Evaluation of Salt, Sodium, and Potassium Intake Through Bread Consumption in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province

Background and aims: Bread is considered as one of the important sources of sodium in the Iranian diet and salt is the main source of sodium, which is used to produce bread. The assessment of dietary intake is a reliable method that shows nutritional problems in the community. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the intake of salt, sodium, and potassium through bread consumption. Methods: In the present study, 451 samples of different types of bread were tested, sent to the Food Control Laboratory for health control, and the amount of salt, sodium, and potassium was determined by potentiometric and flame-photometric methods, respectively. In addition, the amounts of salt, sodium, and potassium intake were evaluated based on their average concentration in different types of bread and per capita consumption of bread. Finally, the status of salt, sodium, and potassium intake was investigated by comparing their recommended daily allowance (RDA) and sodium/potassium ratio and sodium to caloric intake. Results: Based on the results, the concentrations of salt, sodium, and potassium were 1.95%, 769%, and 108% (mg per 100 g of bread), respectively. Furthermore, per capita consumption of bread was 320 g/d and the average intake of salt, sodium, and potassium through bread consumption was 4.03 g, 1588 mg, and 223 mg/d, respectively. Moreover, 79% of sodium RDA was received through bread consumption. In these breads, the ratio of sodium to potassium, as well as that of sodium to calorie was 12.07 (mmol/mmol) and 2 mg/calories, respectively. Conclusion: In general, the results showed that the intake of sodium and salt by using bread is more than that of their RDA. Accordingly, the ratio of sodium to potassium and sodium to caloric intake is higher than the permitted limit in these conditions, which provides the basis for the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, strong monitoring of bread producing units is necessary.

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Alcohol Consumption Trends in the EU Member States and Their Association with Selected Socio-economic Indicators

10.35198/01-2019-003-0002 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Correlation Analysis ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Eu Countries ◽

Harmful Alcohol ◽

Pure Alcohol ◽

The Status ◽

Per Capita ◽

Per Capita Consumption ◽

The Eu

BACKGROUND: Harmful alcohol consumption has a negative impact on the health and social lives of individuals. Alcohol consumption is risky for the development of non-communicable diseases, can lead to the development of serious illnesses, and, unfortunately, can lead to death, injuries, or accidents. Societies and especially individuals should be more involved in the reduction of harmful alcohol consumption. AIM: The paper deals with the analysis of the status of, and trends in, the consumption of pure alcohol per capita in the EU countries between 1980 and 2015. Correlation analysis was conducted to detect the association between the per capita consumption of alcohol and some selected socio-economic indicators. METHODS: Statistical characteristics, such as average, median, range, standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation were used to describe the level of the per capita consumption of pure alcohol in the EU. Boxplot figures detected the extremely high/low levels of the indicators that were analysed. Index numbers were used to calculate the relative change in alcohol consumption. The existence of a linear relationship was discovered through correlation analysis. Useful figures helped to present the status or change in the per capita consumption of alcohol and the relationship between alcohol consumption and selected indicators. RESULTS: The trend of the per capita consumption of pure alcohol in the EU was positive. The average per capita consumption of alcohol declined from 12.9 litres in 1980 to 10.4 litres in 2015. Not only did the average or median consumption decline, but also the variability of alcohol consumption per capita declined till 2010. The greatest reduction was found for the Mediterranean countries: Italy (-57.3%), Spain (53.3%), Greece (-49.7%), and France (37.4%). On the other hand, in some “new” EU countries an increase in the per capita consumption of alcohol occurred, the highest being in Estonia. On the EU level, no statistically significant correlation was discovered between the per capita consumption of alcohol and gross domestic product per capita or between alcohol consumption and countries’ unemployment rates.

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Supply of Consumer Goods, Per Capita Consumption due to Covid-19 Pandemic

Economics Development Analysis Journal ◽

10.15294/edaj.v9i4.38690 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 458-467

Author(s):

I Wayan Widnyana ◽

Sapta Rini Widyawati

Keyword(s):

Consumer Goods ◽

Provincial Government ◽

Positive Case ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Indonesian Government ◽

The Status ◽

Per Capita ◽

National Disaster ◽

Per Capita Consumption

The Covid-19 pandemic that is happening now is affecting the economy. This study aims to examine changes in the supply of consumer goods to Bali from outside Bali in the Indonesian territory and changes in the per capita consumption of the Balinese population, due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Two events were observed, namely the first event was the announcement of the first positive case of Covid-19 in Indonesia, and the 2nd event was the determination of the status of a national disaster by the Indonesian government. Data analysis was performed using a different test with the SPSS v.23 program. The results of the analysis found that there was a difference in the supply of consumer goods to Bali from outside Bali and the per capita consumption of the Balinese population in the first and 2nd events. The supply of consumer goods and per capita consumption decreased significantly after the announcement of the first positive case of Covid-19 and then further decreased after the Indonesian government declared a national disaster status. The determination of the status of a national disaster has a greater impact on reducing the per capita consumption of the Balinese population than the announcement of the first Covid-19 patient. As a result of Covid-19, it is hoped that the Bali Provincial Government needs to make policy breakthroughs to encourage the fulfillment of consumer goods needs in Bali independently so that they do not always depend on supplies from outside Bali. The Covid-19 pandemic has reduced people's income and reduced buying power, thus demanding people to be smarter in managing finances, including adjusting consumption patterns according to the priority scale of needs.

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Market Analysis of the Per Capita Consumption of Smoke Condensate and Nicotine in the Federal Republic of Germany Between 1961 – 1970/Trendanalysen zum Problem des Verbrauches an Nikotin und Rauchkondensat in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland für die Jahre 1961-1970

Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research ◽

10.2478/cttr-2013-0266 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

J. Misfeld ◽

J. Timm

Keyword(s):

Federal Republic ◽

Market Analysis ◽

Cigarette Consumption ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Federal Republic Of Germany ◽

Research Results ◽

Bundesrepublik Deutschland ◽

Per Capita ◽

Per Capita Consumption

AbstractOn the basis of numerous research results and data on the development of nicotine and condensate contents of German cigarettes, of their respective shares in the market, the smoked length of cigarettes, and of the pro capita consumption of cigarettes in the Federal Republic of Germany, an estimate has been prepared on the yearly pro capita consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine in the Federal Republic covering the years 1961-1970. The values for 1961 amount to 40.2 g of smoke condensate (crude) and to 2.04 g of nicotine. The values for 1970 are found to be only 29.4 g and 1.63 g respectively. That means that the consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine in the Federal Republic has decreased during the last ten years. The share of smokers having remained almost the same, the consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine per smoker is, as well, found to have decreased by about 27 % and 20 % respectively during the years between 1961 and 1970 despite an increased cigarette consumption.

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Level and Pattern of Consumption Expenditure of Rural Households among Different Regions of Punjab

Indian Journal of Economics and Development ◽

10.35716/ijed/20230 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 468-473

Keyword(s):

Rural Households ◽

Household Consumption ◽

Farm Households ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Primary Data ◽

Consumption Expenditure ◽

Large Farm ◽

Per Capita ◽

Per Capita Consumption

The present study, dealing with the inequality in consumption of the rural households across the different regions, is based upon the primary data of the Punjab state. The analysis showed that Malwa excelled other two regions in the per capita consumption. The highest average propensity to consume was observed for Doaba, and it was the lowest for Malwa. All the rural households except large farm of all the three regions and medium farm households of Malwa and Majha were in deficit. Considering all households together, the inequality of household consumption expenditure was relatively high in all three regions, with the same being highest in Majha, followed by Malwa and Doaba. The concentration of consumption expenditure among the land-owning households was greater than the landless households.

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Targeting the Poor: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia

The American Economic Review ◽

10.1257/aer.102.4.1206 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 102 (4) ◽

pp. 1206-1240 ◽

Cited By ~ 143

Author(s):

Vivi Alatas ◽

Abhijit Banerjee ◽

Rema Hanna ◽

Benjamin A Olken ◽

Julia Tobias

Keyword(s):

Field Experiment ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Elite Capture ◽

The Poor ◽

Per Capita ◽

Consumption Community ◽

Per Capita Consumption

This paper reports an experiment in 640 Indonesian villages on three approaches to target the poor: proxy means tests (PMT), where assets are used to predict consumption; community targeting, where villagers rank everyone from richest to poorest; and a hybrid. Defining poverty based on PPP$2 per capita consumption, community targeting and the hybrid perform somewhat worse in identifying the poor than PMT, though not by enough to significantly affect poverty outcomes for a typical program. Elite capture does not explain these results. Instead, communities appear to apply a different concept of poverty. Consistent with this finding, community targeting results in higher satisfaction. (JEL C93, I32, I38, O12, O15, O18, R23)

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Analyzing the Role of the Permanent and Temporary Shocks in Peru Using the Co-Movements Approach

International Journal of Economics and Finance ◽

10.5539/ijef.v13n11p115 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 115

Author(s):

Cesar R. Sobrino

Keyword(s):

Empirical Work ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Quarterly Data ◽

Common Trend ◽

The Common ◽

Per Capita ◽

A Minor ◽

Capita Output ◽

Per Capita Consumption

In this study, we use the co-movements approach to examine the role of permanent (common trend) and temporary (common cycle) shocks on per capita output, per capita consumption, and per capita investment in Peru, a small open commodity-based economy. Using quarterly data from 1993: Q1 to 2019: Q1, the effects of the temporary shocks are short-lived, and, on average, are a minor source of the variations of macro time series, over 10 quarters. This evidence suggests that the main source of per capita output and per capita consumption variations is the common trend shock which must be related to the 1990s reforms. Moreover, per capita output and per capita consumption are less responsive to unfavorable (favorable) common cycle shocks than per capita investment is. This outcome indicates that per capita investment has a much more volatile cycle than per capita private output and per capita consumption which is consistent with a previous empirical work.

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An International Comparative Study Of Per Capita Consumption Of Import: Implications For U.S-Japan Trade

Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) ◽

10.19030/jabr.v17i1.2066 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tyler T. Yu ◽

Miranda M. Zhang

Keyword(s):

Bilateral Trade ◽

Trade Deficit ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Trade Barriers ◽

Font Size ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Per Capita ◽

International Comparative ◽

Per Capita Consumption ◽

The U.S

This paper discusses the per-capita consumption of imports aspect of international trade.  A research hypothesis is tested to investigate if there is a significant difference among G-7 countries in per-capita consumption of imports and the implication of the testing results for the U.S. - Japan bilateral trade deficit.  The results of the ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test yield insignificant variation in per-capita consumption of imported goods/services among the G-7 countries.  The study recapitulates the reason(s) for the U.S. trade deficit with Japan and essentially states that factors other than trade barriers and restrictions cause the U.S. trade deficit with Japan.  While this result may initially seem counterintuitive and inconsistent with popular wisdom, it may actually help uncover the true causes for the sustained trade deficit with Japan.

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Future Timber Demand, an Alternative Model

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/14.4.177 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 177-183 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vernon L. Robinson ◽

Willard R. Fey

Keyword(s):

Alternative Model ◽

Historical Data ◽

Consumer Preferences ◽

Work Force ◽

Population Projections ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Social Changes ◽

Demand And Supply ◽

Per Capita ◽

Per Capita Consumption

Abstract A projection of future timber demand was developed from historical data on per capita consumption and population and compared with the projection from the USDA Forest Service's "The South's Fourth Forest: Alternatives for the Future." The accumulated discrepancy between these methodologies amounts to 71 billion cubic feet over the period 1986-2030. Reason suggests that both rising real prices and changing consumer preferences are forcing per capita consumption of industrial wood down and that population projections may be substantially less than those used due to social changes that have drawn women into the work force. In the presence of a highly inelastic stumpage demand and supply, even a small decrease in projected consumption would bring about a disproportionate fall in prices. Hence, the dire consequences resulting from rapidly rising future stumpage prices in the South may not materialize. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):177-183.

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