scholarly journals The Structural Compression of Kāvyprakāsa and Taṇṭiyalaṅkāra

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
B Uma
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
External Structure ◽  
Time Period

Tolkāppiyam, the first extant work of Tamil grammar covers the descriptions on the ‘Rhetoric Grammar’ (aṇiyilakkaṇam; figures of language) under the chapter simile. Later on, In ‘Vīracōḻiyam’ which is one of the five grammatical thoughts of Tamil, (Eḻuttu, Col, Poruḷ, Yāppu, Aṇi) the rhetoric aspects of the language was described as following Sanskrit work ‘kāviyātarca’. Subsequently, more works such as Taṇṭiyalaṅkāra, Māṟāṉalaṅkāram, Toṉṉūl Viḷakkam, Muttuvīriyam were written based on the Sanskrit rhetorical conventions. Though the rhetoric works in Tamil were written on the basis of Sanskrit rhetoric aspects, it would have been authored in the Tamil context. Considering the requirement of a comparative research to understand this, the present study proposes to analyses the Sanskrit work ‘Kāvyprakāsa’ written in 11thAD and Tamil work ‘Taṇṭiyalaṅkāra’ written in 12thAD. Noteworthy, both the books were authored in the same time period. This work is comparing the structure of the rhetoric grammatical work of kāvyaprakāsa in Sanskrit and Taṇṭiyalaṅkāra in Tamil. Kāvyaprakāsa divided into ten chapter (ullāsa) and comprises three parts, the kārikās (the stanzas), the vrutti (the explanatory prose gloss), and the examples. This book has 143 rules for poetics. Taṇṭiyalaṅkāram is the earliest complete rhetoric grammar of Tamil written by Dandi. He explains ‘Taṇṭiyalaṅkāram’ under ‘Potuvaṇiyiyal’ (common rhetoric), ‘Poruḷaṇiyiyal’ (rhetoric meaning) and ‘Collaṇiyiyal’ (rhetoric terms). I would like to look at the internal structure and external structure of both texts. Internal structure will deals with auspicious verse, purpose of poetry, divisions of poetry, poetry defects, poetry gunās and rhetoric terms. The chapter divisions will be considering as external structures.

Contact-induced restructuring of pronominal morphosyntax in Umpithamu (Cape York Peninsula, Australia)

Diachronica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Christophe Verstraete
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
External Structure ◽  
Cape York

This paper analyses the morphosyntactic status of pronouns in Umpithamu, a language from Cape York Peninsula (Australia). The analysis shows that pronominal morphosyntax in Umpithamu deviates from what can be expected historically and typologically, and attributes this to restructuring under the influence of intensive contact with Lamalamic languages, to which it is not closely related. The evidence for contact-induced restructuring combines a clear linguistic case involving a rare morphosyntactic pattern with a rare function, with a well-documented anthropological case for long-standing language contact. The outcome of the process is morphologically hybrid, combining the external structure of enclitic forms with the internal structure of free forms, which testifies to the abrupt nature of the process that was involved.

scholarly journals Internal and External Structure of Ruthenian Letters in Early Modern Lithuania

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 31-46
Author(s):  
Andrej Ryčkov
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
External Structure ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One

A thorough analysis of approximately one hundred unpublished and about seventy published letters written by Lithuanian noblemen and the Grand Duke of Lithuania led to a conclusion that there were three distinct types of letters. They represent correspondence between socially unequal as well as equal individuals. The external structure of a letter does not indicate the social differences between the addresser and the addressee. On the one hand, the external structure of a letter did not represent the addressers themselves; first of all, it was relevant for the intermediaries who confirmed the authenticity of the letters, registered the correspondence, and handed in the letters. On the other hand, the format of the seal is not a reliable indicator as well. The Lithuanian nobility, when communicating amongst themselves, sealed their letters with signets, while in correspondences with foreign countries they normally used larger seals. The Salutation (Latin: salutatio) is the element of a letter’s internal structure that is essential for understanding the power and status relation between an addresser and an addressee. Only “partners” of equal status informed each other on their health conditions or asked about each other’s well-being.

Thin Film Surface Morphology Visibility (Double Sources of Secondaries)

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 402-403
Author(s):  
J. Temple Black
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Film Surface ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
External Structure ◽  
Thin Film Surface

The continued development of commercial STEM systems in the next few years will have a dramatic impact on all aspects of electron microscopy, particularly as the resolution improves. The STEM system offers us the opportunity for direct computer analysis of image signals of all types, wherein signals produced by characteristic X-rays, photons, electrons will be used in a variety of mixes to produce micrographs of thin films. For example, because larger areas and thicker films can be examined in STEM systems compared to CTEM scopes, it will be commonplace to examine sections of thickness cut for OLM transmission work in the STEM. It will also become increasingly important to produce micrographs of matched internal and external structure; that is, internal structure examined by STEM signals and external structure via SEM topographical signals (secondary and backscatter emission). The examination of thin films in the SEM mode however presents some difficulties in that the depth of penetration of the primary beam is a function of the accelerating 1 voltage (roughly according to where k' and n depend on the material).

Structure, Agency, and the Establishment Process of Hamidiye Trade School in the Late Ottoman Turkey

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Eyüp Aygün Tayşir ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Academic Activities ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Trade School ◽  
Young Turks ◽  
History Of ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Late Ottoman ◽  
Establishment Process

This study aims to rewrite the history of the establishment period of Hamidiye Trade School without overlooking its internal structure, but, at the same time, by giving importance to the global context of the time period that had an impact on the formation of the internal structure. Hamidiye Trade School, which was a higher education institute, was founded by Abdülhamid II in 1882/83 in Istanbul and it has been subjected to several changes during its history. Today, it continues its academic activities under the name of Marmara University, in Istanbul. Preliminary findings suggest that although agency shaped the organizational formation of Hamidiye Trade School in the beginning, later, during the nationalism period with Young Turks, a new mission was appointed to the school and this new mission has institutionalized by blurring the original establishment story of the school. In this process, non-Muslim agents who established the school were muted.

Tripod Pottery in the Central Andean Area

1948 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arden R. King
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Spatial Position ◽  
Distinct Form ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Rare Form ◽  
Systematic Treatment ◽  
Intensive Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Period

Within the past twenty-five years excavations and comparative research projects have revealed much concerning Central Andean prehistory. The result of this period of intensive research has been to bring about a systematic treatment of the geographical and chronological phases of the area. With such a large amount of data available it now becomes possible to follow certain detailed aspects of Central Andean prehistory in their development from one time period to another, and to designate their spatial position. The tripod pottery form offers such an opportunity, not only for the Central Andean area itself but also for immediately adjacent areas.The tripod is a rare form in Peru and Bolivia and for this reason adapts itself to comparative study. It has been of great interest to archaeologists since Kroeber pointed it out as a distinct form and suggested North Andean, and possibly Central Amercan, relationships for the cursive tripod style (Kroeber, 1925, p. 212).

scholarly journals Palm Morphology and Anatomy

EDIS ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Broschat
Keyword(s):  
Internal Stress ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
External Structure ◽  
Structure Morphology ◽  
Basic Understanding

Palms differ greatly from broadleaf (dicot) and coniferous (Gymnosperm) trees in their overall form and external structure (morphology) and in their internal structure (anatomy). Morphology and anatomy determine how palms grow, function, and respond to external and internal stress factors. This publication provides a basic understanding of how palms are constructed. This 4-page fact sheet was written by T. K. Broschat, and published by the UF Department of Environmental Horticulture, May 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ep473

scholarly journals TECHNICAL AND LEGISLATIVE EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE LEGAL NORMS

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Corina Cristina Buzdugan
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
External Structure ◽  
Legislative Body

If the logical, trichotomic organization of the laws forms its stable internal structure,the technical and legislative body forms its external structure. It is correlated to the celerityrequirements which are included in the legislative system, in different stages of itsdevelopment, and also to the general principles of legal techniques.

The structure of the spine of the spur dogfish (Squalus Acanthias L.) and its use for age determination

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Holden ◽  
P. S. Meadows
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Squalus Acanthias ◽  
The Other ◽  
External Structure

SUMMARYThe external and internal structure of the spines of Squalus acanthias are described. Internally the spines consist of a series of dentine cones laid down one within the other. This series is reflected in the external structure by bands of pigment associated with ridges of enamel. The latter are proved to be annual.The use of the spines for age determination is discussed and the growth parameters and growth curves calculated. The results obtained differ from those of previous authors, whose work is critically discussed.

O PARTIDO CONSERVADOR NA PROVáNCIA DO PARANá: composição social, conflitos internos e transição de comando polá­tico em dois diretórios partidários (Curitiba e Paranaguá, 1876-1879)

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 38-64
Author(s):  
SANDRO ARAMIS RICHTER GOMES
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
Yerba Mate ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
High Plateau ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
Time Period

Neste artigo é empreendida uma abordagem acerca da estrutura interna do Partido Conservador do Paraná, no recorte temporal que abarca os anos de 1876 e 1879. Compete salientar que as notá­cias publicadas pelo jornal O Paranaense concentram informações sobre as divergências polá­ticas que, á  época, existiam entre os diretórios conservadores de Curitiba, situada no primeiro planalto da prová­ncia, e de Paranaguá, localizada no litoral. Primeiramente, são analisadas as diferenças concernentes á  hierarquização dos diretórios da capital e do litoral. Demonstra-se que o diretório de Curitiba era mais propenso a incorporar e a conferir posições de liderança a indivá­duos não originários do Paraná. Em seguida, será evidenciado que o diretório de Paranaguá era mais refratário a tal absorção. Nesse municá­pio, o controle dos esquemas partidários era gerido pelos negociantes ervateiros e pelos seus descendentes que possuá­am formação jurá­dica.Palavras-chave: Diretórios partidários. Divergências polá­ticas. Lideranças regionais.THE CONSERVATIVE PARTY IN THE PROVINCE OF PARANá: social composition, internal conflicts and transition of political leadership in two party directories (Curitiba and Paranaguá, 1876-1879)Abastract: In this article it is undertaken an approach about the internal structure of the Conservative Party of Paraná, in the time period that covers the years of 1876 and 1879. In this context, it will be shown that the news published by the newspaper ”O Paranaense” reunite information about political divergences that, in that time, took place among conservative directories of Curitiba, located on the first high plateau province, and Paranagua”™s set at the coastside. At first, there will be analyzed the differences concerning the capital and the coast directory hierarchicalization. It is demonstrated that the Curitiba directory was more likely to incorporate and give leadership positions to individuals not originated from province of Parana. Next, it will be emphasized that the Paranaguá directory was more refractory to such absorption. In this municipality, the control of party schemes was managed by yerba mate dealers and their descendants who had legal training.Keywords: Directories parties. Political divergences. Regional leaderships.  EL PARTIDO CONSERVADOR EN LA PROVINCIA DE PARANá: composición social, conflictos internos y transición de liderazgo polá­tico en dos directorios partidarios (Curitiba y Paranaguá, 1876-1879)Resumen: En este artá­culo se toma un enfoque acerca de la estructura interna de la del Partido Conservador de Paraná, entre los años de 1876 y 1879. En este marco, se demostrará que la noticia publicada por el periódico O Paranaense concentra información sobre las diferencias polá­ticas entre los directorios conservadores de Curitiba, ubicada en la provincia meseta, y Paranaguá, situada en la costa. En el siguiente paso, que analizan las diferencias en cuanto a la jerarquá­a de directorios de la capital y la costa. El directorio de Curitiba era más probable dar puestos de liderazgo a las personas que no sean originarios del Paraná. Es evidente que el directorio de Paranaguá fue más refractario a tal absorción, por lo que en este municipio, el control de los regá­menes de partido fue manejado por los distribuidores de yerba mate y sus descendientes, que tená­an formación jurá­dica.Palabras clave: Diferencias polá­ticas. Directorios partidarios. Lá­deres regionales.

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