Oxidized Maltodextrin: A Novel Ligand for Aluminum–Zirconium Complex Tanning

2021 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuero Guo ◽  
Yue Yu ◽  
Ya-nan Wang ◽  
Bi Shi
Keyword(s):  
Carboxyl Groups ◽  
Carboxyl Group ◽  
Zirconium Complex ◽  
Carboxyl Content ◽  
Fe Catalyst ◽  
Acid Ligand ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
Catalyst Dosage ◽  
Degradation Degree

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidized maltodextrin was prepared as the ligand for aluminum–zirconium complex tanning. The effects of catalyst dosage, initiation temperature, and H2O2 dosage on maltodextrin oxidation were investigated. FT-IR analysis demonstrated that carboxyl groups were successfully introduced into oxidized maltodextrin. The carboxyl content and degradation degree of oxidized maltodextrin increased with the increase of H2O2 dosage.  Maltodextrin oxidized by 40% H2O2 and 0.015% Cu–Fe catalyst at an initiation temperature of 70°C (OD-40) with moderate carboxyl group (6.75 mmol/g) and molecular weight (Mw 450) promoted the penetration and fixation of aluminum–zirconium salts in leather and showed better tanning performance, such as hydrothermal stability and porosity of leather, than traditional citric acid ligand.

Polarized microbeam FT-IR analysis of single fibers

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 206-207
Author(s):  
Liling Cho ◽  
David L. Wetzel
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Orientation ◽  
Transition Point ◽  
Polymer Fibers ◽  
Single Fiber ◽  
Wire Grid ◽  
Polyester Fibers ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wire Grid Polarizer

Polarized infrared microscopy has been used for forensic purposes to differentiate among polymer fibers. Dichroism can be used to compare and discriminate between different polyester fibers, including those composed of polyethylene terephthalate that are frequently encountered during criminal casework. In the fiber manufacturering process, fibers are drawn to develop molecular orientation and crystallinity. Macromolecular chains are oriented with respect to the long axis of the fiber. It is desirable to determine the relationship between the molecular orientation and stretching properties. This is particularly useful on a single fiber basis. Polarized spectroscopic differences observed from a single fiber are proposed to reveal the extent of molecular orientation within that single fiber. In the work presented, we compared the dichroic ratio between unstretched and stretched polyester fibers, and the transition point between the two forms of the same fiber. These techniques were applied to different polyester fibers. A fiber stretching device was fabricated for use on the instrument (IRμs, Spectra-Tech) stage. Tension was applied with a micrometer screw until a “neck” was produced in the stretched fiber. Spectra were obtained from an area of 24×48 μm. A wire-grid polarizer was used between the source and the sample.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Levulinic Ester as Biodiesel Additives

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Elena-Emilia Oprescu ◽  
Cristina-Emanuela Enascuta ◽  
Elena Radu ◽  
Vasile Lavric
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Strength Distribution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ethyl Levulinate ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
Biodiesel Blend ◽  
Acid Strength Distribution

In this study, the SO42-/TiO2-La2O3-Fe2O3 catalyst was prepared and tested in the conversion of fructose to ethyl levulinate . The catalyst was characterized from the point of view of the textural analysis, FT-IR analysis, acid strength distribution, X-ray powder diffraction and pyridine adsorption IR spectra. The influence of the reaction parameters on the ethyl levulinate yield was study. The maximum yield of 37.95% in levulinate esters was obtained at 180 �C, 2 g catalyst and 4 h reaction time. The effect of ethyl levulinate addition to diesel-biodiesel blend in different rates, i.e, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 (w.t %) on density, kinematic viscosity and flash point was evaluated and compared with the European specification.

Formulation, Optimization,and Ex-Vivo Evaluation of Novel Lipid Carriers for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Hydroquinone

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivani Verma ◽  
Sukhjinder Kaur ◽  
Lalit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Topical Delivery ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Prolonged Release ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
Skin Retention

Background: HQ is used for hyper-pigmentation treatment using conventional creams and gels. These formulations show various disadvantages like poor skin permeation, allergic reactions, and repeated use decreasing patient compliance. Objectives: The present work involved formulation, statistical optimization, and characterization of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for efficient topical delivery of hydroquinone (HQ) for hyperpigmentation treatment. Methods: The NLCs were optimized exploring Box–Behnken design (BBD) using three independent variables and two dependent variables. Formulation having the minimum size and maximum drug entrapment was considered as optimized formulation. Optimized formulation was evaluated for drug release followed by its freeze-drying. The freeze-dried formulation was subjected to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, X-raydiffraction (XRD) analysis, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Furthermore, NLCs based gel was prepared by using Carbopol 934 as a gelling agent. NLCs based gel was evaluated for skin permeation, skin retention, and skin distribution (through confocal microscopic analysis) using pig ear skin. Results: Optimized NLCs showed smaller particle size [(271.9 ± 9) nm], high drug entrapment [(66.4 ± 1.2) %], tolerable polydispersity index (PDI) (0.221 ± 0.012), and zeta potential [(-25.9± 1.2) mV]. The FT-IR analysis revealed excellent compatibility between HQ and other excipients. The Carbopol 934 gel containing NLCs showed high transdermal flux [(163 ± 16.2) μg/cm2/h], permeability coefficient (0.0326 ± 0.0016), and skin permeation enhancement ratio (3.7 ± 0.4) compared to marketed cream of HQ. The results of confocal microscopic (CLSM) analysis revealed the accumulation of optimized NLCs in the lower epidermal layers of skin. Conclusion: NLCs based gel was considered effective in the topical delivery of HQ to treat hyper-pigmentation due high skin permeation, skin retention, and prolonged release of HQ.

scholarly journals Hydrogenation of benzoic acid derivatives over Pt/TiO2 under mild conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Guo ◽  
Xiangtao Kong ◽  
Chunzhi Li ◽  
Qihua Yang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Carboxyl Groups ◽  
Carboxyl Group ◽  
Benzoic Acids ◽  
Catalyst Poisoning ◽  
Benzoic Acid Derivatives ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Transfer Direction

AbstractHydrogenation of benzoic acid (BA) to cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (CCA) has important industrial and academic significance, however, the electron deficient aromatic ring and catalyst poisoning by carboxyl groups make BA hydrogenation a challenging transformation. Herein, we report that Pt/TiO2 is very effective for BA hydrogenation with, to our knowledge, a record TOF of 4490 h−1 at 80 °C and 50 bar H2, one order higher than previously reported results. Pt/TiO2 catalysts with electron-deficient and electron-enriched Pt sites are obtained by modifying the electron transfer direction between Pt and TiO2. Electron-deficient Pt sites interact with BA more strongly than electron-rich Pt sites, helping the dissociated H of the carboxyl group to participate in BA hydrogenation, thus enhancing its activity. The wide substrate scope, including bi- and tri-benzoic acids, further demonstrates the high efficiency of Pt/TiO2 for hydrogenation of BA derivatives.

Impact of Chemical Modification on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Tropical Wood Material

2012 ◽  
Vol 576 ◽  
pp. 314-317
Author(s):  
Sinin Hamdan ◽  
M. Saiful Islam
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Diazonium Salt ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
D Values ◽  
Benzene Diazonium

Five types of selected tropical light hardwoods were chemically modified with benzene diazonium salt to improve their physical and mechanical properties. Benzene diazonium salt underwent a coupling reaction with wood which was confirmed through FT-IR analysis. The compressive modulus of the treated wood increased, whereas modulus of rupture was shown to decrease on treatment. The modified wood samples had higher hardness (Shore D) values compared to that of the control ones.

A GC/FT-IR Analysis of Commercial Divinyl Benzene

1979 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 445-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Witt ◽  
M. K. Gabriel ◽  
R. L. Julian
Keyword(s):  
Divinyl Benzene ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis

scholarly journals Characterization of the Physical, Chemical, and Adsorption Properties of Coal-Fly-Ash–Hydroxyapatite Composites

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 774
Author(s):  
Eleonora Sočo ◽  
Dorota Papciak ◽  
Magdalena M. Michel ◽  
Dariusz Pająk ◽  
Andżelika Domoń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Coal Fly Ash ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
Wet Synthesis

(1) Hydroxyapatite (Hap), which can be obtained by several methods, is known to be a good adsorbent. Coal fly ash (CFA) is a commonly reused byproduct also used in environmental applications as an adsorbent. We sought to answer the following question: Can CFA be included in the method of Hap wet synthesis to produce a composite capable of adsorbing both heavy metals and dyes? (2) High calcium lignite CFA from the thermal power plant in Bełchatów (Poland) was used as the base to prepare CFA–Hap composites. Four types designated CFA–Hap1–4 were synthesized via the wet method of in situ precipitation. The synthesis conditions differed in terms of the calcium reactants used, pH, and temperature. We also investigated the equilibrium adsorption of Cu(II) and rhodamine B (RB) on CFA–Hap1–4. The data were fitted using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich–Peterson models and validated using R2 and χ2/DoF. Surface changes in CFA–Hap2 following Cu(II) and RB adsorption were assessed using SEM, SE, and FT-IR analysis. (3) The obtained composites contained hydroxyapatite (Ca/P 1.67) and aluminosilicates. The mode of Cu(II) and RB adsorption could be explained by the Redlich–Peterson model. The CFA–Hap2 obtained using CFA, Ca(NO3)2, and (NH4)2HPO4 at RT and pH 11 exhibited the highest maximal adsorption capacity: 73.6 mg Cu/g and 87.0 mg RB/g. (4) The clear advantage of chemisorption over physisorption was indicated by the Cu(II)–CFA–Hap system. The RB molecules present in the form of uncharged lactone were favorably adsorbed even on strongly deprotonated CFA–Hap surfaces.

Thermal Spraying of High Performance Thermoplastics

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Lugscheider ◽  
C. Herbst ◽  
A. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Spraying ◽  
Paper Coatings ◽  
Thermally Sprayed Coatings ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
Thermally Sprayed ◽  
Sprayed Coatings ◽  
Wipe Tests

Abstract Thermally sprayed coatings of high performance thermoplastics are of interest espacially for the chemical industry for anti-corrosion applications at elevated temperatures. In this paper coatings of polyetherether-keton (PEEK) and polyphenylen-sulphide (PPS) have been produced by simple flamespraying. They have been investigated by optical metallography, FT-IR analysis and DSC-analysis. Among the coating properties also the "in-flight" particles have been studied by wipe-tests and FT-IR analysis in order to assess possible decomposition effects during spraying.

scholarly journals SCREENING FOR PHYTOCHEMICALS AND FTIR ANALYSIS OF MYRISTICA DACTYLOIDS FRUIT EXTRACTS

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 315 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rajiv ◽  
A. Deepa ◽  
P. Vanathi ◽  
D. Vidhya
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Spectroscopy Analysis ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Fruit Extracts ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Amine Groups ◽  
Ir Analysis

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present investigation focus on screening of phytochemicals and FT-IR analysis of <em>Myristica dactyloids </em>fruit extracts. The fruit extracts were prepared using five different solvents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The phytochemical analysis and FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis were performed using standard methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results reveals that the alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, proteins, carbohydrates, cardio glycosides and saponins were present in methanolic extract when compared to other solvent extracts. FT-IR analysis shows the presence of different functional groups such as carboxylic acids, aromatics, alkanes, alcohols, phenols, aliphatic amines, alkenes and amine groups in the fruit extracts.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study concluded that the methanolic extract (<em>M. dactyloides </em>fruit) has potential bioactive compounds.</p>

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