scholarly journals Pidgin and Creole: Concept, Origin, and Evolution

2021 ◽  
pp. 164-170
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Word Forms

Every language has a history, and, as in the rest of human culture, changes are constantly taking place in the course of the learned transmission of a language from one generation to another. Human culture and animal behavior contain differences. Language changes in all their aspects, in their pronunciation, word forms, syntax, and word meaning (semantic change). These changes are mostly very gradual in their operation becoming noticeable only cumulatively over the course of several generations. Pidgins and creoles (p & c) are not different- They are also undergoing different types of changes. This paper tries to investigate the concepts of p & c by analyzing different linguistic views and tracing back the origin of these contact languages with the help of different theories. This study throws some light on the evolution of p & c and aims at attaching proper value to them.

Lexicographer’s Lacunas or How to Deal with Missing Representative Dictionary Forms on the Example of Czech

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Kováříková ◽  
Michal Škrabal ◽  
Václav Cvrček ◽  
Lucie Lukešová ◽  
Jiří Milička
Keyword(s):  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Manual Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Frequency Threshold

Abstract When compiling a list of headwords, every lexicographer comes across words with an unattested representative dictionary form in the data. This study focuses on how to distinguish between the cases when this form is missing due to a lack of data and when there are some systemic or linguistic reasons. We have formulated lexicographic recommendations for different types of such ‘lacunas’ based on our research carried out on Czech written corpora. As a prerequisite, we calculated a frequency threshold to find words that should have the representative form attested in the data. Based on a manual analysis of 2,700 nouns, adjectives and verbs that do not, we drew up a classification of lacunas. The reasons for a missing dictionary form are often associated with limited collocability and non-preference for the representative grammatical category. Findings on unattested word forms also have significant implications for language potentiality.

L2 vocabulary knowledge in and out of context

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilde van Zeeland
Keyword(s):  
Word Meaning ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Vocabulary Test ◽  
Contextual Knowledge ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Isolated Word ◽  
L2 Vocabulary ◽  
Esl Learners ◽  
Shed Light

The vast majority of second language (L2) vocabulary research focuses on learners’ knowledge of isolated word forms. However, it is unclear to what extent this knowledge can be used as an indicator of knowledge in context (i.e. reading and listening). This study aims to shed light on this issue by comparing ESL learners’ knowledge of the meaning of isolated words (‘decontextual knowledge’) with their knowledge of the same words in both reading and listening (‘contextual knowledge’). Decontextual knowledge was measured in a free recall interview. Contextual knowledge was measured through a task in which participants paraphrased sentences containing the target items from both a written and spoken narrative. Results showed that learners’ decontextual and contextual knowledge agreed in 65% of the cases. This indicates a considerable gap between the two, and emphasises that scores on decontextualised vocabulary test should not be used as predictors of learners’ vocabulary knowledge in context. In addition, learners demonstrated significantly better knowledge of word meaning in the reading than listening mode, which may be due to processing difficulties in listening as well as better inferencing opportunities in reading. Two additional factors found to affect both decontextual and contextual knowledge are word frequency and learners’ vocabulary size.

Testing Freud’s Hypothesis That Word Forms and Word Meaning Are Functionally Distinct: Subliminal Primary-Process Cognition and Its Link to Personality

2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Klein Villa ◽  
Howard Shevrin ◽  
Michael Snodgrass ◽  
Ariane Bazan ◽  
Linda A. W. Brakel
Keyword(s):  
Word Meaning ◽  
Primary Process ◽  
Word Forms

scholarly journals Spectral stratigraphy and clay minerals analysis in parts of Hellas Planitia, Mars

2014 ◽  
Vol XL-8 ◽  
pp. 419-422
Author(s):  
I. C. Das ◽  
J. Joseph ◽  
S. K. Subramanian ◽  
V. K. Dadhwal
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Absorption Feature ◽  
Crater Wall ◽  
Spectral Variability ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Surface Alteration ◽  
Alteration Minerals ◽  
Absorption Features

Absorption features that occur in reflectance spectra are a sensitive indicator of mineralogy and chemical composition for a wide variety of materials. The investigation of the mineralogy and chemical composition of surfaces give information about the origin and evolution of planetary bodies. On Mars, the processes of formation of different types of clay minerals result from different types of wet conditions viz. hydrothermalism, subsurface/groundwater weathering, surface alteration etc. The image analyzed in the present study was frt000947f- 164-trr3 (−27.87N–65.06E). Through the spectral stratigraphic characterization along a crater wall, eight (8) different layers were identified considering the spectral variability and their position. In Hellas Planitia, the alteration minerals identified by CRISM based on distinctive absorptions from 0.4 to3.9 μm include Al-rich smectite, montmorillonite, phyllosilicate mineral at 2.2 μm and 2.35 μm, including strong absorption feature noticed at 1.9 μm. We conclude that the layers exposed in the crater wall help characterize the compositional stratigraphy for confirming the presence of hydrated minerals in this region as an outcome of geohydrological weathering process.

scholarly journals Shared intentionality, reason-giving and the evolution of human culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 377 (1843) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathal O'Madagain ◽  
Michael Tomasello
Keyword(s):  
Collective Knowledge ◽  
Cumulative Culture ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Shared Intentionality ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
Shared Beliefs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cumulative Cultural Evolution ◽  
Collaborative Activities ◽  
Different Levels

The biological approach to culture focuses almost exclusively on processes of social learning, to the neglect of processes of cultural coordination including joint action and shared intentionality. In this paper, we argue that the distinctive features of human culture derive from humans' unique skills and motivations for coordinating with one another around different types of action and information. As different levels of these skills of ‘shared intentionality’ emerged over the last several hundred thousand years, human culture became characterized first by such things as collaborative activities and pedagogy based on cooperative communication, and then by such things as collaborative innovations and normatively structured pedagogy. As a kind of capstone of this trajectory, humans began to coordinate not just on joint actions and shared beliefs, but on the reasons for what we believe or how we act. Coordinating on reasons powered the kinds of extremely rapid innovation and stable cumulative cultural evolution especially characteristic of the human species in the last several tens of thousands of years. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The emergence of collective knowledge and cumulative culture in animals, humans and machines’.

scholarly journals WORD AND WORD FORM: DERIVATIONAL TYPES, LINGUISTIC SIGNIFICANCE AND FUNCTIONS

2016 ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Sharandin
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Structure ◽  
Central Problem ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Conceptual Content ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
Multilevel Structure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Communicative Approach ◽  
Practical Nature

The problem of correlation of two notions “word” and “word form” is the central problem in Russian Grammar (Morphology) and is connected with some priority areas of the modern linguistics in the framework of the general anthropocentric approach to the language description. Derivational processes are connected with the notion of motivation and viewed in the paper. This motivation defines the eduction of different derivational types, which are united by a cognitive-communicative approach. The linguistic significance of the word form is determined as a conceptual structure, “servicing” conceptual content of the word-lexeme. The fundamental functions of the word forms and their significance for description of the language as a multilevel structure are identified. The represented extended understanding of word form allows to solve some problems of methodological (the problem of relativity between content and form in the language), theoretical (the problem of identification of the word and different types of the word form) and practical nature (inclusion the grammar material into the lexicographic practice).

scholarly journals Building Corpus-Based Semantic Classifications of Some Tatar Affixes

10.29007/kcnh ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Nevzorova ◽  
Alfiia Galieva ◽  
Dzhavdet Suleymanov
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
New Words ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Contextual Environment ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
National Corpus

This study is aimed at exploring the semantic properties of Tatar affixes. Turkic languages have complicated morphology and syntax, which is a challenge for language processing.The fundamental principle of inflection and derivation in Tatar, as well as in other Turkic languages, is agglutination, when the stem joins postpositive affixes in a strictly determined order.The Tatar language has affixes of different types:a) derivational affixes expressing only lexical meaning and forming new words;b) inflectional affixes changing the word form (for example, case affixes);c) affixes serving as means of derivation as well as inflection.The current study is devoted to the ambiguous Tatar –lık polyfunctional affix which may be joined to nominal, adjectival and verbal stems and form derivatives of different types depending on contextual environment, the meaning of the stem and the composition of the affixal chain of a derivative. -Lık affix is a productive affix in modern Tatar which builds nominal, adjectival and verbal derivatives.The answer to the question of the number of the types of derivatives and word forms produced with -lık affix is not trivial, and different researchers distinguish different types of derivatives.Based on a thorough analysis of Tatar derivatives containing - lık affix we identified some empirical features of these constructs and then performed their manual and automatic classification. Four classes were distinguished. For our experiments we used data from the Tatar National Corpus “Tugan Tel” (http://corpus.antat.ru).The results obtained may be used for disambiguation in Tatar National Corpus and for analyzing other Tatar ambiguous affixes.

Epilogue

Mind Shift ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 411-436
Author(s):  
John Parrington
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Material Force ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Individual

This chapter returns to the various alternative views about human consciousness first mentioned at the start of this book, and assesses how this book’s account compares to, and hopefully builds on, these other viewpoints. The view of human consciousness developed in this book can explain the uniqueness of our species’ conscious awareness, but in an entirely materialistic fashion. This approach views language—the system of abstract symbols linked in a grammatical structure but also one that connects the individual to the world outside via word meaning—and other forms of human culture like music, art, and literature, as a material force that has reshaped human brain functions at every level. This has led to a qualitative shift in such functions, compared to that of every other species, including our closest animal cousins, the great apes. Unlike a purely ‘bottom up’ approach to human brain function, this view sees language, as well as other mediators of human culture, as imposing both structural and dynamic changes in our brains. Structurally, it sees the different brain regions, as well as their interconnections, as altered in humans. The chapter then reflects on what impact, if any, might this approach to understanding human consciousness have on diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.

scholarly journals Comparing Social Media Observations of Animals During a Solar Eclipse to Published Research

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Ritson ◽  
Dustin Ranglack ◽  
Nate Bickford
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Seasonal Cycles ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Published Research

A wide variety of environmental stimuli can influence the behavior of animals including temperature, weather, light, lunar and seasonal cycles, seismic activity, as well as other perturbations to their circadian rhythm. Solar eclipses offer a unique opportunity to evaluate the relative influence of unexpected darkness on behavior of animals due to their sudden interference with local light levels and meteorology. Though occasionally bizarre, modern studies have lent support to the idea that at least some individuals of certain species display altered behavior during these events. A comparison of informal observations of animal behavior during solar eclipse from social media (i.e., March for Science Facebook discussion) to those conducted scientifically (published literature) can elucidate how well this topic is being covered. Describing which species and behaviors are covered in each source can reveal gaps in the literature which can emphasize areas for future research. We enumerated a total of 685 observations of approximately 48 different types of animals reacting to the 2017 Great American Solar Eclipse from over 800 posts on the discussion. The animals most frequently reported on social media as reacting to the eclipse were invertebrates (40% of social media observations) and birds (35% of social media observations). A total of 26 published studies recorded 169 behavior observations of approximately 131 different animal species. The group with the highest number of observations in the literature were birds with 62 records (37% of literature observations). Most observations reported decreases in activity (38.7% of bird observations) followed by increases in vocalization (24.2% of bird observations). There were approximately 30 different species of invertebrate observed (24% of literature observations), most frequently reported of which were zooplankton (14.6% of invertebrate observations).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document