scholarly journals The significance of biological bases in maize production

2013 ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
Ágnes Krivián
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Early Date ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Down

The comparative trial has been set up in the Demonstration Garden of the Institute of Crop Sciences of the University of Debrecen, Centre for Agricultural and Applied Economic Studies, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management in 2012, with 24 hybrids with different genetic characteristics and growing periods. The soil of the trial is lime-coated chernozem, with a humus layer of 50–70 cm. The weather of the trial year was quite droughty; the monthly average temperature was 3–4 oC higher than the average of 30 years. High temperature, together with lack of precipitation occurred during the most sensitive phenophases of maize (flowering; fecundation, grain saturation). The following characteristics have been observed: starting vigour, date of male and female flowering, plant and cob height, dry-down dynamics during maturation and the change of yield composing elements has also been quantified. The yield was recalculated to 14% moisture content grain yield after harvesting. The beginning of the growing period was advantageous, therefore the analysed hybrids could grow a high (above 300 cm) and strong stem. The yield of the hybrids changed between 10.33 and 11.87 t ha-1, but as a result of the unfavourable climatic extremes, their genetic yield potential prevailed only at a rate of 30–40%. However, moisture content by the time of harvesting was good despite its early date (12th September); it remained under below 14% in most cases. Dry-down was measured on a weekly basis between 14th August and 5th September. The analysis of the qualitative parameters of the maize hybrids (protein %, oil % and starch %) resulted in significant differences. The most significant difference has been observed in the case of protein content (LSD5%=2.01). Oil content was the most advantageous in the case of hybrids belonging to the mid-late growing group (FAO 400). The X9N655 and 36V74 hybrids had the highest oil content (around 4%), while hybrids P9915 and 37F73 had significantly lower oil content. Starch content was above 70% in the case of every hybrid. Hybrid selection is highly important in terms of yield and yield security of maize, as well as the application of modern biological fundamentals and hybrid specific technology for the improvement of the level of cultivation technology.

scholarly journals The plant nutrition impact on the quality and quantity parameters of maize hybrids grain yield based on different statistical methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-573
Author(s):  
Árpád Illés ◽  
S. M. Nasir Mousavi ◽  
Csaba Bojtor ◽  
Janos Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Npk Fertilizer

AbstractIn recent years, producers of agricultural products have increased the use of chemical fertilizers per unit area. The goal of this research was to analyze the interaction of genotype in treatment (NPK fertilizer) on grain yield, protein content, oil content, and the starch content on 13 maize hybrids using analysis by the model of additive and multiplier effects AMMI and to evaluate genotypes, treatments, and their interactions using biplot in Hungary. Treatments include NPK0 (N: 0 kg/ha, P2O5:0 kg/ha, K2O: 0 kg/ha), NPK1 (N: 30 kg/ha, P2O5: 23 kg/ha, K2O: 27 kg/ha), NPK2 (N: 60 kg/ha, P2O5: 46 kg/ha, K2O: 54 kg/ha), NPK3 (N: 90 kg/ha, P2O5: 69 kg/ha, K2O: 81 kg/ha), NPK4 (N: 120 kg/ha, P2O5: 92 kg/ha, K2O: 108 kg/ha), NPK5 (N: 150 kg/ha, P2O5: 115 kg/ha, K2O: 135 kg/ha) in four replications based on complete randomized block design in 2019. The NPK fertilizer effects indicate that the fertilizers are different on yield genotype. AMMI analysis showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes, treatment, and the interaction effect of genotype * treatment at one percent. Besides, the maximum yield had Loupiac and NPK3 on grain yield, Loupiac and NPK2 on oil content, P0023, and NPK3 for starch content, DKC 3/ES4725 (DKC4725) and NPK3 for protein content. Also, GGE biplot analysis indicates that had maximum grain yield in Loupiac, protein content in P9978, oil content in MV Maronetta, and starch content in Sushi.

scholarly journals The effect of season and fertilizer on the LAI, the photosynthesis and the yield of the maize hybrids with different genetic characteristics

2006 ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Nóra El Hallof ◽  
Mihály Sárvári
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Significant Difference

The experiment was carried out in Debrecen, at the Experimental Station of the University of Debrecen Centre of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Crop Production and Applied Ecology. We tested 10 various hybrids with their own genetic characteristics for five different fertilizer doses, in addition to the parcels without fertilization. The three factors of production technology jointly determine the successfully of maize production, but in different measure. The yield and the stability of yield of maize can be increased with hybrid-specific technologies.In 2004-2005 experiment years the favorable results reached were due to the rainy season. There were significant difference between the productivity of maize hybrids. The N 40, P2O5 25, K2O 30 kg/ha treatment caused the highest increase of yield (3-5 t/ha) compared to the control (parcels without fertilization). The reaction of hybrids to the further fertilizer doses was different. The agro-ecological optimum of NPK fertilization was N 120, P 75, K 90 kg of the most hybrids.During the experiment, we tested the moisture loss of the five hybrids. The seed moisture content at harvest was higher than in previous years due to the rainy seasons. The seed moisture content of harvest of FAO 200-300 hybrids were about 20%. It changed between 21-24% in the case of hybrids with longer vegetation period (FAO 400), the seed moisture content of Mv Vilma (FAO 510) was 24.21-25.04% in the average of fertilizer treatments. There is an important difference between the moisture loss ability of hybrids which changed 0.2-0.6%/day. The moisture loss of hybrids changed depending on the fertilizer treatment; usually, it was more favorable in the optimal fertilizer dose (N120+PK).In the case of tested hybrids, we measured the highest LAI and photosynthetic activity at the optimal treatment, N 120, P2O5 75, K2O 90 kg/ha in the respect of efficiency and environmental protection, and the yield was high also for this treatment. There are significant difference between the LAI, the photosynthetic activity and the yield of hybrids, and these values could change depending on the treatment of fertilization.

Determination of Moisture and Oil Concentrations in Feedstuffs by Four Different Methods

1971 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 756-759
Author(s):  
Lynn Crook ◽  
W P Williams
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Ethyl Ether ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Direct Extraction ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The moisture content of feedstuffs was determined by 4 methods: drying (1) over sulfuric acid to constant weight and (2) in vacuo 5 hr at 95°C, and direct extraction with (3) ethyl and (4) petroleum ether, assuming that the difference between weight loss of the moist sample upon extraction and the oil recovered represented the moisture content. Statistical analysis (P <0.5) indicated that 1 > 2 > 4 ⊁ 3. The oil content of feedstuffs was determined by petroleum and ethyl ether extractions of moist samples and samples dried by 1 and 2. No significant difference existed between the corresponding petroleum and ethyl ether extractions. However, the oil extracted from samples dried by 2 was significantly less than that extracted from moist samples or samples dried by 1. The quantity of nitrogen extracted was not significantly different for petroleum and ethyl ether extractions, but may be large enough to significantly affect crude protein or amino acid analysis.

scholarly journals Characteristics of the new self-pollinated waxy maize lines

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
A. S. Ignatiev
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Waxy Maize ◽  
Yield Structure ◽  
Economically Valuable Traits ◽  
Harvest Moisture

The subspecies of waxy maize (Zea mays L. Ceratina) has not been adequately studied, despite the fact that its kernels are considered a valuable raw material in the food and technical industries. The purpose of the current work was to study new self-pollinated waxy maize lines and identify promising maize hybrids with an increased content of amylopectin starch in kernels. The study was carried out in the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2017-2019. The initial material was presented by 40 new self-pollinated maize lines (I6) belonging to the waxy subspecies. They were studied according to the set of traits. The highly variable traits were kernels' productivity, plant lodging, blister smut infection, one cob weight (V = 27.4-191.6%); the moderate variable traits were a height of cob attachment, number of cobs per plant, 1000-kernel weight, number of kernels in a row and per cob (V = 10.3-19.0%); the slightly variable traits were harvesting moisture content in kernels, length of the period “sprouts - cobs' flowering”, plant height (V = 2.2-9.6). There have been identified the new lines ‘24/86', ‘25/92(2)', ‘26/8', ‘25/94' with a high content of amylopectin starch in kernels (68.6-69.4%), kernels' productivity (0.96-1.76 t/ha), low harvest moisture content of kernels (13.7-15.1%), high resistance to lodging (0-3.3% of lodged plants), weak infection of blister smut on a natural background (0.4-6, 5% of infected plants), with an average cob attachment height (42-53 cm). The new self-pollinated line ‘27/8' had an average starch content in kernels (68.0%), but was identified by high kernels' productivity (2.70 t/ha) and high values of other economically valuable traits. The results of the structural analysis have shown that the waxy maize lines formed the yields due to the combination of high values of various elements of the grain yield structure. For example, the most productive line ‘26/8' differed in the maximum weight of one cob (93.9 g) and 1000 kernel weight (251 g).

scholarly journals Multi-environment Manifestation of Heterosis for Morphological and Quality Traits in Maize (Zea mays L.)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Avinash Kumar ◽  
N. Kiran ◽  
Prashant Bisen ◽  
Amit Dadheech ◽  
Kaushal Kishor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Content ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Ge Interaction ◽  
Positive Economic ◽  
Bartlett Test

An investigation was carried out with 10 parents, their 45 hybrids mated in half-diallel fashion and 4 checks in RBD for estimation of heterosis in two environment (Kharif, 2014 and Rabi, 2014-15) at the Instructional farm, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur, India. The average productivity of maize in USA is 11.07 MT ha-1 while, in India it is only 3.02 MT ha-1 during 2018-19. We lag far behind USA and are still not able to harness the optimum yield potential in maize that could partly be addressed by evolving hybrid maize cultivar. The present study aims to is identify heterotic hybrids that could yield stably with better grain quality over a range of environments. Environment wise Analysis of variance revealed that mean squares due to genotypes were significant for all the traits in both the environments. Partitioning of total genotypic variance indicated significant contribution of parents for all the traits. Mean squares due to crosses were significant for all the traits under study except for days to 50% tasseling. Mean squares due to parents vs. crosses were significant for all the traits except for days to 75% brown husk. Bartlett test showed homogeneity of error variance only for one trait i.e. grain oil content. The pooled analysis for grain oil content revealed significant differences between the environments. The mean squares due to genotypes including parents, crosses and parents vs. crosses were also significant. Significance of GE interaction for oil content indicates the influence of environments on the expression of this trait. The partitioning of GE interaction into those that by parents×environment and crosses×environment interaction were also significant. Two hybrids in E1, viz., P3×P6 and P2×P4 has shown significant negative economic heterosis for days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking and days to 75% brown husk. None of the hybrids has shown significant negative economic heterosis for these traits in E2 environment. The hybrid P3×P5 exhibited maximum positive economic heterosis (6.71%) for grain oil content over the best check HQPM-5 on pooled basis. The hybrid P5×P7 (2.78%) in E1 and P5×P10 (2.58%) in E2 exhibited maximum positive economic heterosis for grain starch content over the best check HQPM-1. The maximum positive economic heterosis for grain protein content was exhibited by hybrid P5×P8 (4.14 %) in E1 and by P3×P5 (2.49%) in E2 over the best check HQPM-5.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Proximate and Mineral Composition of Mutant Dolichos Lablab (Lablab purpureus L.) Accessions in Kenya

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
S. K. Kimno ◽  
M. G. Kinyua ◽  
K. C. Pkania ◽  
E. Chepkoech
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Mutation Induction ◽  
Lablab Purpureus ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Dolichos Lablab ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
K Concentration

Plant breeding through induced mutation technology is a potent method   to creating new variants of food crops with of desirable phenotypic, genetic and biochemical functions. It is a catalyst in developing improved crop varieties where classical hybridization or selection have limitations. It has been used to improve nutrition quality and higher yield in a number of legumes. Dolichos Lablab (Lablab purpureus L) is multipurpose legume that has not been exploited extensively for food nutritional properties through breeding. The purpose of the study was, therefore, to generate awareness that nutritional status of D. Lablab could be improved through mutation induction and be a good source of food components essential for good health. Twenty-four dolichos Lablab germplasms including 20 mutant accessions and 4 commercial genotypes were evaluated for proximate values and mineral contents in Kenya in 2021 based on Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Data analysis  was  based on least significant difference (P = .05).The   revealed  percent moisture,  ash crude fat,   crude fibre, crude proteins and total starch content ranged :  7.35% -11.84%, 1.09 -2.90%, 3.35% - 8.05% , 8.86 - 12.70% , 20.03% - 28.87% and 25.50% - 39.00% .The  mineral content of phosphorous (P), potassium(K) and calcium (Ca) ranged from  27mg - 57mg,  132mg -297mg  and  7mg - 19mg. A significant positive correlation between ash levels to P and K concentration and on P to K concentration. The result of analysis  ranked  9  (WT026, WT018 ,MT110 , BT188 , BT032, BT114, MT076 BT137,GT09) different  accessions  that positively  contributed to the nutritional content of the investigated  dolichos lablab accessions. Further research on the superior accessions can be done on yield potential, resistance to biotic and abiotic constrains, sensory preferences or used in bio fortification of existing genotypes.

Properties of Gliricidia Wood (Gliricidia sepium) lntercropped with Cocoa (Theobroma cocoa) in Malaysia

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Mohd Helmy Ibrahim ◽  
Mohd Nazip Suratman ◽  
Razali Abd Kader
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Significant Difference

Trees planted from agroforestry practices can become valuable resources in meeting the wood requirements of many nations. Gliricidia sepium is an exotic species introduced to the agricultural sector in Malaysia mainly for providing shade for cocoa and coffee plantations. This study investigates its wood physical properties (specific gravity and moisture content) and fibre morphology (length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness) of G. sepium at three intervals according to age groups ( three, five and seven years of ages). Specific gravity (0.72) was significantly higher at seven years ofage as compared to five (0.41) and three (0.35) years age group with a mean of 0.43 (p<0.05). Mean moisture content was 58.3% with no significant difference existing between the tree age groups. Fibre diameter (22.4 mm) was significantly lower (p<0.05) for the trees which were three years of age when compared to five and seven years age groups (26.6 mm and 24. 7 mm), respectively. Means of fibre length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness were 0.83 mm, 18.3 mm, and 6.2 mm, respectively, with no significant differences detected between trees in all age groups. Further calculation on the coefficient of suppleness and runkel ratio suggest that wood from G.sepium may have the potential for insulation board manufacturing and paper making. However, future studies should experiment the utilisation of this species for these products to determine its full potential.

Evaluation of castorbean samples by economically - valuable traits

2018 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Keyword(s):  
Ricinoleic Acid ◽  
Castor Bean ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Ricinolic Acid

Castor oil (Ricinus communus L.) is an important commercial product. The climatic conditions of Ukraine determine the possibility of growing the castor as an annual crop. At the Institute of Oilseeds NAAS studied castor collection. The aim of the work was the selection of the most promising samples of castor oil, combining a large yield potential in a narrow range of vertical distribution for optimal technological parameters of mechanical harvesting with a high content of oil in seeds and ricinolic acid in oil. In the experience of 2015-2016, the manifestation of morphological features of 17 castor bean samples was studied. The height of plants, individual samples among themselves differed more than twice. Long-brush samples of ЕР118, К374, М203, К159 are distinguished on the basis of the length of the brush. The shortest brush was observed in sample K1008. The length of the productive brush in the studied samples is from 10.7 to 32.9 cm. Most castor bean samples under favorable conditions form brushes of the second and higher orders. According to this parameter, samples of Ep118 and selection No. 38 with four inflorescences of the second order are of the greatest interest. The largest brushes of the second order are similar in size to the brushes of the first order were observed in the samples: К1127, К810, К153. The adaptability of harvesting castor beads requires that the brushes of the first and second order coincide in height with each other, since the harvester can take a maximum of 60 cm. For the sum of the productive brushes of the first and second orders, the greatest potential yield will be provided by samples K159 and K1127. Among the studied collection stands out the small seed sample K159 and the large seed samples - PRL41 and K80. The average oil content in the seeds of the collection was from 52 to 61.4%. Sample38 had the highest oil content. The content of ricinolic acid in the collection was from 70.9 to 82.9%. Samples were isolated: К134, К1008, PRL41, К430 with the content of ricinoleic acid more than 80%. The results of the study of all parameters make it possible to isolate valuable technological samples. Sample K1064 with a high technological potential of productivity, with a seed oil content of 57.2%, has a not very high content of ricinoleic acid of 74.3%. Sample K1127 with an oil content of 58.6%, a mass of 1000 seeds of 265 g, a high potential of productive brushes has a wide variation in the arrangement of brushes. Sample K134 with a oil content of 57.1%, ricinoleic acid content of 80.7% has small second-order brushes and can be used as a single-cysts in a thicker seeding.

scholarly journals Molecular epidemiological characteristics of echovirus 6 in mainland China: extensive circulation of genotype F from 2007 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjun Cheng ◽  
Tianjiao Ji ◽  
Shuaifeng Zhou ◽  
Yong Shi ◽  
Lili Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Echovirus 6 ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Highest Posterior Density ◽  
Genotype F

AbstractEchovirus 6 (E6) is associated with various clinical diseases and is frequently detected in environmental sewage. Despite its high prevalence in humans and the environment, little is known about its molecular phylogeography in mainland China. In this study, 114 of 21,539 (0.53%) clinical specimens from hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) cases collected between 2007 and 2018 were positive for E6. The complete VP1 sequences of 87 representative E6 strains, including 24 strains from this study, were used to investigate the evolutionary genetic characteristics and geographical spread of E6 strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on VP1 nucleotide sequence divergence showed that, globally, E6 strains can be grouped into six genotypes, designated A to F. Chinese E6 strains collected between 1988 and 2018 were found to belong to genotypes C, E, and F, with genotype F being predominant from 2007 to 2018. There was no significant difference in the geographical distribution of each genotype. The evolutionary rate of E6 was estimated to be 3.631 × 10-3 substitutions site-1 year-1 (95% highest posterior density [HPD]: 3.2406 × 10-3-4.031 × 10-3 substitutions site-1 year-1) by Bayesian MCMC analysis. The most recent common ancestor of the E6 genotypes was traced back to 1863, whereas their common ancestor in China was traced back to around 1962. A small genetic shift was detected in the Chinese E6 population size in 2009 according to Bayesian skyline analysis, which indicated that there might have been an epidemic around that year.

scholarly journals Estimation of technical efficiency of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) farming in northwest Ethiopia: a stochastic frontier approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abebe Birara Dessie ◽  
Tadie Mirie Abate ◽  
Betelhem Tsedalu Adane ◽  
Tiru Tesfa ◽  
Shegaw Getu
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Stochastic Frontier Model ◽  
Black Cumin ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Ethiopia is one of the east African countries which produce and exports various spices to other countries. Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is an important stiff annual flowering plant which mainly grows by producers for its seeds. An increasing demand of black cumin seed and oil in local, national and international market for medicinal, consumption and commercial purpose makes the best alternative crop for small holder farmers in Ethiopia. In spite of its importance, not much has been done to improve its production and productivity in Ethiopia. Therefore, this research was designed to examining efficiency variations and factors influencing technical inefficiency levels of producers on black cumin production in northwest Ethiopia. Primary data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire administered on 188 black cumin producers selected using systematic random sampling technique. Moreover, various data analysis methods such as descriptive statistics and stochastic frontier model were used for analyzing the data. The empirical result obtained by applying maximum likelihood estimate of stochastic frontier model revealed that seed (p < 0.01) labor (p < 0.05), chemical (p < 0.01) and land (p < 0.05) were significant input variables in determining black cumin production. The mean technical efficiency level of black cumin producer was generally low, about 53.1%. The mean value of actual yield, potential yield and yield gap was 3.131, 5.832 and 2.701 quintals, respectively. Moreover, the result of stochastic frontier model together with the inefficiency parameters revealed that market price of black cumin (p < 0.01) and access of extension service (p < 0.1) were significant variables and positively influenced the efficiency levels of black cumin producers. Whereas age of producers (p < 0.05) and distance to farm plot (p < 0.01) negatively influenced the technical efficiency levels of black cumin producers. Therefore, the study recommends that adoption of latest agricultural technologies; development of institutions, agricultural extension services and infrastructure are advisable to improve the efficiency and commercial value of black cumin production.

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