BIOMECHANICS OF MOBILITY OF THE RIBS IN RESPIRATORY EXCURSIONS OF THE CHEST

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
Валентин Иванович Козлов ◽  
Татьяна Юрьевна Цветкова

Целью настоящего аналитического исследования является решение вопроса о биомеханике подвижности ребер при дыхательных экскурсиях грудной клетки и возможности участия в этих движениях так называемых мышц, поднимающих ребра. В большинстве современных руководств по анатомии функция этих мышц освещается в соответствии с их названием. Однако в более ранних работах высказывались сомнения об участии этих мышц в поднимании ребер. Анатомобиомеханические особенности соединения ребер грудной клетки не допускают изменения их положения относительно позвоночного столба и смещение их как в краниальном направлении (т. е. поднятие ребер), так и в каудальном направлении (т. е. опускание ребер). При дыхании как истинные, так и ложные ребра, постоянно сохраняют свое положение относительно позвоночного столба, к которому каждое ребро фиксируется малоподвижными суставами в двух точках. Допустимо только вращение ребер вокруг оси, косо проходящей вдоль шейки ребра. Однако благодаря искривленной форме ребер при их вращении изменяется пространственное положение тела и грудинного конца ребер. Поскольку название mm. levatores costarum не соответствует их функции как поднимателей и даже как вращателей ребер, то представляется оправданным изменение их номенклатурного названия. Исходя из реальных анатомо-биомеханических особенностей этих мышц, их следует причислить к мышцам, действующим на позвоночный столб, которые обеспечивают его ротацию и разгибание. Этим мышцам более присуще название реберно-поперечные мышцы (mm. costotransversales). В этом названии отражена их наиболее вероятная функция как вращателей и разгибателей позвоночного столба в грудном отделе. Objective - to solve the problem of the biomechanics of the mobility of the ribs during thoracic respiratory excursion and the possibility of participation of the so-called mm. levatores costarum in these movements. In most modern anatomy guidelines, the function of these muscles is covered according to their name. However, in earlier works doubts were expressed about the involvement of these muscles in lifting the ribs. Both true and false ribs can neither raise nor lower during respiratory excursions of the chest due to the anatomical and biomechanical properties of their articulations in the chest. During chest expansion and compression, the ribs constantly maintain their original position relative to the vertebral column, to which each rib is fixed by tight joints at two points. Therefore, the only possible movement is rotation of the ribs around oblique axis passing along the rib neck. The curved shape of the ribs is responsible for the change in space position of the body and the sternal end of the ribs during their rotation. As far as the name mm. levatores costarum do not correspond to their function as lifters and even as rotators of ribs, it seems justified to change their nomenclature name. Based on the real anatomical and biomechanical peculiarities of these muscles, they should be ranked with the muscles which are responsible for rotation and extension of the spinal column. The name costotransverse muscles (mm. costotransversales) are more applicable for these muscles. This name reflects their most likely function as rotators and extensors of the spinal column in the thoracic region.

Author(s):  
A. E. Chernikova ◽  
Yu. P. Potekhina

Introduction. An osteopathic examination determines the rate, the amplitude and the strength of the main rhythms (cardiac, respiratory and cranial). However, there are relatively few studies in the available literature dedicated to the influence of osteopathic correction (OC) on the characteristics of these rhythms.Goal of research — to study the influence of OC on the rate characteristics of various rhythms of the human body.Materials and methods. 88 adult osteopathic patients aged from 18 to 81 years were examined, among them 30 men and 58 women. All patients received general osteopathic examination. The rate of the cranial rhythm (RCR), respiratory rate (RR) heart rate (HR), the mobility of the nervous processes (MNP) and the connective tissue mobility (CTM) were assessed before and after the OC session.Results. Since age varied greatly in the examined group, a correlation analysis of age-related changes of the assessed rhythms was carried out. Only the CTM correlated with age (r=–0,28; p<0,05) in a statistically significant way. The rank dispersion analysis of Kruskal–Wallis also showed statistically significant difference in this indicator in different age groups (p=0,043). With the increase of years, the CTM decreases gradually. After the OC, the CTM, increased in a statistically significant way (p<0,0001). The RCR varied from 5 to 12 cycles/min in the examined group, which corresponded to the norm. After the OC, the RCR has increased in a statistically significant way (p<0,0001), the MNP has also increased (p<0,0001). The initial heart rate in the subjects varied from 56 to 94 beats/min, and in 15 % it exceeded the norm. After the OC the heart rate corresponded to the norm in all patients. The heart rate and the respiratory rate significantly decreased after the OC (р<0,0001).Conclusion. The described biorhythm changes after the OC session may be indicative of the improvement of the nervous regulation, of the normalization of the autonomic balance, of the improvement of the biomechanical properties of body tissues and of the increase of their mobility. The assessed parameters can be measured quickly without any additional equipment and can be used in order to study the results of the OC.


Traditio ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 308-317
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Thibodeau

In a recent article on the medieval dogma of transubstantiation, Gary Macy builds upon the works of Hans Jorissen and James F. McCue to question the validity of Jaroslav Pelikan's claim that “at the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215, the doctrine of the real presence of the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist achieved its definitive formulation in the dogma of transubstantiation.” Macy demonstrates that through most of the thirteenth century, the majority of theologians did not, in fact, consider Lateran IV's decree the final word on eucharistic theology. The debate over precisely how the real presence of Christ occurred in the eucharist was far from closed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 347-360
Author(s):  
Julien Labia

A migrant camp is a ‘non-place’ where personal identity is put at risk. Music is a means of personal adaptation in camps, even if it means allowing little place for the real reasons for displacement of the very people shaping these new hybridizations of music. The present power of music in such a place is to create strong relationships, ‘shortcutting’ both narration and the longer time needed in order to create relationships. The kind of personal advantage it is for someone to be a musician is a topic surprisingly forgotten, obscured by theoretical habits of seeing music essentially as an expressive activity directed to an audience, or as being a communicative activity. Music has a performative power different from language, as a non-verbal art having a strong and direct relationship to the body. Musical interactions on the field give migrants the ability to balance their problematic situation of refugees, shaping a real present.


2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-191
Author(s):  
Nicholas Xenos

David McNally styles this book as beginning in a polemic and ending in a “materialist approach to language” much indebted to the German critic Walter Benjamin. The charge is that “postmodernist theory, whether it calls itself poststructuralism, deconstruction or post-Marxism, is constituted by a radical attempt to banish the real human body—the sensate, biocultural, laboring body—from the sphere of language and social life” (p. 1). By treating language as an abstraction, McNally argues, postmodernism constitutes a form of idealism. More than that, it succumbs to and perpetuates the fetishism of commodities disclosed by Marx insofar as it treats the products of human laboring bodies as entities independently of them. Clearly irritated by the claims to radicalism made by those he labels postmodern, McNally thinks he has found their Achilles' heel: “The extra-discursive body, the body that exceeds language and discourse, is the ‘other’ of the new idealism, the entity it seeks to efface in order to bestow absolute sovereignty on language. To acknowledge the centrality of the sensate body to language and society is thus to threaten the whole edifice of postmodernist theory” (p. 2).


1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 2892-2902 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Burleigh ◽  
F. B. Horak ◽  
F. Malouin

1. In this study, the interaction between anticipatory postural adjustments for step initiation and automatic postural responses to an external perturbation were investigated by having subjects initiate a voluntary forward step while perturbed by a backward surface translation, which caused forward sway of the body. The postural adjustments for step initiation act to move the body center of mass (COM) forward, whereas the automatic postural responses act to move the COM backward to restore stance equilibrium. Because the postural behaviors are in opposition, we asked whether a temporal hierarchy exists in which automatic postural responses are executed to restore equilibrium and followed by stereotypic postural adjustments for step initiation, or whether the interaction between these two postural behaviors is more dynamic. 2. Lower extremity electromyographs (EMGs), ground reaction forces, and kinematics were recorded from 10 subjects during three conditions: to quantify the anticipatory postural adjustments for step initiation, subjects stepped forward as soon as they felt a proprioceptive cue; to quantify the automatic postural responses to perturbation, subjects maintained stance equilibrium in response to a backward surface translation under both feet; and to quantify the interaction between the postural adjustments for the voluntary step and the automatic responses to the perturbation, subjects were exposed to a backward surface translation and instructed to step forward as soon as they felt the platform begin to move. 3. The anticipatory adjustments for step initiation included tibialis activation [stance limb = 163 +/- 28 (SE) ms; swing limb = 173 +/- 33 ms] and soleus inhibition resulting in center of foot pressure (COP) moving backward and lateral toward the swing limb to propel the COM forward over the stance limb. Subsequently, activation of the swing limb gastrocnemius resulted in heel-off. In contrast, the automatic postural adjustments for maintenance of stance equilibrium during a backward surface translation included activation of soleus and gastrocnemius (104 +/- 23 ms and 115 +/- 14 ms, respectively) resulting in a symmetrical forward displacement of the COP that moved the COM back to its original position with respect to the feet. 4. When a forward step was initiated in response to the translation, the automatic postural responses were reduced in amplitude bilaterally in soleus and in the stance limb gastrocnemius. When present the postural response occurred at the same latency when the goal was to initiate a step as when the goal was to maintain standing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 389-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxine E. Sprague ◽  
Jim Parsons

In this paper, the authors discuss creativity and the impact it might have on teaching and learning. The authors believe that imaginative play, at all ages, helps all people (children especially) create healthy environments and spaces that expand their learning. The authors contend that teaching for imagination—which asks little more than creating and trusting an ecological space that engenders it—seldom is considered a priority. Given the emphasis on creativity in the real world and the virtual digital world, the authors believe it is important to add to the body of knowledge through continued research in this field.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
Anak Agung Satria Adhi Wiguna ◽  
Anak Agung Sagung Laksml Dewi ◽  
Luh Putu Sury Ani

Alcohol is a stimulant because the elements it contains can rejuvenate the body, but this view is wrong because stimulants are only temporary. People who drink alcohol lack a sense of prevention or inhibition.People who drink alcohol lack a sense of prevention or inhibition. The research used in this research is a type of empirical research, where research is carried out on the real condition of the community or environment, with the aim of finding facts or existing legal problems. Seeing the obstacles faced by the police in implementing the "Alcohol Abuse Law" in the Bali police area, many factors have caused the Bali Police to face many obstacles in implementing the Anti Alcohol Abuse (Miras) Law, including internal and external factors that make Bali. Based on the background of the problems described, it can be concluded that the actions taken by the police to address alcohol abuse in the Bali Police area. Within the jurisdiction of the Polda in Bali, the obstacles faced by the police in enforcing laws regarding alcohol abuse.


Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1106
Author(s):  
Di Wang ◽  
Ye Cong ◽  
Quanfeng Deng ◽  
Xiahe Han ◽  
Suonan Zhang ◽  
...  

The pathogenesis of respiratory diseases is complex, and its occurrence and development also involve a series of pathological processes. The present research methods are have difficulty simulating the natural developing state of the disease in the body, and the results cannot reflect the real growth state and function in vivo. The development of microfluidic chip technology provides a technical platform for better research on respiratory diseases. The size of its microchannel can be similar to the space for cell growth in vivo. In addition, organ-on-a-chip can achieve long-term co-cultivation of multiple cells and produce precisely controllable fluid shear force, periodically changing mechanical force, and perfusate with varying solute concentration gradient. To sum up, the chip can be used to analyze the specific pathophysiological changes of organs meticulously, and it is widely used in scientific research on respiratory diseases. The focus of this review is to describe and discuss current studies of artificial respiratory systems based on organ-on-a-chip technology and to summarize their applications in the real world.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-26
Author(s):  
Ewan Clayton

Abstract Since Traube (1861-1907) paleography has been concerned primarily with methods for transcribing, dating and placing texts. This paper responds to two changes in perspective that have occurred within western culture over the last century: the arrival of a digital world which saw the transformation of computers from calculating devices into new tools for writing and reading and a cultural shift away from a Cartesian perspective that distinguishes between body and mind and privileges self aware rationality over felt experience. For the purposes of this paper the link between these trends is that both throw new emphasis on writing as an activity rather than a product. This paper looks at how insights from the digital, and body-based disciplines of document creation might then interact with the paleographical and each other. The influences all run both ways, the paleographical can effect the digital as much an understanding of the digital can bring new ways of seeing to the paleographical.


Impedance Cardiography (ICG) is a noninvasive method for indirect measurement of stroke volume, monitoring the cardiac output and observing the other hemodynamic parameters by the blood volume changes in the body. The blood volume changes inside a certain body segment due to a number of physiological processes are extracted in the form of the impedance variations of the body segment. The ICG analysis provides the heart stroke volume in sudden cardiac arrest. In the clinical environment desired ICG signals are influenced by several physiological and non-physiological artifacts.As these artifacts are not stationary in nature, we proposed adaptive filtering techniques to eliminate the artifacts. In this paper we used Least Mean Square (LMS), Least Mean Fourth (LMF), Median LMS (MLMS), Leaky LMS (LLMS), and Dead Zone (DZLMS) adaptive techniques to eliminate artifacts from the desired signals. Several adaptive signal enhancement units (ASEUs) are developed based on these adaptive techniques, and evaluated on the real ICG signal components. The ability of these algorithms is evaluated by performing the experiments to eliminate the various artifacts such as sinusoidal artifacts (SA), respiration artifacts (RA), muscle artifacts (MA) and electrode artifacts (EA). Among these techniques, the DZLMS based ASEU performs better in the filtering process. The signal to noise ratio improvement (SNRI) for this algorithm is calculated as 11.9140 dB, 7.3657 dB, 10.4060 dB and 10.5125 dB respectively for SA, RA, MA and EA. Hence, the DZLMS based ASEUs are well suitable for ICG filtering in the real time health care monitoring systems.


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