scholarly journals Therapies Against COVID-19: a Running to a Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-248
Author(s):  
ISI-SENAI-CIMATEC Group ◽  
Development and Innovation Laboratory of Butantan Institute
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Alternative Therapies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Antiinflammatory Drugs ◽  
Cell Receptors ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

There is no specific drug or therapy against COVID-19. Since the beginning of the pandemic, scientists are running to discover a drug or therapy that can treat the disease. What we found until now are a combined drug and therapies that can mitigate the effects of the disease in the human body and how to manage the patient better. In this article, we tried to join the new discoveries and presented the drugs and therapies and their mechanisms to combat the SARS-CoV-2. We showed the immunomodulators, parasiticides, antiviral drugs (focused on Remdesivir), antimalarial drugs, anti-cytokine drugs focused on the role of IL-6, Reumathological drugs, inhibitors of cell-receptors, antiinflammatory drugs, especially the role of corticosteroids (dexamethasone), antibiotics (azithromycin), anti-thrombotic drugs, blood derivates therapies and alternative therapies currently used against COVID-19. Also, we listed the main results of clinical trials of new therapies presented by Recommended Panel Treatment Guidelines [NIAID-RML (USA)]. We searched the data in the main database (PubMed/Medline, Elsevier Science Direct, Scopus, Isi Web of Science, Embase, Excerpta Medica, UptoDate, Lilacs, Novel Coronavirus Resource Directory from Elsevier), in the high-impact international scientific Journals (Scimago Journal and Country Rank - SJR - and Journal Citation Reports - JCR), such as The Lancet, Science, Nature, The New England Journal of Medicine, Physiological Reviews, Journal of the American Medical Association, Plos One, Journal of Clinical Investigation, and in the data from Center for Disease Control (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and World Health Organization (WHO). We prior selected meta-analysis, systematic reviews, article reviews, and original articles in this order. We used 302 articles from March to June 2020, using the terms coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, novel coronavirus, Wuhan coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus, n-CoV-2, covid, n-SARS-2, COVID-19, corona virus, coronaviruses, immunomodulators, parasiticides, antiviral, antimalarial, anti-thrombotic and anti-cytokine, antiinflammatory, Reumathological drugs, inhibitors of cell-receptors, antibiotics, blood derivates therapies and alternative therapies, with the tools MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), AND, OR, and the characters [,“,; /., to ensure the best review topics. We concluded that despite there is no treatment or drugs against the COVID-19, a combined therapy can help and mitigate the effects of the disease, helping the immune system to combat the virus.  

scholarly journals Vaccines’ Candidates Against SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-266
Author(s):  
ISI-SENAI-CIMATEC Group ◽  
Development and Innovation Laboratory of Butantan Institute
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
World Health ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Scientists, health organizations, and pharmaceutical companies are making a large global effort to develop vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the virus of COVID-19 since the outbreak began. Until now, we have more than 150 candidates. However, 19 vaccine candidates have entered clinical trials in phase 2 and 3 trials (31 July 2020). In this article we aimed to present the platforms for COVID-19 vaccine, the types of vaccines (live, attenuated, inactivated, DNA/RNA, proteins subunits, viral vector), the antigen selection, adjuvants, and we focused on the phase 2/3 trial vaccines at this point (Sinopharm, Coronavac, Moderna, Oxford, Biontech). We searched the data in the main database (PubMed/Medline, Elsevier Science Direct, Scopus, Isi Web of Science, Embase, Excerpta Medica, UptoDate, Lilacs, Novel Coronavirus Resource Directory from Elsevier), in the high-impact international scientific Journals (Scimago Journal and Country Rank - SJR - and Journal Citation Reports - JCR), such as The Lancet, Science, Nature, The New England Journal of Medicine, Physiological Reviews, Journal of the American Medical Association, Plos One, Journal of Clinical Investigation, and in the data from Center for Disease Control (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and World Health Organization (WHO). We prior selected meta-analysis, systematic reviews, article reviews, and original articles in this order. We reviewed 216 articles and used 106 from March to June 2020, using the terms coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, novel coronavirus, Wuhan coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus, n-CoV-2, covid, n-SARS-2, COVID-19, corona virus, coronaviruses, vaccine, platform, antigen, subunit, live and attenuated vaccine, RNA vaccine, live vaccine, inactivated vaccine, types of vaccines, adjuvants, replication, viral vector, phase 1-3, trial, with the tools MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), AND, OR, and the characters [,“,; /., to ensure the best review topics. We concluded that although vaccines have shown safety in phase 1 and efficacy in phase 2 and the beginning of phase 3 is starting, the most renowned scientists believe that a vaccine will be available only in the middle of next year.  

scholarly journals History of Pandemics and COVID-19: What We are Learning from this Pandemic to Be Prepared for the Next One

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-27
Author(s):  
Luciana Knop ◽  
Roberto Badaró
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Journal Citation Reports ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Since the beginning of human history, the pathogens affect the humankind. The emerge of the new outbreak of coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) is not new in the history of plagues. However, this pandemic has a huge difference from the others due to its ability to affect worldwide at the same time, which brings new perspectives to our future. In this review, we listed some of the worst epidemics and pandemics of human civilization and the new outbreak, listing the pathogens, the spread, and the consequences for mankind. Our search included articles in the main database (PubMed/Medline, Elsevier Science Direct, Scopus, Isi Web of Science, Embase, Exerpta Medica, UptoDate, Lilacs, Novel Coronavirus Resource Directory from Elsevier), in the high-impact international scientific Journals (Scimago Journal and Country Rank - SJR - and Journal Citation Reports - JCR), such as The Lancet, Science, Nature, The New England Journal of Medicine, Physiological Reviews, Journal of the American Medical Association, Plos One, Journal of Clinical Investigation, and in the data from Center for Disease Control (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and World Health Organization (WHO). We prior selected meta-analysis, systematic reviews, article reviews, and original articles in this order. We reviewed 192 articles and used 94 from March to June 2020, using the terms coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, novel coronavirus, Wuhan coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus, n-CoV-2, COVID, n-SARS-2, COVID-19, corona virus, coronaviruses, history of pandemics and epidemics, pathogens, plagues, with the tools MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), AND, OR, and the characters [,“,; /., to ensure the best review topics. We concluded that this pandemic will change the social and economic order, as well as it is the first that affects us quickly. So, the experience of COVID-19 could teach us how to be prepared for other outbreaks in the future.

scholarly journals The Epidemiology, Transmissions and Risk Factors of SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-43
Author(s):  
Roberto Badaró ◽  
Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado ◽  
Milena Soares ◽  
Luciana Knop
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and associated COVID-19 disease in late December 2019 has led to a global pandemic, spreading very quickly and causing a more than 500,000 deaths in less than six monhs of the ourbreak. The incidence differs by country and depends on many agents, such as population density, demography, the amount of testing people and reporting, and actions of mitigation strategies, provisions of sanitary and education of the society. In this article, we presented the current studies about the epidemiology of COVID-19, including the transmission routes of the SARS-CoV-2, the incubation period, the reproduction number (R0), the case fatality risks (CFR), comorbidities and measures prevention against COVID-19. We searched the articles in the main database (PubMed/Medline, Elsevier Science Direct, Scopus, Isi Web of Science, Embase, Exerpta Medica, UptoDate, Lilacs, Novel Coronavirus Resource Directory from Elsevier), in the high-impact international scientific Journals (Scimago Journal and Country Rank - SJR - and Journal Citation Reports - JCR), such as The Lancet, Science, Nature, The New England Journal of Medicine, Physiological Reviews, Journal of the American Medical Association, Plos One, Journal of Clinical Investigation, and in the data from Center for Disease Control (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and World Health Organization (WHO). We prior selected meta-analysis, systematic reviews, article reviews and original articles in this order. We reviewed 235 articles and used 131 from March to June 2020, using the terms coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, novel coronavirus, Wuhan coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus, n-CoV-2, covid, n-Sars-2, COVID-19, corona virus, coronaviruses, epodemiology of COVID-19, risk factors, viral spreading, transmissions, routes, animals incubation, period, RO, CFR, comorbidities, prevention, with the tools MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), AND, OR, and characters [,“,; /., to ensure the best review topics. We concluded that the epidemiological data is very important to know the transmission risks rate, purpose public political policies of mitigating the disease, protect the vulnerable population. Also, it is important reconsider the legislation about wild animals, the potential intermediate host(s) of various viruses, as well as the conditions of live for animals for human comsuption to prevent future outbreaks.

scholarly journals Diagnostic of COVID-19: Chest Computer Tomography or RT-PCR?

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-183
Author(s):  
ISI-SENAI-CIMATEC Group
Keyword(s):  
Standard Method ◽  
Computer Tomography ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

In this review article, we presented a gold-standard method to detect the SARS-CoV-2, the novel virus that is causing the COVID-19 outbreak, and the use of a computer tomography (CT) method to detect the complications of the disease. We showed the controversial analysis about which method is the best to detect the disease earlier due to the COVID-19 complications. We searched the articles in the main database (PubMed/Medline, Elsevier Science Direct, Scopus, Isi Web of Science, Embase, Excerpta Medica, UptoDate, Lilacs, Novel Coronavirus Resource Directory from Elsevier), in the high-impact international scientific Journals (Scimago Journal and Country Rank - SJR - and Journal Citation Reports - JCR), such as The Lancet, Science, Nature, The New England Journal of Medicine, Physiological Reviews, Journal of the American Medical Association, Plos One, Journal of Clinical Investigation, and in the data from Center for Disease Control (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and World Health Organization (WHO). We prior selected meta-analysis, systematic reviews, article reviews, and original articles in this order. We reviewed 96 articles and used 45 from March to June 2020, using the terms coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, novel coronavirus, Wuhan coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus, n-CoV-2, covid, n-SARS-2, COVID-19, corona virus, coronaviruses, RT-PCR, computer tomography (CT), diagnostic methods, with the tools MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), AND, OR, and the characters [,“,; /., to ensure the best review topics. We concluded that chest CT plays an important role in the timely detection of lung infection abnormalities in the early phase of COVID-19 infection. However, the RT-PCR is the gold standard method to detect SARS-CoV-2.  

Treatment Options in COVID-19: The Role of Bioavailable Antiviral Ribonucleoside Analog on NHC in vitro

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Bittmann
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

On December 31, 2019, WHO was informed of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City, China. A novel coronavirus was identified as the cause by Chinese authorities on January 7, 2020 and was provisionally named "2019-nCoV". This new Coronavirus causes a clinical picture which has received now the name COVID-19. The virus has spread subsequently worldwide and was explained on the 11th of March, 2020 by the World Health Organization to the pandemic.

scholarly journals Relevance of animal infections in SARS-Cov-2 spread: an update after 1 year of pandemic.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frazzini Sara ◽  
Amadori Massimo ◽  
Lauretta Turin ◽  
Federica Riva
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chinese City ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Therapy Studies

In December 2019, several cases of pneumonia caused by a novel Coronavirus, later identified as SARS-CoV-2, were detected in the Chinese city of Wuhan. Due to its rapid, worldwide spread, on 11 March 2020 the World Health Organization declared a pandemic state. Since this new virus is genetically similar to the coronaviruses of bats, it was thought to have a zoonotic origin. Within a year of the appearance of SARS-CoV-2, several cases of infection were also reported in animals, suggesting animal-to-human and animal-to-animal transmission within mammals. Natural infection has been found in both companion and captive animals such as lions, tigers and gorillas. Among farm animals, the only ones found to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection so far are minks. Experimental infections have documented the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 of several animal species, such as humanized mice, hamsters, cats, dogs, ferrets, racoon dogs, cattle and non-human primates. Experimental infections are crucial for both elucidation of the role of animals in transmission and development of appropriate animal models for pathogenesis and therapy studies. This review aims to update the knowledge on natural and experimental SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals.

scholarly journals Therapeutic approaches to tackle COVID-19: An overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-135
Author(s):  
Princy Louis Palatty ◽  
Rosme David ◽  
Belinda Mangalath Philip ◽  
Clint Sunny ◽  
Mamatha J ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Current Medical ◽  
World Health ◽  
Director General ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

: A series of an acute atypical respiratory disease occurred during December 2019 in Wuhan, China, that quickly metamorphosed as a pandemic, spreading across the globe, leaving more than 104,911,186 infected and more than 2,278,579 dead, in its wake within a year. This Novel Coronavirus, was also called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease was called Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). On 30 January 2020, The World Health Organisation (WHO) Director-General, declared the novel coronavirus outbreak, a public health emergency of international concern and flagged off WHO's highest level of alarm.: To elaborate the various drug therapies used in trials and vaccines available for COVID-19 across the globe.: We compiled the literature searches under a single heading and scrutinized over 154 articles, for extracting data on the various pharmacotherapeutic approaches available to treat COVID-19.: Despite wide and varied treatment guidelines being available, the cure or prevention is still elusive for COVID-19. The categoric efficacy of vaccines must be proved to tackle the fast-mutating coronavirus.: Current medical management is largely supportive with no targeted therapy available. Several drugs including lopinavir-ritonavir, remdesivir, antibiotics, hydroxychloroquine, steroids, anticoagulants, and antidiabetic drugs like metformin have been tried in clinical trials. Vaccines targeting the three different components of SARS-CoV-2 viruses, in different phases of clinical trials world-wide, have been made available.

scholarly journals COVID-19: A Critical Review on Viral Biochemistry, Environmental Transmission, Therapeutics and Safety Measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roshni Kumari ◽  
Kumari Pragati Nanda ◽  
Hena Firdaus ◽  
Soumen Dey
Keyword(s):  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Scattered Data ◽  
Review Article ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The outbreak of coronavirus disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is declared pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) keeping in view its infection rate and toxicity level. The entire world is struggling hard to survive the prevailing health emergency. The authors realise the urgent need of contributing an overview of the present scenario to the researchers who are breathlessly trying to combat this pandemic situation. This review aimed at binding all the scattered data and research available till now on COVID-19 disease starting from its origin to transmission and spread through environmental factors till treatment and the safety measures that should be implemented. This article would possibly help the readers by providing an outlook of current scenario on various perspectives of COVID-19 disease at a single glance. The types, origin and toxicity caused are discussed in brief. The role of contaminated aerosols (viral-laden smoke from tobacco, cigarettes), wastewater, fomites, human and faecal matter are important in spreading the novel coronavirus in the environment. There is no specific treatment till date but clinical trials and diagnosis on several known drugs are on-going. The precaution and safety measures could hopefully reduce number of infections and mortality. The number of infected cases confirmed till 2 August 2020 was 17660523 with 680894 deaths in the world. We tried in this review article to summarize the scattered data available on biochemistry of SARS-CoV-2, environmental spread of virus and the safety measures to combat COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Role of nutrients regulation in the immune system in preventing COVID-19 infection: A brief review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 760-765
Author(s):  
Anamika Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Common ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

This review aimed to focus on using foods to boost immunity against COVID-19 in all age groups. In human, coronavirus causes the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and a major threat to public health. The novel coronavirus was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization due to its rapid infectivity. COVID-19 infection is most probably reported in people with low immunity response. The nutrients, which show beneficial effects on the immune system, are called immune nutrients and diet is called immune diet. A healthy diet can reduce the risk of infection of COVID-19 and can prevent disease. Nutritional food intake is also necessary for people with chronic illness, obese persons, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cognitive dysfunction like anxiety and depression. All nutrients are essential for maintaining immunity and providing appropriate amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals for the surveillance mode of keeping us from getting sick. The use of plenty of water, minerals such as micronutrients, zinc, copper, selenium, iron, magnesium, food rich in vitamins, and a good lifestyle can promote health and overwhelm this coronavirus infection.

scholarly journals Role of Religious Practices in the Spread and Mitigation of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (04) ◽  
pp. 235-238
Author(s):  
Simarpreet V. Sandhu ◽  
Hardas S. Sandhu
Keyword(s):  
Social Indicators ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
World Health ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Faith Based ◽  
The World ◽  
Faith Based Organizations ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

AbstractThe World Health Organization (WHO) declared novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020 which engulfed the world like wild fire in less than 2 months. It has played havoc with the lives of people restricting their movement, confining them to their homes for months, devastating the economy, and causing psychological issues in some of them. In the unprecedented threat of the COVID-19 pandemic and its devastating impact on communities and nations across the globe, religious leaders and faith-based organizations may play a crucial role in saving lives and mitigating the spread of the disease. Religious leaders and faith-based organizations are primary source of support, comfort, guidance, direct health care and social service, for the communities they serve and people who have staunch belief in them. Most of the religious-minded people visit their places of worship frequently and often join the congregations on special occasions, making them vulnerable to any infectious disease prevailing at that time. Ensuring awareness and dispelling pseudoscientific practices is a necessity for such communities in India to contain and control the coronavirus infection, as it presents unique threat owing to the geographical vastness and the complexity of its cultural and religious diversity, beliefs, and practices coexisting with poor social indicators in this country. A study was conducted to understand the role of religious practices in the spread and mitigation of COVID-19.

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