scholarly journals Class Size and Learning: Has India Spent Too Much on Reducing Class Size?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandip Datta ◽  
Geeta Kingdon
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Class Size ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Learning Gain ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Us ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pupil Learning

This paper examines the efficacy of class-size reductions as a strategy to improve pupils’ learning outcomes in India. It uses a credible identification strategy to address the endogeneity of class-size, by relating the difference in a student’s achievement score across subjects to the difference in his/her class size across subjects. Pupil fixed effects estimation shows a relationship between class size and student achievement which is roughly flat or non-decreasing for a large range of class sizes from 27 to 51, with a negative effect on learning outcomes occurring only after class size increases beyond 51 pupils. The class-size effect varies by gender and by subject-stream. The fact that up to a class-size of roughly 40 in science subjects and roughly 50 in non-science subjects, there is no reduction in pupil learning as class size increases, implies that there is no learning gain from reducing class size below 40 in science and below 50 in non-science. This has important policy implications for pupil teacher ratios (PTRs) and thus for teacher appointments in India, based on considerations of cost-effectiveness. When generalised, our findings suggest that India experienced a value-subtraction from spending on reducing class-sizes, and that the US$3.6 billion it spent in 2017-18 on the salaries of 0.4 million new teachers appointed between 2010 and 2017 was wasteful spending rather than an investment in improving learning. We show that India could save US$ 19.4 billion (Rupees 1,45,000 crore in Indian currency) per annum by increasing PTR from its current 22.8 to 40, without any reduction in pupil learning.

scholarly journals LA INSERCIÓN COMERCIAL DE CHINA EN LATINOAMÉRICA

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (310) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Jorge Alberto López Arévalo ◽  
Óscar Rodil Marzábal
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Integration ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Positive Effect

<p>Este trabajo estudia los intercambios bilaterales de China con México, Chile, Costa Rica y Perú desde la óptica del comercio intraindustrial durante 1995-2017. En particular, se analizan las diferencias en el patrón de inserción intraindustrial en un contexto marcado por la existencia (Chile, Costa Rica y Perú) o no (México) de acuerdos de libre comercio con China. El estudio se completa con un análisis econométrico (efectos fijos) de los determinantes del comercio intraindustrial. Los resultados muestran una inserción de bajo perfil intraindustrial, con la excepción de algunas partidas específicas relativas a productos eléctricos y de la industria automotriz. Por otro lado, se confirma el efecto positivo del tamaño de la economía, de la inversión extranjera directa y de la diferenciación de producto, así como negativo de la diferencia en el nivel de ingreso; mientras que existe una indefinición en el papel de los acuerdos de libre comercio con China.<br /><br /></p><p>THE TRADE INTEGRATION OF CHINA IN LATIN AMERICA</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong><br />This paper studies China’s bilateral trade with Mexico, Chile, Costa Rica and Peru from the perspective of intra-industrial trade during 1995-2017. In particular, the differences in the pattern of intra-industrial insertion are analyzed in a context characterized by the existence (Chile, Costa Rica and Peru) or not (Mexico) of free trade agreements with China. An econometric analysis (fixed effects) of the determinants of intra-industrial trade completes the study. The results show a low intra-industrial profile, except for some specific items related to electrical products and the automotive industry. The positive effect of the size of the economy, foreign direct investment and product differentiation is also confirmed, as well as the negative effect of the difference in income level. However, there is an undefined role for free trade agreements with China.</p>

scholarly journals Hubungan antara Kedalaman Permukaan Air Tanah dengan Salinitas di Pesisir Pantai Kungkai Baru serta Penggunaan Model Discovery Learning

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-182
Author(s):  
Sutijo Joko Sudiro ◽  
Muchammad Farid ◽  
Eko Swistoro
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Discovery Learning ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Average Value ◽  
A Value ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT [Relationship between Groundwater Surface Depth with Salinity at the Coast of New Kungkai Beach and its Implementation on Discovery Learning Model]. The aims of this study were 1) to describe the relationship between groundwater surface depth with salinity in the coastal areas of new kungkai beach of Seluma, and 2) to determine the improvement of learning outcomes (cognitive) of high ability students, moderate and low by using discovery learning model on the concept of static fluid in class X computer and network engineering at SMK Negeri 3 Seluma. This research was a quasi experimental research with one groups pretest-posttest design. The results showed: 1) The relationship between depth with salinity has a value of 0.6478 with a significance level of 0.001 (<0.05); 2) Learning with discovery learning model can improve student learning outcomes on cognitive aspects (knowledge). Increased cognitive results can be seen from the average value of the initial test, the final test and the average value of gain in the class x Tkj is high-ability groups are at high criteria with a value of 0.75 gain in the group is in the criteria medium with the value of gain 0,52 and in the low group were in moderate criteria with a gain value of 0.44. There is a difference in learning outcomes between the high, medium and low groups. The difference is shown by Fcount > Ftable (4.04 > 3.35) with a significance level of 5%. Keywords: Groundwater surface depth; salinity; discovery learning model; SMKN 3 Seluma.

scholarly journals Happiness in Hard Times: Does Religion Buffer the Negative Effect of Unemployment on Happiness?

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-473
Author(s):  
Orestes P Hastings ◽  
Kassandra K Roeser
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Religious Service Attendance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
Life After Death ◽  
The Us ◽  
Hard Times ◽  
Negative Effect

Abstract Two well-known findings are that the religious are happier than the non-religious, and people are less happy when they lose their job. We investigate a link between these by asking whether religion buffers against the negative effect of unemployment on happiness. Although theorized or implicitly assumed in many studies, empirical demonstrations of a causal, moderating effect of religion have been infrequent and often not strong methodologically. We conduct individual-level fixed effects models to test for the buffering effect in the US context using recent panel data from the 2006–2014 General Social Surveys. Religious service attendance, belief in life after death, and trying to carry one’s religious beliefs over into other dealings in life all substantially buffered the effect of unemployment on happiness. Praying daily, believing God exists, identifying as a religious person, and having a religious affiliation did not. We discuss these results in the context of prior work and existing theory. To further support a causal interpretation of these findings, we also conduct a secondary analysis showing that unemployment does not appear to increase or decrease religiousness. This paper makes an important sociological contribution to the growing field of happiness research and to our understanding of how religion matters to people during hard times.

scholarly journals When the US far-right sneezes, the European far-right catches a cold. Quasi-experimental of electoral contagion from Spain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart James Turnbull-Dugarte ◽  
José Rama
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Electoral Success ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The Us ◽  
Electoral Defeat ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Electoral Behaviour

Does the electoral defeat of a far-right party abroad influence support for far-right parties at home? By exploiting the quasi-experimental setting provided by the coincidental timing of Donald Trump’s 2020 electoral defeat with the Spanish Sociological Study’s monthly barometer data collection, we provide robust causal evidence to show that far-right’s electoral loss in the US had a negative contagious spillover effect on support for the Spanish far-right. Empirically we estimate treatment effects based on the as good as random exposure to the electoral results, as well as regression discontinuity models to isolate the causal impact of Donald Trump’s electoral defeat on support for Spain’s new far-right party, VOX. Our results - which are robust to various modelling approaches including covariate adjustment, regional fixed effects, placebo issues and nearest-neighbour matching - demonstrate that Trump’s defeat to Joe Biden had a sizeable negative effect on support for VOX. The contagion effect is substantive: equal to 3-5 percentage-points among the general population and 8-11 percentage-points among right-wing voters. Our findings make an important contribution to the broader literature on electoral behaviour as they indicate that the electoral success of ideologically symmetrical parties abroad plays a role in understanding a party's domestic success.

scholarly journals Hubungan antara Kedalaman Permukaan Air Tanah dengan Salinitas di Pesisir Pantai Kungkai Baru serta Penggunaan Model Discovery Learning

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sutijo Joko Sudiro ◽  
Muchammad Farid ◽  
Eko Swistoro
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Discovery Learning ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Average Value ◽  
A Value ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT [Relationship between Groundwater Surface Depth with Salinity at the Coast of New Kungkai Beach and its Implementation on Discovery Learning Model]. The aims of this study were 1) to describe the relationship between groundwater surface depth with salinity in the coastal areas of new kungkai beach of Seluma, and 2) to determine the improvement of learning outcomes (cognitive) of high ability students, moderate and low by using discovery learning model on the concept of static fluid in class X computer and network engineering at SMK Negeri 3 Seluma. This research was a quasi experimental research with one groups pretest-posttest design. The results showed: 1) The relationship between depth with salinity has a value of 0.6478 with a significance level of 0.001 (<0.05); 2) Learning with discovery learning model can improve student learning outcomes on cognitive aspects (knowledge). Increased cognitive results can be seen from the average value of the initial test, the final test and the average value of gain in the class x Tkj is high-ability groups are at high criteria with a value of 0.75 gain in the group is in the criteria medium with the value of gain 0,52 and in the low group were in moderate criteria with a gain value of 0.44. There is a difference in learning outcomes between the high, medium and low groups. The difference is shown by Fcount > Ftable (4.04 > 3.35) with a significance level of 5%. Keywords: Groundwater surface depth; salinity; discovery learning model; SMKN 3 Seluma.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN KREATIF PRODUKTIF DIKOLABORASIKAN DENGAN MNEMONIK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK PADA KONSEP PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN DI KELAS X MA PUI TENAJAR INDRAMAYU

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-72
Author(s):  
Ulinniam
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
A Value ◽  
Creative Learning ◽  
Positive Statements ◽  
Sample Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control

The learning process is to develop students' activities and creativity through various interactions and various learning experiences. But in its implementation, learning is still found that does not develop the potential of the students to be active and creative in learning. The purpose of this study (1) to study the activities of students who apply productive creative learning strategies collaborated with mnemonics, (2) find out the difference in learning outcomes improvement of students who apply productive creative learning strategies collaborated with mnemonics with those who do not use, (3) examine participant responses students with the implementation of productive creative learning strategies collaborated with mnemonics. The approach used in this research is a quantitative approach. The population in this study were all students of class X MA PUI Tenajar Indramayu with a sample of 2 experimental and control classes. The results of this study indicate that: (1) the activities of the students went quite well, this is based on the value of the observation sheet the average student was able to get a value of 77.8. (2) there is a difference in the improvement of student learning outcomes between the experimental and control classes, this is seen from the results of the Paired Sample Test which shows the significance value or sig (2- tailed) is 0,000, when compared the value will be less than 0.05 (0,000 <0.05), (3) students' responses to the application of productive creative learning strategies collaborated with mnemonics on the concept of environmental pollution categorized as strong, this is seen from the average percentage of positive statements 76.3% and negative statements 69, 2% who answered agreed, in other words the majority of students liked productive creative learning strategies collaborated with mnemonics.

scholarly journals The Right to Work, Power Resources, and Economic Inequality

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom VanHeuvelen
Keyword(s):  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Union Membership ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Labor Union ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Power Resources ◽  
Right To Work ◽  
The Us ◽  
Right To Work Laws

How do Right to Work laws affect the distribution of economic resources? While sociological theories would predict inequality to increase following the passage of Right to Work laws, previous research has found these laws to be largely inconsequential for economic inequality. Drawing on power resources theory, I reassess the consequences of Right to Work laws and allow their impact to depend upon local union membership. To do so, I construct unique datasets at the state and commuting zone levels of income and wage inequality, merging data from the Internal Revenue Service, the US census, the American Community Survey, the US Union Sourcebook, the Current Population Survey, and the National Labor Relations Board for years 1939 to 2016. After using two-way fixed effects and instrumental variable regression models to replicate inconsistent results of previous studies, I show that these mask substantial and robust heterogeneity across local areas. Simply put, Right to Work laws are highly consequential when passed in times and places where labor has something to lose. Right to Work laws remove the negative association between labor union membership and inequality, while the consequences of Right to Work passage are greatest in highly unionized areas. In total, results suggest that Right to Work laws work as intended, increasing economic inequality indirectly by lowering labor power resources. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.

The Effect of Jigsaw Methode and Motivation on Students’ of Learning Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
Yunita Yunita ◽  
Hidayat Hidayat ◽  
Harun Sitompul
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Motivation ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
High Learning ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Low Motivation

This study aims to: (1) investigate the effect of Jigsaw cooperative learning on students learning outcomes; (2) find the difference in learning outcomes between high and low learning motivation and (3) find the interaction between learning approaches and learning motivation towards learning outcomes. The population of the study is students of grade IVa, IVb, IVc at SD Kasih Ibu Patumbak and the sample in this study is grade IVa with 35 students and grade IVb with 35 students. The results show that: (1) the average student learning outcomes of jigsaw cooperative learning is 28.40 while conventional is 24.14. Thus, students learning outcomes that get cooperative learning of jigsaw type are higher than conventional learning, (2) Students who have high motivation get an average value = 30.74, while low motivation is 22.72. Thus, it can be concluded that there are differences in student learning outcomes having high learning motivation and low learning motivation, and (3) students learning outcomes  taught by jigsaw cooperative learning are high learning motivation groups (32.94), and low learning motivation groups (24.58), while students taught with conventional learning are high learning motivation groups (28.40 ), and low motivation groups (20,95). Thus, there is no interaction between learning approaches and learning motivation towards learning outcomes.

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STAD DENGAN PENDEKATAN RME UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA SISWA KELAS IX SMP MUHAMMADIYAH PADANG LUAS KECAMATAN TAMBANG KABUPATEN KAMPAR

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Zainur Zainur
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Research Instrument ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Better Than

This research was motivated by the low learning outcomes of grade IX SMP Muhammadiyah Padang LuasKecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar. This study aims to improve learning outcomes in mathematicslearning through STAD type cooperative learning with the RME approach in class IX SMP MuhammadiyahPadang Luas Kecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar. The subjects of this study were all classes IX in SMPMuhammadiyah Padang Luas Kecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar totaling 26 people. The form ofresearch is classroom action research. This research instrument consists of performance instruments and datacollection instruments in the form of teacher activity observation sheets and activities. The results of the studystated that there were significant differences between students' mathematics learning outcomes before applyingthe STAD type cooperative learning model with the RME approach with after applying the STAD typecooperative learning model with the RME approach. The difference shows student learning outcomes after theaction is better than before the action with completeness reaching 80.77% or 21 completed. Based on the resultsof the study and discussion it can be concluded that the application of STAD type learning model with RealisticMathematic Education (RME) approach can improve the learning outcomes of grade IX students of SMPMuhammadiyah Padang Luas Kecamatan Tambang Kabupaten Kampar on statistical material.

Pengaruh Pembelajaran Daring Berbantuan Laboratorium Virtual Terhadap Minat dan Hasil Belajar Kognitif Fisika

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-359
Author(s):  
Egidius Dewa ◽  
Maria Ursula Jawa Mukin ◽  
Oktavina Pandango
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Virtual Labs ◽  
A Value ◽  
Virtual Lab ◽  
Learning Interest

Abstrak: Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pembelajaran daring berbantuan laboratorium virtual terhadap minat belajar fisika peserta didik dan mengetahui pengaruh pembelajaran daring berbantuan laboratorium virtual terhadap hasil belajar kognitif fisika peserta didik. Jenis penelitian ini adalah quasi eksperimen dengan desain eksperimen one group pretest posttest. Sampel penelitian ini adalah peserta didik kelas X MIPA 1 yang berjumlah 33 orang yang ditentukan dengan teknik simple random sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tes hasil belajar kognitif dan angket minat belajar peserta didik. Hasil analisis data dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada pengaruh pembelajaran daring berbantuan laboratorium virtual terhadap minat belajar peserta didik dengan nilai sig (2-tailed) lebih kecil dari 0,05 (0,0063 < 0,05) dan ada pengaruh pembelajaran daring berbantuan laboratorium virtual terhadap hasil belajar kognitif peserta didik dengan nilai sig (2-tailed)  lebih kecil dari 0,05 (0,000 < 0,05) Abstract: This article aims to determine the influence of online learning with virtual labs on the learning interest of students ' physics and to know the influence of online learning with virtual labs on cognitive learning outcomes of student physics. This type of research is a quasi experiment with the experimental design of one group Pretests posttest. This research sample is a student of class X MIPA 1 which amounted 33 people determined with simple random sampling technique. The instruments used in this study are cognitive learning results test and Angket learning interest learners. Data analysis results can be concluded that there is a virtual lab-assisted online learning influence to the learning interest of learners with a value of sig (2-tailed) smaller than 0.05 (0.0063 < 0.05) and there is a virtual lab-assisted online learning influence to the outcome of the students ' cognitive learning with a sig (2-tailed) value smaller than 0.05 (0.000 < 0.05).

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