Alcohol Consumption Trends in the EU Member States and Their Association with Selected Socio-economic Indicators

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Harmful Alcohol ◽  
Pure Alcohol ◽  
The Status ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita Consumption ◽  
The Eu

BACKGROUND: Harmful alcohol consumption has a negative impact on the health and social lives of individuals. Alcohol consumption is risky for the development of non-communicable diseases, can lead to the development of serious illnesses, and, unfortunately, can lead to death, injuries, or accidents. Societies and especially individuals should be more involved in the reduction of harmful alcohol consumption. AIM: The paper deals with the analysis of the status of, and trends in, the consumption of pure alcohol per capita in the EU countries between 1980 and 2015. Correlation analysis was conducted to detect the association between the per capita consumption of alcohol and some selected socio-economic indicators. METHODS: Statistical characteristics, such as average, median, range, standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation were used to describe the level of the per capita consumption of pure alcohol in the EU. Boxplot figures detected the extremely high/low levels of the indicators that were analysed. Index numbers were used to calculate the relative change in alcohol consumption. The existence of a linear relationship was discovered through correlation analysis. Useful figures helped to present the status or change in the per capita consumption of alcohol and the relationship between alcohol consumption and selected indicators. RESULTS: The trend of the per capita consumption of pure alcohol in the EU was positive. The average per capita consumption of alcohol declined from 12.9 litres in 1980 to 10.4 litres in 2015. Not only did the average or median consumption decline, but also the variability of alcohol consumption per capita declined till 2010. The greatest reduction was found for the Mediterranean countries: Italy (-57.3%), Spain (53.3%), Greece (-49.7%), and France (37.4%). On the other hand, in some “new” EU countries an increase in the per capita consumption of alcohol occurred, the highest being in Estonia. On the EU level, no statistically significant correlation was discovered between the per capita consumption of alcohol and gross domestic product per capita or between alcohol consumption and countries’ unemployment rates.

scholarly journals Who drinks more in Sweden? A study on consumption trends among men and women and in various age groups during 1990–2002

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 159-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Håkan Leifman
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Pure Alcohol ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

This study examines trends in alcohol consumption in Sweden from 1990 to 2002, with the emphasis on the period after 1995 with Sweden as a member of the European Union (EU). The specific aim of the study is to study gender-specific and age-specific trends in self-reported consumption by means of five general population surveys conducted between 1990 and 2002. Trends in the proportion of high consumers were also studied. Alcohol sales and estimates of unrecorded consumption indicate that Swedish per capita alcohol consumption (per person aged 15 or older) rose by approximately 27 per cent, from 7.8 litres of pure alcohol in 1990 to 9.9 litres in 2002. Approximately 90 per cent of this increase has occurred since 1996. Analyses of self-reported consumption from survey data confirm this trend with more than a 30 per cent increase for both genders (aged 16–75 years) since 1996. Among women, this is mainly due to increased wine consumption, and among men to augmented consumption of wine as well as beer. Furthermore, the proportion of high consumers has increased – and more so than the per capita consumption. The study also shows that changes in consumption during the period of 1990 to 2002 differ for the various gender-and age-specific groups. Among women, for in-stance, the increase since 1996 has been strongest for the oldest women (50–75 years of age), and since 1998 statistically significant only among this group. The weakest, and thus not statistically significant, increase has occurred among women between the ages of 30 and 49. It is important to track the changes not only among men and women and various age groups, but also in the different sub-groups of the population, since changes in per capita consumption are strongly related to changes in different alcohol-related problems. Other groups of importance are e.g. various social classes (including the long-term unemployed and people on long-term disability benefits), regions, family units and, not least, different drinking groups, including high consumers. Improved knowledge of how consumption changes in different socio-demo-graphic groups will also improve our understanding of the causes and mechanisms behind changes in alcohol consumption in society.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Salt, Sodium, and Potassium Intake Through Bread Consumption in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
Fathollah Aalipour
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Status ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

Background and aims: Bread is considered as one of the important sources of sodium in the Iranian diet and salt is the main source of sodium, which is used to produce bread. The assessment of dietary intake is a reliable method that shows nutritional problems in the community. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the intake of salt, sodium, and potassium through bread consumption. Methods: In the present study, 451 samples of different types of bread were tested, sent to the Food Control Laboratory for health control, and the amount of salt, sodium, and potassium was determined by potentiometric and flame-photometric methods, respectively. In addition, the amounts of salt, sodium, and potassium intake were evaluated based on their average concentration in different types of bread and per capita consumption of bread. Finally, the status of salt, sodium, and potassium intake was investigated by comparing their recommended daily allowance (RDA) and sodium/potassium ratio and sodium to caloric intake. Results: Based on the results, the concentrations of salt, sodium, and potassium were 1.95%, 769%, and 108% (mg per 100 g of bread), respectively. Furthermore, per capita consumption of bread was 320 g/d and the average intake of salt, sodium, and potassium through bread consumption was 4.03 g, 1588 mg, and 223 mg/d, respectively. Moreover, 79% of sodium RDA was received through bread consumption. In these breads, the ratio of sodium to potassium, as well as that of sodium to calorie was 12.07 (mmol/mmol) and 2 mg/calories, respectively. Conclusion: In general, the results showed that the intake of sodium and salt by using bread is more than that of their RDA. Accordingly, the ratio of sodium to potassium and sodium to caloric intake is higher than the permitted limit in these conditions, which provides the basis for the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, strong monitoring of bread producing units is necessary.

Global and Country Specific Adult per capita Consumption of Alcohol, 2008

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Shield ◽  
Maximillien Rehm ◽  
Jaydeep Patra ◽  
Bundit Sornpaisarn ◽  
Jürgen Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
Harmful Use ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Harmful Use Of Alcohol ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

Aims: Alcohol is a substantial risk factor for mortality and the burden of disease globally. In accordance with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol, we estimated recorded, unrecorded, tourist, and total adult per capita consumption by country and WHO sub-region for 2008, and characterized the association between per capita consumption of alcohol and gross domestic product (GDP-PPP) per capita. Methods: Using data from the Global Information System on Alcohol and Health database ( World Health Organization, 2010 a) and the 2005 Global Burden of Disease study ( Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2010 ) on adult per capita consumption of alcohol, we estimated recorded adult per capita consumption for 2008 through time series analyses for 189 countries within WHO sub-regions, and then from these estimates calculated recorded adult per capita consumption estimates for each of the WHO sub-regions. Estimates for populations were obtained for 2008 from the United Nations Populations Division. 2008 GDP-PPP data by country (N = 178) were obtained from the International Monetary Fund. Results: Adult per capita consumption of alcohol in 2008 is estimated to have been 6.04 litres (95 % CI: 4.43 to 7.65). This can be broken down into 4.39 l (95 % CI: 3.72 to 4.86) of recorded per capita consumption of alcohol, 1.75 l (95 %CI: 0.25 to 3.25) of unrecorded per capita consumption of alcohol, and 0.00 l (95 %CI: 0.00 to 0.129) per capita consumption of alcohol consumed by tourists. Adult per capita consumption was highest for the European regions and lowest for the Eastern Mediterranean region. Total adult per capita consumption of alcohol showed an increase as GDP-PPP increased until approximately 15,000 international dollars of GDP-PPP per capita. Recorded consumption showed a general increase with GDP-PPP. Unrecorded consumption showed a U-shaped association with GDP-PPP per capita, with countries with the lowest and highest GDP-PPPs per capita having the lowest unrecorded adult per capita consumption of alcohol. Conclusions: In accordance with the WHO’s global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol, we present estimates of the recorded, unrecorded, tourist, and total adult per capita alcohol consumption for 189 countries and the 14 WHO sub-regions. Accurate and up-to-date estimates of alcohol consumption are imperative for monitoring and developing effective strategies to control the large and increasing global alcohol-attributable burden of disease and injury.

Alcohol

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sir Ian Gilmore ◽  
William Gilmore
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
World War ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Pure Alcohol ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Average Consumption ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

Alcohol has been used for thousands of years and, indeed, in very different ways. Two thousand years ago, the occupying Romans sipped wine regularly but reasonably moderately, and marvelled at the local English serfs who celebrated bringing in their crops with brief episodes of unrivalled drunkenness. The use of alcohol was not only tolerated but sometimes encouraged by the ruling classes as a way of subjugating the population and dulling their awareness of the conditions in which they had to live and work. The adverse impact of gin consumption was famously recorded by Hogarth’s painting of ‘Gin Lane’ but, at the same time, beer was reckoned a safer alternative to water for fluid intake and was linked to happiness and prosperity in the sister painting of ‘Beer Street’. It was against the ‘pernicious use of strong liquors’ and not beer that the president of the Royal College of Physicians, John Friend, petitioned Parliament in 1726. Some desultory attempts were made by Parliament in the eighteenth century to introduce legislation in order to tax and control alcohol production but they were eventually repealed. It was really the onset of the Industrial Revolution in nineteenth-century England that brought into sharp relief the wasted productivity and lost opportunity from excess consumption. England moved from a rural, relatively disorganized workforce to an urban, more closely scrutinized and supervised one—for instance, in factories, where men needed their wits about them to work heavy machinery, workers that were absent (in body or mind) were noticed. And, in Victorian Britain, there arose a greater social conscience—an awareness, for example, of the harm, through neglect, inflicted on the children of those who spent their wages and their days in an alcoholic stupor. Nonetheless, the per capita consumption of alcohol in the UK at the end of the nineteenth century was greater than it is today. It fell progressively through the first half of the twentieth century, with two marked dips. The first coincided with the introduction of licensing hours restrictions during the First World War, and the second with the economic depression of the 1930s. Following the Second World War, there was a doubling of alcohol consumption between 1950 and the present day, to about 10 l of pure alcohol per capita. There has been a small fall of 9% in the last 5 years; this may be, in part, related to the changing ethnic mix and increasing number of non-drinkers. There has always been a mismatch between the self-reported consumption in lifestyle questionnaires, and the data from customs and excise, with the latter being 40% greater. From the latter, it can be estimated that the average consumption of non-teetotal adults in England is 25 units (0.25 l of pure alcohol) per week, which is well above the recommended limits of 14 units for women, and 21 units for men. Of course, average figures hide population differences, and it is estimated that the heaviest-consuming 10% of the population account for 40% of that drunk. While men continue to drink, on average, about twice the amount that women do, the rate of rise of consumption in women has been steeper. Average consumption is comparable across socio-economic groups but there is evidence of both more teetotallers and more drinking in a harmful way in the poorest group. In 2007, 13% of those aged 11–15 admitted that they had drunk alcohol during the previous week. This figure is falling, but those who do drink are drinking more. The average weekly consumption of pupils who drink is 13 units/week. Binge drinking estimates are unreliable, as they depend on self-reporting in questionnaires. In the UK, they are taken as drinking twice the daily recommended limits of 4 units for men, and 3 units for women, on the heaviest drinking day in the previous week. In 2010, 19% of men, and 12% of women, admitted to binge drinking, with the figures being 24% and 17%, respectively, for those aged 16–24. The preferred venue for drinking in the UK has changed markedly, mainly in response to the availability of cheap supermarket drink. Thirty years ago, the vast majority of alcohol was consumed in pubs and restaurants, whereas, in 2009, the market share of off-licence outlets was 65%. However, drinkers under 24 years of age still drink predominantly away from home. The UK per capita consumption is close to the European average, but consumption has been falling in Mediterranean countries and rising in northern and eastern Europe. Europe has the highest consumption of all continents, but there is undoubtedly massive under-reporting in many countries, particularly because of local unregulated production and consumption. It is estimated that less than 10% of consumption is captured in statistics in parts of Africa.

scholarly journals Supply of Consumer Goods, Per Capita Consumption due to Covid-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-467
Author(s):  
I Wayan Widnyana ◽  
Sapta Rini Widyawati
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Positive Case ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
The Status ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
National Disaster ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

The Covid-19 pandemic that is happening now is affecting the economy. This study aims to examine changes in the supply of consumer goods to Bali from outside Bali in the Indonesian territory and changes in the per capita consumption of the Balinese population, due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Two events were observed, namely the first event was the announcement of the first positive case of Covid-19 in Indonesia, and the 2nd event was the determination of the status of a national disaster by the Indonesian government. Data analysis was performed using a different test with the SPSS v.23 program. The results of the analysis found that there was a difference in the supply of consumer goods to Bali from outside Bali and the per capita consumption of the Balinese population in the first and 2nd events. The supply of consumer goods and per capita consumption decreased significantly after the announcement of the first positive case of Covid-19 and then further decreased after the Indonesian government declared a national disaster status. The determination of the status of a national disaster has a greater impact on reducing the per capita consumption of the Balinese population than the announcement of the first Covid-19 patient. As a result of Covid-19, it is hoped that the Bali Provincial Government needs to make policy breakthroughs to encourage the fulfillment of consumer goods needs in Bali independently so that they do not always depend on supplies from outside Bali. The Covid-19 pandemic has reduced people's income and reduced buying power, thus demanding people to be smarter in managing finances, including adjusting consumption patterns according to the priority scale of needs.

scholarly journals Alcohol and Cigarette Use among Adolescents and Young Adults in Austria from 2004–2020: Patterns of Change and Associations with Socioeconomic Variables

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13080
Author(s):  
Julian Strizek ◽  
Alfred Uhl ◽  
Michael Schaub ◽  
Doris Malischnig
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
Daily Smoking ◽  
Socioeconomic Variables ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

Background: Adolescents and young adults are a crucial target group for preventing harm related to substance use. Recently, declining alcohol and tobacco consumption in young people has been observed in many countries. Based on survey data from 2004 to 2020, we describe time trends for several subgroups of adolescents and young adults (based on consumption levels and socioeconomic variables) and analyze associations between the level of alcohol per capita consumption or daily smoking and socioeconomic variables. Methods: Time trends for males and females are analyzed by a two-way ANOVA and predictors of use by using multivariate regression and logistic regression. Results: Alcohol per capita consumption decreased significantly for both sexes in the 16-year period, with male and female consumption levels converging. Daily smoking was equally prevalent for young males and females and decreased to a similar degree for both sexes. Being male and living in rural areas are associated with a higher level of alcohol consumption. Daily smoking is associated with a low level of education and is more prevalent among young adults who have already started to work. Conclusions: The decline in alcohol use and daily smoking among adolescents and young adults is taking place simultaneously. However, higher levels of alcohol consumption and daily smoking occur in different groups of adolescents and young adults, which should be considered in prevention strategies.

Market Analysis of the Per Capita Consumption of Smoke Condensate and Nicotine in the Federal Republic of Germany Between 1961 – 1970/Trendanalysen zum Problem des Verbrauches an Nikotin und Rauchkondensat in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland für die Jahre 1961-1970

1971 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Misfeld ◽  
J. Timm
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
Market Analysis ◽  
Cigarette Consumption ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Bundesrepublik Deutschland ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

AbstractOn the basis of numerous research results and data on the development of nicotine and condensate contents of German cigarettes, of their respective shares in the market, the smoked length of cigarettes, and of the pro capita consumption of cigarettes in the Federal Republic of Germany, an estimate has been prepared on the yearly pro capita consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine in the Federal Republic covering the years 1961-1970. The values for 1961 amount to 40.2 g of smoke condensate (crude) and to 2.04 g of nicotine. The values for 1970 are found to be only 29.4 g and 1.63 g respectively. That means that the consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine in the Federal Republic has decreased during the last ten years. The share of smokers having remained almost the same, the consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine per smoker is, as well, found to have decreased by about 27 % and 20 % respectively during the years between 1961 and 1970 despite an increased cigarette consumption.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Dependence of GHG Emissions on the Support and Taxes in the EU Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7650
Author(s):  
Astrida Miceikienė ◽  
Kristina Gesevičienė ◽  
Daiva Rimkuvienė
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Environmental Support ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

The reduction of GHG emissions is one of the priorities of the EU countries. The majority of studies show that financial support and environmental taxes are one of the most effective measures for the mitigation of the negative consequences of climate change. The EU countries employ different environmental support measures and environmental taxes to reduce GHG emissions. There is a shortage of new studies on these measures. The aim of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of the environmental support measures of the EU countries with the effectiveness of environmental taxes in relation to the reduction of GHG emissions. This study is characterized by the broad scope of its data analysis and its systematic approach to the EU’s environmental policy measures. An empirical study was performed for the EU countries with the aim of addressing this research problem and substantiating theoretical insights. A total of 27 EU member states from 2009 to 2018 were selected as research samples. The research is based on a cause-and-effect relationship, where the factors affecting environmental pollution (environmental taxes and subsidies) are the cause, and GHG emissions are the effect. Statistical research methods were used in the empirical study: descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), simple regression and cluster analysis. The results show that the older member countries of the EU, which had directed the financial measures of environmental policy towards a reduction in energy consumption, managed to achieve a greater reduction in GHG emissions compared to the countries which had not applied those measures. The Central and Eastern European countries are characterized by lower environmental taxes and lower expenditure allocated to environmental protection. The countries with a higher GDP per capita have greater GHG emissions that the countries with lower GDP per capita. This is associated with greater consumption, waste, and energy consumption. The study conducted gives rise to a discussion regarding data sufficiency in the assessment and forecasting of GHG emissions and their environmental consequences.

Level and Pattern of Consumption Expenditure of Rural Households among Different Regions of Punjab

2021 ◽  
pp. 468-473
Keyword(s):  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Large Farm ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

The present study, dealing with the inequality in consumption of the rural households across the different regions, is based upon the primary data of the Punjab state. The analysis showed that Malwa excelled other two regions in the per capita consumption. The highest average propensity to consume was observed for Doaba, and it was the lowest for Malwa. All the rural households except large farm of all the three regions and medium farm households of Malwa and Majha were in deficit. Considering all households together, the inequality of household consumption expenditure was relatively high in all three regions, with the same being highest in Majha, followed by Malwa and Doaba. The concentration of consumption expenditure among the land-owning households was greater than the landless households.

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