Reframing the US Attendance Crisis: School Absences Send Powerful Signals about Children Nationally

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.35542/osf.io/rys96 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Jaymes Pyne ◽

Eric Grodsky

Keyword(s):

Student Achievement ◽

Test Score ◽

Student Attendance ◽

Underserved Students ◽

Increase Student Achievement ◽

The Us ◽

Systemic Level ◽

Underlying Causes ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Us Children

Some believe that holding schools accountable for student attendance will lead schools to act to reduce student absences and by doing so will increase student achievement, particularly for historically underserved students. We question both the premise that reducing absence will lead to substantial improvements in student achievement and fairness of holding school accountable for increasing attendance. Using two cohorts of nationally-representative data on kindergarteners, we find that factors unrelated to missed instruction account for at least 77 percent of the association between attendance and test score achievement among US children with twenty or more absences. We argue the attendance crisis conceals more troubling crises that will produce inequalities even if every child attends school every day, and that schools are ill-suited to address all the underlying causes of student absence. Absence is a symptom of the myriad challenges students and their families face—challenges that need to be addressed at a larger systemic level.

Download Full-text

Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Obesity Among US Children

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa063_054 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1656-1656

Author(s):

Anne Livingston ◽

Frederick Cudhea ◽

ZLu Wang ◽

Mengxi Du ◽

Dariush Mozaffarian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Childhood Obesity ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Production And Consumption ◽

The Us ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Us Children

Abstract Objectives With the rise in production and consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF), children in the US consume a significant amount of total daily calories from UPF. High UPF consumption can contribute to obesity among US children through excessive calorie intake from UPF.1 We aimed to estimate the potential impact of reducing UPF consumption on childhood obesity in the US. Methods We modelled a nationally representative cohort of 5804 US children ages 7–18 years with weight, height, body mass index (BMI) percentile, and UPF consumption estimated from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2016. From the reported difference in ad libitum calorie intake between individuals consuming a UPF vs. non-UPF diet in a randomized controlled trial, we estimated that children reduce their proportion of calories from UPF by 17% when switching to a non-UPF diet. Under this assumption, we projected weight loss based on estimated weight reduction due to calorie reduction in children accounting for potential changes in energy expenditure and appetite.2 We compared the current and modelled BMI distribution and prevalence of overweight and obesity by age (7–11 and 12–18 years) and sex (boys and girls). NHANES survey weights were used to estimate the mean BMI and prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children. Uncertainty of model inputs were incorporated using probabilistic sensitivity analysis with 1000 simulations. Results Under this scenario, the median (95% UI) of weight-adjusted BMI among US children ages 7–18 years old was 20.2 kg/m2 (19.7, 20.8), corresponding to a −1.74 kg/m2 (–2.67, −0.67) reduction in BMI. The median (95% UI) prevalence of overweight (BMI percentile ≥85th) and obesity (BMI percentile ≥95th percentile) was reduced from 37.2% (36.1%, 38.3%) to 23.3% (17.8%, 31.4%) and from 20.2% (19.3%, 21.1%) to 12.3% (9.3%,16.9%), respectively. Adolescent boys (–1.87 kg/m2: −2.42, −1.32) experienced the largest reduction in BMI, followed by adolescent girls (–1.73 kg/m2: −2.24, −1.22), boys ages 7–11 years (–1.66 kg/m2: −2.15, −1.17), and girls ages 7–11 years (–1.62 kg/m2: −2.10, - 1.15). Conclusions Reducing current levels of UPF consumption among US children has the potential to reduce the childhood obesity rate in the US to a great extent, especially among adolescents. Funding Sources NIH/NIMHD.

Download Full-text

Examining Recent Trends in the Racial Disparity Gap in Tap Water Consumption: NHANES 2011-2018

10.1101/2021.04.06.21255016 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Asher Y Rosinger ◽

Anisha Patel ◽

Francesca Weaks

Keyword(s):

Water Consumption ◽

Tap Water ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

Prevalence Ratio ◽

Water Crisis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Us ◽

Recent Trends ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Us Children

Objective. As tap water distrust has grown in the US with greater distrust among Black and Hispanic households, we aimed to examine the most recent trends in not drinking tap water including the period covering the US Flint Water Crisis and racial/ethnic disparities in these trends. Design, Setting, and Participants. We analyzed data from the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2011-2018) for 9,439 children aged 2-19 and 17,268 adults. Log-binomial regressions and marginal predicted probabilities examined US nationally-representative trends in tap water consumption overall and by race/ethnicity. Results. Among US children and adults, respectively, in 2017-2018 there was a 63% (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR]:1.63, 95% CI: 1.25-2.12, p<0.001) and 40% (PR:1.40, 95% CI: 1.16-1.69, p=0.001) higher prevalence of not drinking tap water compared to 2013-2014 (pre-Flint Water Crisis). For Black children and adults, the probability of not drinking tap water increased significantly from 18.1% (95% CI: 13.4-22.8) and 24.6% (95% CI: 20.7-28.4) in 2013-14 to 29.3% (95% CI: 23.5-35.1) and 34.5% (95% CI: 29.4-39.6) in 2017-2018. Among Hispanic children and adults, not drinking tap water increased significantly from 24.5% (95% CI: 19.4-29.6) and 27.1% (95% CI: 23.0-31.2) in 2013-14 to 39.7% (95% CI: 32.7-46.8) and 38.1% (95% CI: 33.0-43.1) in 2017-2018. No increases were observed among white children and adults. Conclusions. Approximately 20% of US children and adults did not drink tap water post-Flint Water Crisis in 2017-2018. Black and Hispanics' probability of not drinking tap water continued to increase compared to whites.

Download Full-text

The Use of Computers and Technology Increase Student Achievement and Improve Attitude

Escenarios ◽

10.15665/esc.v13i2.603 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 114

Author(s):

Pablo Daniel Bonaveri ◽

Luis Simón. Blanco, ◽

Marcos Julio. Calvo ◽

Gilberto Cepeda

Keyword(s):

Student Achievement ◽

Increase Student Achievement ◽

Improve Attitude

Download Full-text

Hubungan Motivasi dan Minat Masuk Program Studi DIII Kebidanan Dengan Prestasi Belajar Mahasiswa STIKES ICSADA Bojonegoro

Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan MAKIA ◽

10.37413/jmakia.v1i1.6 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Cholida Khusnul Chotimah

Keyword(s):

Student Achievement ◽

Learning Outcomes ◽

Behavior Changes ◽

Study Program ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Learning Achievement ◽

Increase Student Achievement ◽

Learning Conditions ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

ABSTRAKHasil belajar (prestasi belajar) merupakan perubahan perilaku yang diperoleh seseorang setelah mengalami aktivitas belajar. Perolehan aspek-aspek perubahan perilaku tersebut tergantung pada apa yang dipelajari oleh seseorang. Berhasil atau tidaknya seseorang untuk belajar disebabkan beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi dalam pencapaian hasil belajar (prestasi belajar) yaitu berasal dari dalam diri orang yang belajar dan ada pula yang dari luar dirinya. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhinya, diantaranya adalah motivasi dan minat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan motivasi dan minat masuk Program Studi D III Kebidanan dengan prestasi belajar mahasiswa STIKES Insan Cendekia Husada Bojonegoro. Jenis penelitian ini adalah analitik korelasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua mahasiswa Program Studi D III Kebidanan STIKES Insan Cendekia Husada Bojonegoro sebanyak 39 mahasiswa dengan teknik total sampling dengan jumlah sampel 39. Penelitian ini menggunakan instrumen berupa kuesioner. Analisis hubungan variabel dilakukan dengan menggunakan Yates Correction. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara motivasi masuk Program Studi D III Kebidanan dengan prestasi belajar mahasiswa (ρ =0,027) dan ada hubungan antara minat masuk Program Studi D III Kebidanan dengan prestasi belajar mahasiswa (ρ =0,044). Saran untuk Program Studi D III Kebidanan STIKES Insan Cendekia Husada Bojonegoro agar meningkatkan prestasi belajar mahasiswa Prodi D III kebidanan STIKES Insan Cendekia Husada Bojonegoro dengan cara dosen atau pembimbing akademik menciptakan kondisi pembelajaran yang menarik, sarana prasarana yang menunjang, hubungan antara dosen dan mahasiswa yang baik, sehingga mahasiswa terdorong untuk butuh dan terus belajar dan melakukan pemantauan dan pendekatan lebih dalam terhadap mahasiswa tentang tujuan mereka untuk masuk di Program Studi D III Kebidanan. Kata Kunci : Motivasi, minat, prestasi belajar ABSTRACT Results of learning (learning achievement) is obtained by a person's behavior changes after experiencing learning activities. Acquisition aspects of the behavior change depending on what is learned by someone. Success or failure of someone to learn due to several factors that affect the achievement of learning outcomes (learning achievement) that comes from within the person who studied and some are from outside himself. Many factors influence it, such as motivation and interest. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of motivation and interest in D III Midwifery Studies Program with student achievement STIKES Insan Scholar Husada Bojonegoro. This type of research is analytic correlation. This study used cross sectional approach. The population in this study were all students of the D III Midwifery STIKES Insan Husada Bojonegoro Scholar at least 39 students with a total sampling with a sample of 39. This study used a questionnaire instrument. Variable correlation analysis done using Yates Correction. Results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between motivation incoming D III Midwifery Studies Program with student achievement (ρ = 0.027) and there is a correlation between interest in D III Midwifery Studies Program with student achievement (ρ = 0.044). Suggestions for Study Program D III Midwifery STIKES Insan Scholar Husada Bojonegoro in order to increase student achievement Prodi DIII midwifery personnel STIKES Scholar Husada Bojonegoro by way of a professor or academic supervisor creates an attractive learning conditions, infrastructure that support, the relationship between faculty and students good , so that students are encouraged to take and continue to learn and perform monitoring and deeper approach to the students about their goals for entry in the D III Midwifery Studies Program. Key Words : Motivation, interests, academic achievement

Download Full-text

Examining Recent Trends in the Racial Disparity Gap in Tap Water Consumption: NHANES 2011–2018

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980021002603 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-20

Author(s):

Asher Y. Rosinger ◽

Anisha I. Patel ◽

Francesca Weaks

Keyword(s):

Water Consumption ◽

Tap Water ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

Prevalence Ratio ◽

Bottled Water ◽

Water Crisis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Us ◽

Recent Trends ◽

Nationally Representative

Abstract Objective As tap water distrust has grown in the US with greater levels among Black and Hispanic households, we aimed to examine recent trends in not drinking tap water including the period covering the US Flint Water Crisis and racial/ethnic disparities in these trends. Design Cross-sectional analysis. We used log-binomial regressions and marginal predicted probabilities examined US nationally-representative trends in tap and bottled water consumption overall and by race/ethnicity. Setting The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, 2011–2018. Participants Nationally-representative sample of 9,439 children aged 2-19 and 17,268 adults. Results Among US children and adults, respectively, in 2017-2018 there was a 63% (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR]:1.63, 95%CI: 1.25-2.12, p<0.001) and 40% (PR:1.40, 95%CI: 1.16-1.69, p=0.001) higher prevalence of not drinking tap water compared to 2013-2014 (pre-Flint Water Crisis). For Black children and adults, the probability of not drinking tap water increased significantly from 18.1% (95%CI: 13.4-22.8) and 24.6% (95%CI: 20.7-28.4) in 2013–14 to 29.3% (95%CI: 23.5-35.1) and 34.5% (95%CI: 29.4-39.6) in 2017–2018. Among Hispanic children and adults, not drinking tap water increased significantly from 24.5% (95%CI: 19.4-29.6) and 27.1% (95%CI: 23.0-31.2) in 2013-14 to 39.7% (95%CI: 32.7-46.8) and 38.1% (95%CI: 33.0-43.1) in 2017-2018. No significant increases were observed among Asian or white persons between 2013-14 and 2017-18. Similar trends were found in bottled water consumption. Conclusions This study found persistent disparities in the tap water consumption gap from 2011–2018. Black and Hispanics’ probability of not drinking tap water increased following the Flint Water Crisis.

Download Full-text

Patterns of Red and Processed Meat Consumption across North America: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Comparison of Dietary Recalls from Canada, Mexico, and the United States

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18010357 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 357

Author(s):

Sarah M. Frank ◽

Lindsay M. Jaacks ◽

Carolina Batis ◽

Lana Vanderlee ◽

Lindsey Smith Taillie

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Meat Consumption ◽

The United States ◽

Processed Meat ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Us ◽

Total Meat ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Processed Meat Consumption ◽

Red And Processed Meat

Close economic ties encourage production and trade of meat between Canada, Mexico, and the US. Understanding the patterns of red and processed meat consumption in North America may inform policies designed to reduce meat consumption and bolster environmental and public health efforts across the continent. We used nationally-representative cross-sectional survey data to analyze consumption of unprocessed red meat; processed meat; and total red and processed meat. Generalized linear models were used to separately estimate probability of consumption and adjusted mean intake. Prevalence of total meat consumers was higher in the US (73.6, 95% CI: 72.3–74.8%) than in Canada (65.6, 63.9–67.2%) or Mexico (62.7, 58.1–67.2%). Men were more likely to consume unprocessed red, processed, and total meat, and had larger estimated intakes. In Mexico, high wealth individuals were more likely to consume all three categories of meat. In the US and Canada, those with high education were less likely to consume total and processed meat. Estimated mean intake of unprocessed red, processed, and total meat did not differ across sociodemographic strata. Overall consumption of red and processed meat remains high in North America. Policies to reduce meat consumption are appropriate for all three countries.

Download Full-text

New Age Informality: Hispanics and the Sharing Economy

Administrative Sciences ◽

10.3390/admsci11010023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Michael J. Pisani

Keyword(s):

Federal Reserve ◽

Representative Sample ◽

New Age ◽

Sharing Economy ◽

Participation Rates ◽

Informal Work ◽

Work Activities ◽

The Us ◽

Informal Economies ◽

Nationally Representative

The purpose of this study is to advance understanding of the Hispanic contribution to the engagement and production of the sharing and informal economies in the US. The study is situated within the domains of the sharing economy and informality within a broader frame of entrepreneurship. Specifically, Hispanic participation rates, rationale for engagement, and the major drivers of involvement in the production of the sharing and informal economies are analyzed. To evaluate this, data are reported from a nationally representative subsample of Hispanics derived from the US Federal Reserve Board’s Enterprising and Informal Work Activities Survey (EIWA) conducted in the late fall of 2015. The finding is that more than one-third of Hispanics engage in EIWA. Hispanics participate in EIWA primarily as a means to earn extra income or as a key avenue to earn a living. By choice, relatively affluent Hispanics have the largest stake in sharing and informal economies. However, it is the lowest income Hispanics that engage in EIWA out of necessity. The major drivers of EIWA participation among Hispanics are revealed. This is the first known study with a nationally representative sample of Hispanics focused on participation rates, rationale for engagement, and drivers of involvement in the production of new age sharing and informal economies.

Download Full-text

EXPLORING RACIAL-ETHNICITY DIFFERENCES IN SERVICES USED BY GRANDPARENTS RAISING GRANDCHILDREN

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igz038.2492 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S674-S674

Author(s):

Tamar E Shovali ◽

Kerstin G Emerson

Keyword(s):

Financial Services ◽

Service Use ◽

Community Services ◽

White Children ◽

Formal Service ◽

Service Accessibility ◽

The Us ◽

Formal Services ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Nationally Representative

Abstract Nearly three million grandparents in the US serve as primary caregivers for their grandchildren. Little research on formal service use and grandfamilies exists for Black and Hispanic populations. To begin to address this gap we conducted exploratory analyses using nationally representative estimates of characteristics and service accessibility of noninstitutionalized children living with grandparents from the 2013 National Survey of Children in Nonparental Care. Our goal was to understand differences in service use as a function of grandfamily race/ethnicity. We specifically explored grandparents’ formal service count, financial services received, confidence in obtaining/using community services, and level of role preparation by race/ethnicity. We calculated descriptive statistics for these service variables for grandparents raising Hispanic, White, Black, and Other identified grandchildren (N = 892). On average, there was a minimal range for the number of formal services used (M range = 5.26 – 5.84, possible = 0 – 10 higher equals more services used), reported number of financial services (M range = 0.71 - 0.78, possible = 0 – 3 higher equals more financial services received), and confidence obtaining/using services (M range = 7.4—7.9, possible = 1 – 9 higher equal more confidence). Most prepared to take on the caregiving role were grandparents of White children (55%) followed by Black (21.6%), Other (12.3%), and Hispanic (11.1%) indicating that although grandparents in this sample report being confident and able to access formal services, grandparents of White children report being feeling more prepared to take on caregiving than grandparents of Black, Hispanic, and Other combined.

Download Full-text

The effect of Medicare Part D on prescription drug composition and demand

Journal of Economic Studies ◽

10.1108/jes-08-2013-0109 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 170-185 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

David Zimmer

Keyword(s):

Prescription Drug ◽

Medicare Part D ◽

Medicare Part ◽

Part D ◽

Content Type ◽

The Us ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

The Impact ◽

Shed Light

Purpose – The US Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 introduced optional prescription drug coverage, beginning in 2006, widely known as Medicare Part D. This paper uses up-to-date nationally representative survey data to investigate the impact of Part D not only on drug spending and consumption, but also on the composition of drug consumption. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Specifically, the paper investigates whether Part D impacted the number of therapeutic classes for which drugs were prescribed, and also whether Part D lead to increased usage of drugs for specific medical conditions that typically receive drug-intensive therapies. Findings – In addition to confirming findings from previous studies, this paper shows that Part D increased the number of therapeutic classes to which seniors receive drugs by approximately four classes. Part D also lead to increased usage of drugs used to treat upper respiratory disease, hypertension, and diabetes. Originality/value – While mostly concurring with previous studies on the spending impacts of Part D, this paper is the first to shed light on other impacts of Part D, specifically with respect to its impact on therapeutic classes for which drugs are prescribed.

Download Full-text