Isolasi Nanoselulosa Terkarboksilasi dari Limbah Kulit Pisang Ambon Lumut dengan Metode Oksidasi

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
Ashari Budi Nugraha ◽  
Ahmad Nuruddin ◽  
Bambang Sunendar
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Ammonium Persulfate ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Banana Peel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Index Value

In this study, banana peel from ambon lumut (Musa acuminata) was used as source for nanocellulose fibers. Carboxylated nanocellulose was isolated with oxidation method using ammonium persulfate (APS). In order to investigate the effect of temperature towards the characteristics of nonocellulose, temperature for oxidation process was set at three different values: 60 °C, 70 °C, dan 80 °C. Nanostructure of cellulose was observed as a mix of fibers and whiskers from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images.  The diameter of nanocellulose is ranging from 12,1 to 25,1 nm. Data from spectrometry graphs (FTIR) confirms the existence of carboxyl functional groups in nanocellulose samples. X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) shows that crystallinity index values increase as temperature of oxidation process increases. The highest crytallinity index value of 72,4% was obtained from nanocellulose treated with oxidation temperature of 80 °C. This analysis shows banana peel waste as a potential alternative source for carboxylated nanocellulose.

scholarly journals Shape Tuning of Magnetite Nanoparticles Obtained by Hydrothermal Synthesis: Effect of Temperature

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayely Torres-Gómez ◽  
Osvaldo Nava ◽  
Liliana Argueta-Figueroa ◽  
René García-Contreras ◽  
Armando Baeza-Barrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Pure Phase ◽  
High Level ◽  
Shape Tuning ◽  
Magnetite Phase

In this work, we present a simple and efficient method for pure phase magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticle synthesis. The phase structure, particle shape, and size of the samples were characterized by Raman spectroscopy (Rm), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The morphology tuning was controlled by the temperature of the reaction; the nanoparticles were synthesized via the hydrothermal method at 120°C, 140°C, and 160°C, respectively. The Rm and XRD spectra showed that all the nanoparticles were Fe3O4 in a pure magnetite phase. The obtained nanoparticles exhibited a high level of crystallinity with uniform morphology at each temperature, as can be observed through TEM and SEM. These magnetic nanoparticles exhibited good saturation magnetization and the resulting shapes were quasi-spheres, octahedrons, and cubes. The samples showed striking magnetic properties, which were examined by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). It has been possible to obtain a good morphological control of nanostructured magnetite in a simple, economical, and scalable method by adjusting the temperature, without the modification of any other synthesis parameter.

Preparation and characterization emulsion of PANI-TiO2 nanocomposite and its application as anticorrosive coating

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 597-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Khademian ◽  
Hossein Eisazadeh
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Corrosion Current ◽  
Ammonium Persulfate ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Emulsion nanoparticles of polyaniline (PANI) were synthesized in the aqueous media by using hydroxylpropylcellulose (HPC) as a stabilizer and ammonium persulfate as an oxidant in the presence of TiO2 with nanometer size. New poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) coating over carbon steel was prepared by addition of emulsion nanoparticles in different concentrations (1%, 2% and 1.5%) in PVAc as the major matrix. The Tafel plot records were used for the definition of potential and corrosion current (Icorr). Nanoparticles were characterized and compared by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). By adding TiO2, the thermal stability of the nanocomposite increased. A small size of colloidal particles prevented the precipitation of conducting polymer particles and led to better dispersion of nanocomposites in the matrix of the PVAc binder; therefore, the paint was homogeneous and anticorrosion properties of the coating increased. According to the results, 1.5% of PANI-TiO2 nanocomposite in PVAc has a much lower Icorr in NaCl aqueous solution and 2% of PANI-TiO2 nanocomposite in PVAc has the best corrosion protection in HCl.

Effect of temperature on formation of murataite and murataite-pyrochlore ceramics

2002 ◽  
Vol 757 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. I. Kirjanova ◽  
S. V. Stefanovsky ◽  
S. V. Yudintsev
Keyword(s):  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Cold Crucible ◽  
Iron Group ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oxide Solid Solution ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
Fluorite Type

ABSTRACTProcesses of phases formation in the ceramic mixtures with basic compositions (wt.%) 10 CaO, 10 MnO, 5 Al2O3, 5 Fe2O3, 55 TiO2, 5 ZrO2, 10 UO2 (M1) and 8 CaO, 8 MnO, 4 Al2O3, 4 Fe2O3, 20 Gd2O3, 44 TiO2, 4 ZrO2, 8 UO2 (M4) were studied using X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The batches were milled, compacted in pellets at 200 MPa, and heat-treated in a resistive furnace at 1100 °C, 1300 °C, 1400 °C, and 1500 °C as well as melted in a cold crucible at ∼1600 °C. Reactions in the mixtures heat-treated at 1100 °C were not completed and samples contained significant amount of unreacted and intermediate (altered rutile, cubic oxide solid solution, perovskite) phases. Within the temperature range 1100–1300 °C reactions are mainly completed and ceramics sintered at 1300 °C are composed of major murataite and minor rutile (M1) or major murataite and pyrochlore and minor zirconolite and perovskite (M4). However full homogenization at 1300 °C has not been reached yet and to obtain the ceramics with uniform compositions of the phases sintering at 1400 °C or melting at 1500–1600 °C were required.In the ceramic sample M1 two murataite varieties with five- (murataite-5C) and eight-fold (mu-rataite-8C) fluorite-type unit cells were found. The sample M4 is composed of pyrochlore, murataite-8C and zirconolite-3O. In the sample M1 murataite-5C is enriched with U and Ca and depleted with iron group elements as compared to murataite-8C. Fraction of murataite-5C concentrates about 80% of total U and about 70% of Mn+Fe (corrosion products). Waste elements partitioning among the phases in the M4 sample depends significantly on temperature of heat-treatment.

Sol–gel synthesis, structural and electrical properties of Li2CoSiO4 cathode material

2014 ◽  
Vol 07 (06) ◽  
pp. 1440001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Świętosławski ◽  
Marcin Molenda ◽  
Piotr Natkański ◽  
Piotr Kuśtrowski ◽  
Roman Dziembaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Structural And Electrical Properties ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Sol Gel Synthesis ◽  
First Time

Polyanionic cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries start to be considered as potential alternative for layered oxide materials. Among them, Li 2 CoSiO 4, characterized by outstanding capacity and working voltage, seems to be an interesting substitute for LiFePO 4 and related systems. In this work, structural and electrical investigations of Li 2 CoSiO 4 obtained by sol–gel synthesis were presented. Thermal decomposition of gel precursor was studied using EGA (FTIR)-TGA method. Chemical composition of the obtained material was confirmed using X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The morphology of β- Li 2 CoSiO 4 was studied using transmission electron microscopy. High temperature electrical conductivity of Li 2 CoSiO 4 was measured for the first time. Activation energies of the electrical conductivity of two Li 2 CoSiO 4 polymorphs (β and γ) were determined. The room temperature electrical conductivity of those materials was estimated as well.

The Microstructure of Fe7C3 Formed at 300°C by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD)

1993 ◽  
Vol 313 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Siriwardane ◽  
P. Fraundorf ◽  
J.W. Newkirk ◽  
O.A. Pringle ◽  
W.J. James
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Iron Carbide ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Carbon Films ◽  
Corrosion And Wear ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Iron Phase ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

Thin iron carbide films were prepared by introducing iron penta carbonyl (FeCO5) and hydrogen (H2) into a glow discharge. The films are of potential interest in corrosion and wear resistant applications. X-ray diffraction data of films (≈ 7000 Å thick) deposited on glass at 300°C evidenced only Fe7C3. Thinner films were required for examination by analytical and high resolution transmission electron Microscopy. Therefore, two sets of films (“thin” < 200 Å and “thick” ≈ 800 Å) were plasma-deposited on carbon or holey carbon films supported on copper grids. The thin TEM specimens exhibited a fine texture and gave rise to ring diffraction patterns, whereas the thick TEM specimens evidenced two types of structure: (i) half-Micron sized grains separated from one another by 1–2 Microns on the support, although sometimes interconnected by single crystal platelets and (ii) 300 Å grapelike clumps of 100–200 Å crystals, each individually surrounded by a 50 Å non-crystalline coating. The latter structure may result from a post-formation oxidation process which expels carbon from the iron phase into grain boundaries.

scholarly journals Extraction and characterisation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from sugarcane bagasse using ionic liquids

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Gcinile Pretty Mdletshe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Pre Treatment

Lignocellulosic materials have the potential to partly replace fossil-based resources as a source of bio-fuels, bio-chemicals, bio-composites and other bio-products. In this study, ionic liquids (ILs) were used in the pre-treatment of ground sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The ILs used were 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulphate at varied times. The ILs were able to remove lignin and hemicellulose from biomass. The IL [bmim][HSO4] had the highest amount of lignin removed after 12 h than all samples. Moreover, it resulted in the greatest cellulose amount. Milled SCB was pre-treated with IL/dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) mixtures. The IL [bmim][HSO4] was able to produce cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) at 90 % IL and 100 % IL. The other IL failed to produce CNCs. Freeze drying the CNC suspension showed morphologies of long fibrous structures and rods which were evident in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The crystallinity index of cellulose in the form of CNCs was calculated from powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD). Thermal analysis of the CNCs was obtained from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) was used to confirm the absence of lignin and hemicellulose in CNCs. The size distribution of CNCs was obtained by using a dynamic light scattering (DLS) which showed that all the CNCs for the 100 % IL [bmim][HSO4] pre-treatment had a length < 500 nm. It was found that [bmim][HSO4], with no DMSO, was the most effective in terms of cellulose dissolution and the crystal sizes of CNCs. The conversion of cellulose to CNCs was successful with a 80 % and 100 % conversion for 90 % [bmim][HSO4]/DMSO and 100 % [bmim][HSO4], respectively.

scholarly journals Cellulose Nanocrystals Obtained From Microcrystalline Cellulose by p-toluene Sulfonic Acid Hydrolysis, NaOH and Ethylenediamine Treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songlin Wang ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Yao Kai
Keyword(s):  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Cellulose I ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Toluene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Comprehensive Characterization

Abstract Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were first isolated from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) by p-toluene sulfonic acid (p-TsOH) hydrolysis. Cellulose II nanocrystal (CNC II) and cellulose III nanocrystal (CNC III) were then formed by swelling the obtained cellulose I nanocrystal (CNC I) in concentrated sodium hydroxide solutions and ethylenediamine (EDA) respectively. The properties of CNC I, CNC II and CNC III were subjected to comprehensive characterization by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicated that CNC I, CNC II and CNC III obtained in this research had high crystallinity index and good thermal stability. The degradation temperatures of the resulted CNC I, CNC II and CNC III were 300 ℃, 275 ℃ and 242 ℃, respectively. No ester bonds were found in the resulted CNC. CNC prepared in this research also had large aspect ratio and high negative zeta potential.

scholarly journals Preparation of Nanocellulose Using Ionic Liquids: 1-Propyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride and 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Babicka ◽  
Magdalena Woźniak ◽  
Krzysztof Dwiecki ◽  
Sławomir Borysiak ◽  
Izabela Ratajczak
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Cellulose I ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cation Type ◽  
Particle Size And Morphology ◽  
Size And Morphology

Cellulose nanocrystals were prepared using ionic liquids (ILs), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIM][Cl] and 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [PMIM][Cl], from microcrystalline cellulose. The resultant samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD results showed that nanocellulose obtained by treatment with both ILs preserved basic cellulose I structure, but crystallinity index of samples (except for Sigmacell treated with [EMIM][Cl]) was lower in comparison to the starting microcrystalline cellulose. The DLS results indicated noticeably smaller particle sizes of prepared cellulose for material treated with [PMIM][Cl] compared to cellulose samples hydrolyzed with [EMIM][Cl], which were prone to agglomeration. The obtained nanocellulose had a rod-like structure that was confirmed by electron microscopy analyses. Moreover, the results described in this paper indicate that cation type of ILs influences particle size and morphology of cellulose after treatment with ionic liquids.

scholarly journals Microwave-Assisted Preparation of Biodegradable Water Absorbent Polyacrylonitrile/Montmorillonite Clay Nanocomposite

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prafulla K. Sahoo ◽  
Trinath Biswal ◽  
Ramakanta Samal
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Persulfate ◽  
Microwave Oven ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Mmt Clay ◽  
Xrd And Tem

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/Montmorillonite (MMT) clay nanocomposite was prepared in a microwave oven using a transition metal Co(III) complex taking ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator with a motive of converting hydrophobic PAN into hydrophilic nanocomposite material via nanotechnology by the inclusion of MMT to the virgin polymer. UV-visible spectral analysis revealed various interactions between the developed complex with other reaction components. The formation of the PAN/MMT nanocomposites was characterized by FTIR. Furthermore, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the composite so obtained was found to have nano-order. XRD and TEM were suggesting that montmorillonite layers were exfoliated during the polymerization process. An increasing in the thermal stability for the developed nanocomposite was recorded by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The water absorption and biodegradation properties were carried out for its ecofriendly nature and better commercialization.

scholarly journals Opuntia Ficus-Indica L. Miller (Palma Forrageira) as an Alternative Source of Cellulose for Production of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Biomaterials: Extraction and Characterization

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaro César Lima de Assis ◽  
Larissa Pereira Alves ◽  
João Paulo Tavares Malheiro ◽  
Alana Rafaela Albuquerque Barros ◽  
Edvânia Emannuelle Pinheiro-Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Cellulose Ii ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Opuntia Ficus Indica ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Alternative Sources

Cellulose is among the top 5 excipients used in the pharmaceutical industry. It has been considered one of the main diluents used in conventional and modern dosage forms. Therefore, different raw materials of plant origin have been evaluated as potential alternative sources of cellulose. In this context, Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller (palma forrageira), a plant of the cactus family that has physiological mechanisms that provide greater productivity with reduced water requirements, is an interesting and unexplored alternative for extracting cellulose. By using this source, we aim to decrease the extraction stages and increase the yields, which might result in a decreased cost for the industry and consequently for the consumer. The aim of this work was to investigate the use of Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller as a new source for cellulose extraction, therefore providing an efficient, straight forward and low-cost method of cellulose II production. The extraction method is based on the oxidation of the lignins. The obtained cellulose was identified and characterized by spectroscopic methods (FTIR and NMR), X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (TGA-DTG and DSC) and scanning electron microscopy. The results confirmed the identity of cellulose and its fibrous nature, which are promising characteristics for its use in the industry and a reasonable substrate for chemical modifications for the synthesis of cellulose II derivatives with different physicochemical properties that might be used in the production of drug delivery systems and biomaterials.

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