scholarly journals GC–MS and FT-IR Analysis of the Bio-Oil with Addition of Ethyl Acetate during Storage

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Zhang ◽  
Chenjie Shen ◽  
Ronghou Liu
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis

scholarly journals Liquefaction performances of bread crusts in subcritical water

2020 ◽  
Vol 155 ◽  
pp. 01010
Author(s):  
Yuzhen Wang ◽  
Zhuan Liu ◽  
Changqing Fang ◽  
Zeyu Zhang ◽  
Li Xie
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Subcritical Water ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Point Distribution ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Hydrothermal liquefaction of bread crusts in subcritical water were performed in a micro-batch reactor. The influences of temperature (300 – 360 °C) and residence time (10-30 min) on bio-oil yield, boiling point distribution and functional groups in bio-oil were investigated. The results showed that bio-oil yield increased with increasing temperature and reaction time. Maximum bio-oil yield of 22.69wt% was obtained at 360 °C, 30min. The longer reaction time promoted the degradation of diesel to jet fuel and naphtha. The naphtha (C7-10) and jet fuel (C11-C15) increased to 29.9%, 51.82% at 30min from 20.49% and 36.14%, respectively. FT-IR analysis showed that esters, ketones, amides, acids and aldehydes were present in the bio-oil.

Polarized microbeam FT-IR analysis of single fibers

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 206-207
Author(s):  
Liling Cho ◽  
David L. Wetzel
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Orientation ◽  
Transition Point ◽  
Polymer Fibers ◽  
Single Fiber ◽  
Wire Grid ◽  
Polyester Fibers ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wire Grid Polarizer

Polarized infrared microscopy has been used for forensic purposes to differentiate among polymer fibers. Dichroism can be used to compare and discriminate between different polyester fibers, including those composed of polyethylene terephthalate that are frequently encountered during criminal casework. In the fiber manufacturering process, fibers are drawn to develop molecular orientation and crystallinity. Macromolecular chains are oriented with respect to the long axis of the fiber. It is desirable to determine the relationship between the molecular orientation and stretching properties. This is particularly useful on a single fiber basis. Polarized spectroscopic differences observed from a single fiber are proposed to reveal the extent of molecular orientation within that single fiber. In the work presented, we compared the dichroic ratio between unstretched and stretched polyester fibers, and the transition point between the two forms of the same fiber. These techniques were applied to different polyester fibers. A fiber stretching device was fabricated for use on the instrument (IRμs, Spectra-Tech) stage. Tension was applied with a micrometer screw until a “neck” was produced in the stretched fiber. Spectra were obtained from an area of 24×48 μm. A wire-grid polarizer was used between the source and the sample.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Levulinic Ester as Biodiesel Additives

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Elena-Emilia Oprescu ◽  
Cristina-Emanuela Enascuta ◽  
Elena Radu ◽  
Vasile Lavric
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Strength Distribution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ethyl Levulinate ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
Biodiesel Blend ◽  
Acid Strength Distribution

In this study, the SO42-/TiO2-La2O3-Fe2O3 catalyst was prepared and tested in the conversion of fructose to ethyl levulinate . The catalyst was characterized from the point of view of the textural analysis, FT-IR analysis, acid strength distribution, X-ray powder diffraction and pyridine adsorption IR spectra. The influence of the reaction parameters on the ethyl levulinate yield was study. The maximum yield of 37.95% in levulinate esters was obtained at 180 �C, 2 g catalyst and 4 h reaction time. The effect of ethyl levulinate addition to diesel-biodiesel blend in different rates, i.e, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 (w.t %) on density, kinematic viscosity and flash point was evaluated and compared with the European specification.

In-vitro bactericidal activity of a novel plant source Plumeria pudica against some human and fish pathogenic bacteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubhaisi Das ◽  
Sunanda Burman ◽  
Goutam Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Ms Analysis ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Aldehyde Groups

Background: The only remedy for up surging problem of antibiotic resistance is the discovery of antibacterial agents of natural origin. Objective: The present study was aimed at finding antibacterial potential of crude and solvent extracts of mature leaves of Plumeria pudica. Methods: Antibacterial activity of three different solvent extracts were evaluated in four human and four fish pathogenic bacteria by measuring the zone of inhibition and determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration values. Standard antibiotics were used as positive control. Preliminary phytochemical screening of most effective extract i.e., ethyl acetate extract, Fourier Transform Infra Red analysis and GC-MS analysis of the Thin Layer Chromatographic (TLC) fraction of ethyl acetate extract were done meticulously. All experiments were done thrice and analyzed statistically. Results: Crude leaf extracts and solvent extracts caused good inhibition of bacterial growth in all selected bacteria. Ethyl acetate extract showed highest inhibition zones in all tested strains with maximum inhibition (19.50±0.29 mm) in Escherichia coli (MTCC 739). MBC/MIC of the extracts indicated that all three solvent extracts were bactericidal. Preliminary phytochemical tests revealed the presence of tannins, steroids and alkaloids and FT-IR analysis revealed presence of many functional groups namely alcoholic, amide, amine salt and aldehyde groups. From the GC-MS analysis of TLC fraction of ethyl acetate extract five different bioactive compounds e.g., 2,4-ditert –butylphenyl 5-hydroxypentanoate, Oxalic acid; allyl nonyl ester, 7,9-Ditert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione, Dibutyl phthalate and 2,3,5,8-tetramethyl-decane were identified. Conclusion: Leaf extracts of P. pudica contain bioactive compounds that can be used as broad spectrum bactericidal agent.

Formulation, Optimization,and Ex-Vivo Evaluation of Novel Lipid Carriers for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Hydroquinone

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivani Verma ◽  
Sukhjinder Kaur ◽  
Lalit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Skin Permeation ◽  
Topical Delivery ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Prolonged Release ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
Skin Retention

Background: HQ is used for hyper-pigmentation treatment using conventional creams and gels. These formulations show various disadvantages like poor skin permeation, allergic reactions, and repeated use decreasing patient compliance. Objectives: The present work involved formulation, statistical optimization, and characterization of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for efficient topical delivery of hydroquinone (HQ) for hyperpigmentation treatment. Methods: The NLCs were optimized exploring Box–Behnken design (BBD) using three independent variables and two dependent variables. Formulation having the minimum size and maximum drug entrapment was considered as optimized formulation. Optimized formulation was evaluated for drug release followed by its freeze-drying. The freeze-dried formulation was subjected to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, X-raydiffraction (XRD) analysis, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Furthermore, NLCs based gel was prepared by using Carbopol 934 as a gelling agent. NLCs based gel was evaluated for skin permeation, skin retention, and skin distribution (through confocal microscopic analysis) using pig ear skin. Results: Optimized NLCs showed smaller particle size [(271.9 ± 9) nm], high drug entrapment [(66.4 ± 1.2) %], tolerable polydispersity index (PDI) (0.221 ± 0.012), and zeta potential [(-25.9± 1.2) mV]. The FT-IR analysis revealed excellent compatibility between HQ and other excipients. The Carbopol 934 gel containing NLCs showed high transdermal flux [(163 ± 16.2) μg/cm2/h], permeability coefficient (0.0326 ± 0.0016), and skin permeation enhancement ratio (3.7 ± 0.4) compared to marketed cream of HQ. The results of confocal microscopic (CLSM) analysis revealed the accumulation of optimized NLCs in the lower epidermal layers of skin. Conclusion: NLCs based gel was considered effective in the topical delivery of HQ to treat hyper-pigmentation due high skin permeation, skin retention, and prolonged release of HQ.

Impact of Chemical Modification on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Tropical Wood Material

2012 ◽  
Vol 576 ◽  
pp. 314-317
Author(s):  
Sinin Hamdan ◽  
M. Saiful Islam
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Diazonium Salt ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
D Values ◽  
Benzene Diazonium

Five types of selected tropical light hardwoods were chemically modified with benzene diazonium salt to improve their physical and mechanical properties. Benzene diazonium salt underwent a coupling reaction with wood which was confirmed through FT-IR analysis. The compressive modulus of the treated wood increased, whereas modulus of rupture was shown to decrease on treatment. The modified wood samples had higher hardness (Shore D) values compared to that of the control ones.

A GC/FT-IR Analysis of Commercial Divinyl Benzene

1979 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 445-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Witt ◽  
M. K. Gabriel ◽  
R. L. Julian
Keyword(s):  
Divinyl Benzene ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis

scholarly journals Characterization of the Physical, Chemical, and Adsorption Properties of Coal-Fly-Ash–Hydroxyapatite Composites

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 774
Author(s):  
Eleonora Sočo ◽  
Dorota Papciak ◽  
Magdalena M. Michel ◽  
Dariusz Pająk ◽  
Andżelika Domoń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Coal Fly Ash ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
Wet Synthesis

(1) Hydroxyapatite (Hap), which can be obtained by several methods, is known to be a good adsorbent. Coal fly ash (CFA) is a commonly reused byproduct also used in environmental applications as an adsorbent. We sought to answer the following question: Can CFA be included in the method of Hap wet synthesis to produce a composite capable of adsorbing both heavy metals and dyes? (2) High calcium lignite CFA from the thermal power plant in Bełchatów (Poland) was used as the base to prepare CFA–Hap composites. Four types designated CFA–Hap1–4 were synthesized via the wet method of in situ precipitation. The synthesis conditions differed in terms of the calcium reactants used, pH, and temperature. We also investigated the equilibrium adsorption of Cu(II) and rhodamine B (RB) on CFA–Hap1–4. The data were fitted using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich–Peterson models and validated using R2 and χ2/DoF. Surface changes in CFA–Hap2 following Cu(II) and RB adsorption were assessed using SEM, SE, and FT-IR analysis. (3) The obtained composites contained hydroxyapatite (Ca/P 1.67) and aluminosilicates. The mode of Cu(II) and RB adsorption could be explained by the Redlich–Peterson model. The CFA–Hap2 obtained using CFA, Ca(NO3)2, and (NH4)2HPO4 at RT and pH 11 exhibited the highest maximal adsorption capacity: 73.6 mg Cu/g and 87.0 mg RB/g. (4) The clear advantage of chemisorption over physisorption was indicated by the Cu(II)–CFA–Hap system. The RB molecules present in the form of uncharged lactone were favorably adsorbed even on strongly deprotonated CFA–Hap surfaces.

Thermal Spraying of High Performance Thermoplastics

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Lugscheider ◽  
C. Herbst ◽  
A. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Spraying ◽  
Paper Coatings ◽  
Thermally Sprayed Coatings ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ir Analysis ◽  
Thermally Sprayed ◽  
Sprayed Coatings ◽  
Wipe Tests

Abstract Thermally sprayed coatings of high performance thermoplastics are of interest espacially for the chemical industry for anti-corrosion applications at elevated temperatures. In this paper coatings of polyetherether-keton (PEEK) and polyphenylen-sulphide (PPS) have been produced by simple flamespraying. They have been investigated by optical metallography, FT-IR analysis and DSC-analysis. Among the coating properties also the "in-flight" particles have been studied by wipe-tests and FT-IR analysis in order to assess possible decomposition effects during spraying.

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