scholarly journals Fabricación de un Concentrador Solar Parabólico Compuesto (CPC) para desinfección de agua de consumo en Comunidades Rurales

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
José Alejandro Muñoz-Hernandez ◽  
Teresa Hernández-Ortiz ◽  
Moisés Montiel-González ◽  
Iván Salgado-Transito
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Glass Tubes ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Outside Diameter ◽  
Selection Of

This paper presents the selection of supply materials and describes the manufacturing process of a solar compound parabolic solar concentrator (CPC) to disinfect drinking water for consumption by rural communities. The volume of water to be treated is 100 liters/day, average amount of water for services of a family of 6 people, including washing of kitchen utensils and food preparation. The selection of supply materials for the CPE manufacture was made considering the lifetime, low cost and availability in the Mexican industrial market. The main components of the CPC are: 1. the profile of the involute, made of galvanized steel sheet gauge 20 (0.9 mm) with bright chrome finish to achieve a reflective surface, 2. Hydraulic system, integrated by coupling elements between 6 lines of borosilicate glass tubes of 44 mm outside diameter and 1.6 mm thickness with PVC accessories and 3. Mechanical support structure of the CPC, which was designed with a variable angle, to adjust according to the latitude of the operation site, this was manufactured with industrial processes of pailería and reinforced tubular profile (PTR) of 14 gauge steel (1.9 mm thickness) was used.

scholarly journals Assessment of a low-cost, point-of-use, ultraviolet water disinfection technology

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Brownell ◽  
Alicia R. Chakrabarti ◽  
Forest M. Kaser ◽  
Lloyd G. Connelly ◽  
Rachel L. Peletz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Plug Flow ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Hydraulic Residence Time ◽  
Biological Assays ◽  
Point Of Use

We describe a point-of-use (POU) ultraviolet (UV) disinfection technology, the UV Tube, which can be made with locally available resources around the world for under $50 US. Laboratory and field studies were conducted to characterize the UV Tube's performance when treating a flowrate of 5 L/min. Based on biological assays with MS2 coliphage, the UV Tube delivered an average fluence of 900±80 J/m2 (95% CI) in water with an absorption coefficient of 0.01 cm−1. The residence time distribution in the UV Tube was characterized as plug flow with dispersion (Peclet Number = 19.7) and a mean hydraulic residence time of 36 s. Undesirable compounds were leached or produced from UV Tubes constructed with unlined ABS, PVC, or a galvanized steel liner. Lining the PVC pipe with stainless steel, however, prevented production of regulated halogenated organics. A small field study in two rural communities in Baja California Sur demonstrated that the UV Tube reduced E. coli concentrations to less than 1/100 ml in 65 out of 70 samples. Based on these results, we conclude that the UV Tube is a promising technology for treating household drinking water at the point of use.

scholarly journals РОЗРАХУНКОВА МОДЕЛЬ ГІДРООБПРИСКУВАЛЬНОЇ УСТАНОВКИ ТУНЕЛЬНОГО ТИПУ

2014 ◽  
pp. 96-101
Author(s):  
О. М. Іванов ◽  
В. М. Арендаренко
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Hydraulic Parameters ◽  
Computational Studies ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

Наведено результати теоретичних досліджень зіскладання розрахункової моделі гідрообприскувальноїустановки тунельного типу, призначеної для обприс-кування під високим тиском рослин у тунельній каме-рі. Дослідження проводились із залученням теоріїгідродинаміки та гідростатики для розрахунку скла-дних трубопроводів і багатокомпонентних гідравліч-них систем. За результатами розрахункових дослі-джень було складено аналітичні рівняння, що визна-чають величини гідравлічних параметрів у вузловихточках і встановлюють взаємозв’язок між основни-ми компонентами гідравлічної установки. The results of theoretical studies on the preparation of the computational model hydro spray tunnel designed for spraying high-pressure plants in the tunnel chamber. Studies were carried out using the theory of hydrodynamic and hydrostatic calculations for complex pipelines and multi-hydraulic systems. To achieve the objectives of the study were divided into components of hydraulic systems, each of which is a more simplified version of a complex pipeline. According to the results of computational studies were compiled analytical equations that determine the magnitude of hydraulic parameters at nodes and establish the relationship between the main components of the hydraulic system, and outlines the framework for the selection of a pressure pump for the amount of required pressure and flow.

Diols as solvent media for liquefaction of corn stalk at ambient pressure

BioResources ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 6818-6836
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Zhong Liu ◽  
Lanfeng Hui ◽  
Huimei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Corn Stalk ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Environmental Process ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Selection Of

The proper selection of solvents is important during liquefaction of biomass process to produce fuel additives and valuable chemicals. In this study, novel low-cost liquefying agents such 1,2-propanediol (PG), diethylene glycol (DEG), and 1,4-butanediol (BDO), as well as the traditional liquefying agent, ethylene glycol (EG), were used. It was found that the liquefaction yield of corn stalk in the presence of PG at the optimum temperature of 180 °C was up to 99.2%, which was higher than that of the other three liquefying agents. The main components and functional groups of bio-oil with an acid catalyst were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The chief constituents of bio-oil were complex, and corn stalk could be effectively degraded with PG liquefaction. Moreover, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data also revealed that the fiber structure of the liquefied corn stalk was destroyed and essentially liquefied during PG liquefaction. Consequently, all the results in the study successfully confirmed that PG can provide an efficient and environmental process for generating bio-oil from lignocellulosic mass at a low cost in liquefaction of corn stalk.

scholarly journals Design Considerations and Selection of Cost-Effective Switched Reluctance Drive for Radiator Cooling Fans

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 917
Author(s):  
Ickjin Son ◽  
Grace Firsta Lukman ◽  
Mazahir Hussain Shah ◽  
Kwang-Il Jeong ◽  
Jin-Woo Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Magnetic Characteristics ◽  
Switched Reluctance Motors ◽  
Switched Reluctance ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Cooling Fan ◽  
Cooling Fans ◽  
Power Switches ◽  
Selection Of

Switched reluctance motors (SRMs) are simple in structure, easy to manufacture, magnet-less, brushless, and highly robust compared to other AC motors which makes them a good option for applications that operate in harsh environment. However, the motor has non-linear magnetic characteristics, and it comes with various pole-phase combinations and circuit topologies that causes many difficulties in deciding on which type to choose. In this paper, the viability of SRM as a low-cost, rugged machine for vehicle radiator cooling fan is considered. First, necessary design considerations are presented, then three commonly use types of SRM are analyzed: A 3-phase 6/4, 3-phase 12/8, and a 4-phase 8/6 to find their static and dynamic characteristics so the most suitable type can be selected. Simulation results show that the 8/6 SRM produces the highest efficiency with less phase current which reduces the converter burden. However, with asymmetric half bridge converter, eight power switches are required for 8/6 SRM and thus put a burden on the overall drive cost. As a solution, the Miller converter with only six switches for four phase SRM. To verify the proposed idea, the 8/6 SRM was manufactured and tested. The results show that Miller converter can be used for the proposed SRM with slightly reduced efficiency at 80.4%.

scholarly journals An IoT-Based Participatory Antitheft System for Public Safety Enhancement in Smart Cities

Smart Cities ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 919-937
Author(s):  
Nikos Papadakis ◽  
Nikos Koukoulas ◽  
Ioannis Christakis ◽  
Ilias Stavrakas ◽  
Dionisis Kandris
Keyword(s):  
Smart Cities ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Asset Tracking ◽  
Tracking Tasks ◽  
Tracking Process ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Operation Center ◽  
Safety Enhancement ◽  
Selection Of

The risk of theft of goods is certainly an important source of negative influence in human psychology. This article focuses on the development of a scheme that, despite its low cost, acts as a smart antitheft system that achieves small property detection. Specifically, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based participatory platform was developed in order to allow asset-tracking tasks to be crowd-sourced to a community. Stolen objects are traced by using a prototype Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)-based system, which sends signals, thus becoming a beacon. Once such an item (e.g., a bicycle) is stolen, the owner informs the authorities, which, in turn, broadcast an alert signal to activate the BLE sensor. To trace the asset with the antitheft tag, participants use their GPS-enabled smart phones to scan BLE tags through a specific smartphone client application and report the location of the asset to an operation center so that owners can locate their assets. A stolen item tracking simulator was created to support and optimize the aforementioned tracking process and to produce the best possible outcome, evaluating the impact of different parameters and strategies regarding the selection of how many and which users to activate when searching for a stolen item within a given area.

scholarly journals Theoretical and Empirical Characterization of Water as a Factor: Examples and Related Issues with the World Trade Model

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 459
Author(s):  
Ignacio Cazcarro ◽  
Albert E. Steenge
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Water Research ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Model ◽  
Selection Of

This article originates from the theoretical and empirical characterization of factors in the World Trade Model (WTM). It first illustrates the usefulness of this type of model for water research to address policy questions related to virtual water trade, water constraints and water scarcity. It also illustrates the importance of certain key decisions regarding the heterogeneity of water and its relation to the technologies being employed and the prices obtained. With regard to WTM, the global economic input–output model in which multiple technologies can produce a “homogeneous output”, it was recently shown that two different mechanisms should be distinguished by which multiple technologies can arise, i.e., from “technology-specific” or from “shared” factors, which implies a mechanism-specific set of prices, quantities and rents. We discuss and extend these characterizations, notably in relation to the real-world characterization of water as a factor (for which we use the terms technology specific, fully shared and “mixed”). We propose that the presence of these separate mechanisms results in the models being sensitive to relatively small variations in specific numerical values. To address this sensitivity, we suggest a specific role for specific (sub)models or key choices to counter unrealistic model outcomes. To support our proposal we present a selection of simulations for aggregated world regions, and show how key results concerning quantities, prices and rents can be subject to considerable change depending on the precise definitions of resource endowments and the technology-specificity of the factors. For instance, depending on the adopted water heterogeneity level, outcomes can vary from relatively low-cost solutions to higher cost ones and can even reach infeasibility. In the main model discussed here (WTM) factor prices are exogenous, which also contributes to the overall numerical sensitivity of the model. All this affects to a large extent our interpretation of the water challenges, which preferably need to be assessed in integrated frameworks, to account for the main socioeconomic variables, technologies and resources.

scholarly journals Investigations on arc brazing for galvanized heavy steel plates in steel and shipbuilding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Andreazza ◽  
Andreas Gericke ◽  
Knuth-Michael Henkel
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Thin Sheet ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Filler Materials ◽  
Static Tensile ◽  
Brazed Joints

AbstractArc brazing with low-melting copper-based filler materials, which has long been established and standardized in the thin sheet sector, offers numerous advantages in the processing of predominantly electrolytically galvanized steel structures. In steel and shipbuilding, on the other hand, equipment parts made of thick steel sheets are hot-dip galvanized at low cost and with good corrosion-inhibiting properties. Quality welding of such constructions is not possible without special precautions such as removing the zinc layer and subsequent recoating. With regard to greater plate thicknesses, arc brazing was analyzed in these investigations as an alternative joining method with regard to its suitability for practical use. Within the scope of the investigations, CuSi3Mn, CuMn12Ni2, and four different aluminum bronzes were examined on different sheet surface conditions with regard to the geometrical and production parameters. This was carried out by build-up and connection brazing, executed as butt and cross joints. Quasi-static tensile tests and fatigue tests were used to assess the strength behavior. In addition, metallographic analyses are carried out as well as hardness tests. The suitability for multi-layer brazing and the tendency to distortion were also investigated, as well as the behavior of arc brazed joints under corrosive conditions.

The Development of Embedded System for Energy Saving in Electro-Hydraulic System

2013 ◽  
Vol 418 ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Sema Patchim ◽  
Watcharin Po-Ngaen
Keyword(s):  
Embedded System ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Fuzzy Controller ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Operational Performance ◽  
Functional Design ◽  
Power Utility ◽  
Load Sensing ◽  
Oil Flow

In last decade, energy efficiency of hydraulic actuators systems has been especially important in industrial machinery applications [1-. And an advanced electronics world most of the applications are developed by microcontroller based embedded system. Energy processor based variable oil flow of hydraulic controller was presented to improve the efficiency of the motor by maintaining with the load sensing. These PIC processor combined with fuzzy controller were help to design efficient optimal power hydraulic machine controller. A functional design of processor and in this system was completed by using load sensing signal to control oil flow. The advantage of the proposed system was optimized operational performance and low power utility. Without having the architectural concept of any motor we can control it by using this method. This is a low cost low power controller and easy to use. The experiment results verified its validity.

Physically Self-assembled Au Nanorod Arrays for SERS

2006 ◽  
Vol 951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motofumi Suzuki ◽  
Kaoru Nakajima ◽  
Kenji Kimura ◽  
Takao Fukuoka ◽  
Yasushige Mori
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Nanorod Arrays ◽  
Au Nanorods ◽  
Surface Enhanced ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman ◽  
Oblique Deposition ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACTWe have demonstrated surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy on arrays of Au nanorods aligned in line by a dynamic oblique deposition technique. For the light polarized along the major axis of the nanorods, the plasma resonance of the Au nanorods has been tuned to a wavelength suitable for Raman spectroscopy. The Raman scattering on the discrete nanorods is enhanced significantly compared with that on semi continuous Au films. Since the preparation process is physically bottom-up, it is robust in its selection of the materials and is useful in providing the SERS sensors at low cost.

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