with occurrence frequency of 56.86%, and then followed by the form of double-layer cloud with 24.47%. The spatial distribution of occurrence frequency shows that the single-layer cloud is mainly located in the northern plateau, and fraction of multi-layer cloud decrease gradually from the southeast to the northwest. Single-layer clouds mainly consist of stratocumulus (22.71%), and then followed by altostratus (19.98%) and nimbostratus (19.42%). As for the multi-layer clouds, the upper layers mainly consist of cirrus and altostratus, and the middle layers are mainly dominated by altostratus, cirrus and altocumulus. The lower layers mainly consist of stratocumulus, altocumulus and cumulus. The vertical structure indicates that the averaged cloud thicknesses of single-layer are larger compared with multi-layer clouds. The distributions of microphysical characteristics of multi-level clouds and single-layer clouds are similar, while the averaged values of microphysical characteristics including particle number concentration, cloud water content and effective radius of single-layer are larger. Moreover, the microphysical variable values of upper cloud are lower compared with lower cloud, which are related to the cloud types. The precipitation is mainly in the form of liquid precipitation, and then followed by the solid precipitation, and the drizzle. Furthermore, the drizzle occurs mainly in the multi-layer clouds. The single-layer fraction in the daytime (62.99%) is larger than that at night (51.00%), whereas, multi-layer clouds are opposite. The fraction of liquid precipitation and deep convection are larger during the daytime than those at night. Conversely, the fractions of drizzle and nimbostratus are larger at night. In addition, higher surface temperature, larger surface specific humidity and higher surface pressure is found to be contributed to the formation of multi-layer clouds.</p>

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