scholarly journals Diagnostic of COVID-19: Chest Computer Tomography or RT-PCR?

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-183
Author(s):  
ISI-SENAI-CIMATEC Group
Keyword(s):  
Standard Method ◽  
Computer Tomography ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

In this review article, we presented a gold-standard method to detect the SARS-CoV-2, the novel virus that is causing the COVID-19 outbreak, and the use of a computer tomography (CT) method to detect the complications of the disease. We showed the controversial analysis about which method is the best to detect the disease earlier due to the COVID-19 complications. We searched the articles in the main database (PubMed/Medline, Elsevier Science Direct, Scopus, Isi Web of Science, Embase, Excerpta Medica, UptoDate, Lilacs, Novel Coronavirus Resource Directory from Elsevier), in the high-impact international scientific Journals (Scimago Journal and Country Rank - SJR - and Journal Citation Reports - JCR), such as The Lancet, Science, Nature, The New England Journal of Medicine, Physiological Reviews, Journal of the American Medical Association, Plos One, Journal of Clinical Investigation, and in the data from Center for Disease Control (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and World Health Organization (WHO). We prior selected meta-analysis, systematic reviews, article reviews, and original articles in this order. We reviewed 96 articles and used 45 from March to June 2020, using the terms coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, novel coronavirus, Wuhan coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus, n-CoV-2, covid, n-SARS-2, COVID-19, corona virus, coronaviruses, RT-PCR, computer tomography (CT), diagnostic methods, with the tools MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), AND, OR, and the characters [,“,; /., to ensure the best review topics. We concluded that chest CT plays an important role in the timely detection of lung infection abnormalities in the early phase of COVID-19 infection. However, the RT-PCR is the gold standard method to detect SARS-CoV-2.  

scholarly journals The Radiological Images and the Diagnostic of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Cesar Augusto de Araújo Neto
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Inflammatory Phase ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The gold-standard method to identify the presence of COVID-19 is the RT-PCR. However, the imaging diagnostic has been requested when there is suspicion of disease’s presence and/or the inflammatory phase of the disease begins. Ths artices described the most common manifestations and patterns of lung abnormality on computed X-Ray (CXR), computer tomography (CT) and Ultrasound of the chest in COVID-19. Notwithstanding the RT-PCR is the gold-standard diagnostic method for COVID-19, the CT has been shown an essential tool to identify pneumonia and the complications of COVID-19 in a patient. This review article aimed to summarize the radiological findings of COVID-19 researches for the following three principal areas: (1) radiological performance in the detection of COVID-19; (2) radiological role in the diagnosis of COVID-19; and (3) radiological function in the monitoring of COVID-19. We searched the articles in the main database (PubMed/Medline, Elsevier Science Direct, Scopus, Isi Web of Science, Embase, Exerpta Medica, UptoDate, Lilacs, Novel Coronavirus Resource Directory from Elsevier), in the high-impact international scientific Journals (Scimago Journal and Country Rank - SJR - and Journal Citation Reports - JCR), such as The Lancet, Science, Nature, The New England Journal of Medicine, Physiological Reviews, Journal of the American Medical Association, Plos One, Journal of Clinical Investigation, and in the data from Center for Disease Control (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and World Health Organization (WHO). We prior selected meta-analysis, systematic reviews, article reviews and original articles in this order. We reviewed 121 articles and used 57 for this paper from March to May 2020, using the terms coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, novel coronavirus, Wuhan coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus, n-CoV-2, covid, n-Sars-2, COVID-19, corona virus, coronaviruses, diagnostic, radiology, imaging, computed tomography, chest, CT, X-Ray, with the tools MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), AND, OR, and characters [,“,; /., to ensure the best review topics. We concluded that the imaging method to detect the features of COVID-19 plays an important role in the diagnosis and follow up of the patient with COVID-19 pneumonia. Despite CT has a better sensitivity when compared to CRX and ultrasound, the portable CRX and portable ultrasound could be a new tool with minimal risk of contamination and with good sensitivity.

scholarly journals Review on Diagnostic Methods for SARS-CoV-2

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrashekhar Chauriya ◽  
Mahesh Sahu ◽  
Anuj Kumar Singh ◽  
Amita Verma
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
World Health ◽  
Diagnostic Strategy ◽  
Serological Testing ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Antigen Tests ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: In December 2019, a large number of patients with a novel coronavirus were identified in Wuhan, China. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is highly contagious and increasing the rate of mortality day by day. The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a worldwide pandemic on March 11, 2020. Early diagnosis, of SARS-CoV-2, can restrict the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: We aim to study the currently available diagnostic methods for COVID-19. Methods: World Health Organisation portal, Centre for Disease control and prevention portal, Indian Council of Medical Research portal, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and prevention portal, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Research Gate, etc. were searched for obtaining data. Results: Rapid diagnosis and prompt treatment can reduce the number of prospective cases. The diagnostic strategy encompasses the screening of virus with nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) such as real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Serological testing is a diagnostic procedure used for identifying the presence of an immune responses. Radiological findings in individuals with COVID-19 were characterised by multiple areas of consolidation in chest. Rapid antigen tests are in- vitro diagnostics have been designed to give results within 10–20 min. Conclusion: Rapid, simple, and safe diagnosis of COVID-19 has a great impact on deciding clinical and epidemiological factors. RT-PCR results often require 5 to 6 hours. Diagnosis of by serological testing is not suitable but they are important epidemiologically. At present, the best radiological strategy remains undefined. Rapid antigen tests have limitations on sensitivity.

scholarly journals Current Diagnostic Methods for Assessing Transfer of Passive Immunity in Calves and Possible Improvements: A Literature Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2963
Author(s):  
Rayanne Soalheiro Souza ◽  
Lucas Braga Costa Santos ◽  
Isabela Oliveira Melo ◽  
Daiane Maria Cerqueira ◽  
Juliana Vieira Dumas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Radial Immunodiffusion ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Methods Of Evaluation

Several direct or indirect methods can be used to assess immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in calves, which evaluates the transfer of passive immunity (TPI). Radial immunodiffusion (RID) is the gold standard method to measure serum IgG in bovines. Previous studies have shown that colostrum provides several molecules in addition to immunoglobulins, which play an important role in the passive immunity of the calf. However, no studies have yet determined the level of interference of these components in the immunity, health and survival of calves. In this sense, the objective of this study is to review the methods of evaluation available for the laboratory and field diagnosis of TPI in calves and discuss the main aspects of each technique. Several methods available for TPI evaluation in calves may provide insights into the various components of colostrum involved in passive immunity.

scholarly journals Therapies Against COVID-19: a Running to a Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-248
Author(s):  
ISI-SENAI-CIMATEC Group ◽  
Development and Innovation Laboratory of Butantan Institute
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Alternative Therapies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Antiinflammatory Drugs ◽  
Cell Receptors ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

There is no specific drug or therapy against COVID-19. Since the beginning of the pandemic, scientists are running to discover a drug or therapy that can treat the disease. What we found until now are a combined drug and therapies that can mitigate the effects of the disease in the human body and how to manage the patient better. In this article, we tried to join the new discoveries and presented the drugs and therapies and their mechanisms to combat the SARS-CoV-2. We showed the immunomodulators, parasiticides, antiviral drugs (focused on Remdesivir), antimalarial drugs, anti-cytokine drugs focused on the role of IL-6, Reumathological drugs, inhibitors of cell-receptors, antiinflammatory drugs, especially the role of corticosteroids (dexamethasone), antibiotics (azithromycin), anti-thrombotic drugs, blood derivates therapies and alternative therapies currently used against COVID-19. Also, we listed the main results of clinical trials of new therapies presented by Recommended Panel Treatment Guidelines [NIAID-RML (USA)]. We searched the data in the main database (PubMed/Medline, Elsevier Science Direct, Scopus, Isi Web of Science, Embase, Excerpta Medica, UptoDate, Lilacs, Novel Coronavirus Resource Directory from Elsevier), in the high-impact international scientific Journals (Scimago Journal and Country Rank - SJR - and Journal Citation Reports - JCR), such as The Lancet, Science, Nature, The New England Journal of Medicine, Physiological Reviews, Journal of the American Medical Association, Plos One, Journal of Clinical Investigation, and in the data from Center for Disease Control (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and World Health Organization (WHO). We prior selected meta-analysis, systematic reviews, article reviews, and original articles in this order. We used 302 articles from March to June 2020, using the terms coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, novel coronavirus, Wuhan coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus, n-CoV-2, covid, n-SARS-2, COVID-19, corona virus, coronaviruses, immunomodulators, parasiticides, antiviral, antimalarial, anti-thrombotic and anti-cytokine, antiinflammatory, Reumathological drugs, inhibitors of cell-receptors, antibiotics, blood derivates therapies and alternative therapies, with the tools MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), AND, OR, and the characters [,“,; /., to ensure the best review topics. We concluded that despite there is no treatment or drugs against the COVID-19, a combined therapy can help and mitigate the effects of the disease, helping the immune system to combat the virus.  

scholarly journals Evaluation of two RT-PCR techniques for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in serum for microbiological diagnosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Martin Ramirez ◽  
Nelly Daniella Zurita Cruz ◽  
Ainhoa Gutierrez-Cobos ◽  
Diego Anibal Rodriguez Serrano ◽  
Isidoro Gonzalez Alvaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Rna Detection ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Study Evaluation ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Pcr Techniques ◽  
New Strategies

Presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in serum (viraemia) in COVID-19 patients has been related to poor prognosis and death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of two commercial reverse real-time-PCR (rRT-PCR) kits, cobas SARS-CoV-2 (Cobas test) and TaqPath COVID-19 CE-IVD RT-PCR Kit (Taqpath test), to detect viraemia in COVID-19 patients and their implementation as routine diagnosis in microbiology laboratory. This retrospective cohort study was conducted with 203 adult patients admitted to Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, (89 Intensive Care Unit and 114 ward) with at least one serum sample collected in the first 48 hours from admission. A total 265 serum samples were included for study. Evaluation of both rRT-PCR techniques was performed comparing with the gold standard, a Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Nucleic Acid Diagnostic Kit; considering at least one target as a positive result. Comparison of Cobas test and Taqpath test with the gold standard method, showed high values of specificity (93.75 and 92.19 respectively) and Positive Predictive Value (92.92 and 99.88 respectively). Nevertheless, sensitivity (53.72 and 73.63 respectively) and Negative Predictive Value (32.53 and 42.99 respectively) were lower; Kappa values were 0.35 for cobas test and 0.56 for Taqpath test. For both techniques, differences of viraemia detection between the ICU and non-ICU patients were significant (p<0.001). Consequently, SARS-CoV-2 viraemia positive results obtained by both rRT-PCR should be considered good tools and may help in handling COVID-19 patients. Moreover, these methods could be easily integrated in the routine laboratory COVID-19 diagnosis and may open new strategies based on an early COVID-19 treatment.

scholarly journals Vaccines’ Candidates Against SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-266
Author(s):  
ISI-SENAI-CIMATEC Group ◽  
Development and Innovation Laboratory of Butantan Institute
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
World Health ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Scientists, health organizations, and pharmaceutical companies are making a large global effort to develop vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the virus of COVID-19 since the outbreak began. Until now, we have more than 150 candidates. However, 19 vaccine candidates have entered clinical trials in phase 2 and 3 trials (31 July 2020). In this article we aimed to present the platforms for COVID-19 vaccine, the types of vaccines (live, attenuated, inactivated, DNA/RNA, proteins subunits, viral vector), the antigen selection, adjuvants, and we focused on the phase 2/3 trial vaccines at this point (Sinopharm, Coronavac, Moderna, Oxford, Biontech). We searched the data in the main database (PubMed/Medline, Elsevier Science Direct, Scopus, Isi Web of Science, Embase, Excerpta Medica, UptoDate, Lilacs, Novel Coronavirus Resource Directory from Elsevier), in the high-impact international scientific Journals (Scimago Journal and Country Rank - SJR - and Journal Citation Reports - JCR), such as The Lancet, Science, Nature, The New England Journal of Medicine, Physiological Reviews, Journal of the American Medical Association, Plos One, Journal of Clinical Investigation, and in the data from Center for Disease Control (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and World Health Organization (WHO). We prior selected meta-analysis, systematic reviews, article reviews, and original articles in this order. We reviewed 216 articles and used 106 from March to June 2020, using the terms coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, novel coronavirus, Wuhan coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus, n-CoV-2, covid, n-SARS-2, COVID-19, corona virus, coronaviruses, vaccine, platform, antigen, subunit, live and attenuated vaccine, RNA vaccine, live vaccine, inactivated vaccine, types of vaccines, adjuvants, replication, viral vector, phase 1-3, trial, with the tools MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), AND, OR, and the characters [,“,; /., to ensure the best review topics. We concluded that although vaccines have shown safety in phase 1 and efficacy in phase 2 and the beginning of phase 3 is starting, the most renowned scientists believe that a vaccine will be available only in the middle of next year.  

scholarly journals History of Pandemics and COVID-19: What We are Learning from this Pandemic to Be Prepared for the Next One

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-27
Author(s):  
Luciana Knop ◽  
Roberto Badaró
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Journal Citation Reports ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Since the beginning of human history, the pathogens affect the humankind. The emerge of the new outbreak of coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) is not new in the history of plagues. However, this pandemic has a huge difference from the others due to its ability to affect worldwide at the same time, which brings new perspectives to our future. In this review, we listed some of the worst epidemics and pandemics of human civilization and the new outbreak, listing the pathogens, the spread, and the consequences for mankind. Our search included articles in the main database (PubMed/Medline, Elsevier Science Direct, Scopus, Isi Web of Science, Embase, Exerpta Medica, UptoDate, Lilacs, Novel Coronavirus Resource Directory from Elsevier), in the high-impact international scientific Journals (Scimago Journal and Country Rank - SJR - and Journal Citation Reports - JCR), such as The Lancet, Science, Nature, The New England Journal of Medicine, Physiological Reviews, Journal of the American Medical Association, Plos One, Journal of Clinical Investigation, and in the data from Center for Disease Control (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and World Health Organization (WHO). We prior selected meta-analysis, systematic reviews, article reviews, and original articles in this order. We reviewed 192 articles and used 94 from March to June 2020, using the terms coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, novel coronavirus, Wuhan coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus, n-CoV-2, COVID, n-SARS-2, COVID-19, corona virus, coronaviruses, history of pandemics and epidemics, pathogens, plagues, with the tools MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), AND, OR, and the characters [,“,; /., to ensure the best review topics. We concluded that this pandemic will change the social and economic order, as well as it is the first that affects us quickly. So, the experience of COVID-19 could teach us how to be prepared for other outbreaks in the future.

scholarly journals The Epidemiology, Transmissions and Risk Factors of SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-43
Author(s):  
Roberto Badaró ◽  
Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado ◽  
Milena Soares ◽  
Luciana Knop
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and associated COVID-19 disease in late December 2019 has led to a global pandemic, spreading very quickly and causing a more than 500,000 deaths in less than six monhs of the ourbreak. The incidence differs by country and depends on many agents, such as population density, demography, the amount of testing people and reporting, and actions of mitigation strategies, provisions of sanitary and education of the society. In this article, we presented the current studies about the epidemiology of COVID-19, including the transmission routes of the SARS-CoV-2, the incubation period, the reproduction number (R0), the case fatality risks (CFR), comorbidities and measures prevention against COVID-19. We searched the articles in the main database (PubMed/Medline, Elsevier Science Direct, Scopus, Isi Web of Science, Embase, Exerpta Medica, UptoDate, Lilacs, Novel Coronavirus Resource Directory from Elsevier), in the high-impact international scientific Journals (Scimago Journal and Country Rank - SJR - and Journal Citation Reports - JCR), such as The Lancet, Science, Nature, The New England Journal of Medicine, Physiological Reviews, Journal of the American Medical Association, Plos One, Journal of Clinical Investigation, and in the data from Center for Disease Control (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and World Health Organization (WHO). We prior selected meta-analysis, systematic reviews, article reviews and original articles in this order. We reviewed 235 articles and used 131 from March to June 2020, using the terms coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, novel coronavirus, Wuhan coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus, n-CoV-2, covid, n-Sars-2, COVID-19, corona virus, coronaviruses, epodemiology of COVID-19, risk factors, viral spreading, transmissions, routes, animals incubation, period, RO, CFR, comorbidities, prevention, with the tools MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), AND, OR, and characters [,“,; /., to ensure the best review topics. We concluded that the epidemiological data is very important to know the transmission risks rate, purpose public political policies of mitigating the disease, protect the vulnerable population. Also, it is important reconsider the legislation about wild animals, the potential intermediate host(s) of various viruses, as well as the conditions of live for animals for human comsuption to prevent future outbreaks.

scholarly journals Rapid Diagnosis of Malaria by Antigen Detection

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-16
Author(s):  
Mesbah Uddin Ahmed ◽  
Md Akram Hossain ◽  
AKM Shamsuzzaman ◽  
Md Murshed Alam ◽  
Abdul Hossain Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Immunochromatographic Test ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Malaria Antigen ◽  
Age And Sex

The study was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Immunochromatographic test (ICT) for antigen, using microscopy as the "gold standard" method for diagnosis of malaria. A total of 98 clinically suspected malaria patients and another 30 age and sex-matched healthy controls were included in this study. Thick and thin films were also prepared and examined under microscope as well as Immunochromatographic test (ICT) was performed for malaria antigen. Sensitivity and specificity of ICT for antigen were 93.22% and 94.87% respectively. Keywords: Detection of malaria antigen, Immunochromatographic test   doi: 10.3329/bjmm.v3i1.2965 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2009; 03 (01): 14-16

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