Existence of magnetic monopoles in higher dimensions is analogous to unipolar gravity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deep Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Flux Density ◽  
Higher Dimensions ◽  
Closed Surface ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Surface Integral ◽  
Flux Tubes ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Net Flux ◽  
Field Lines ◽  
The Universe

Gravity has been leaking in higher dimensions in the bulk. Gravity being a closed string is not attached or does not have any endpoints unlike photons to any Dirichlet (p)-Branes and therefore can travel inter-dimensional without any hindrance. In LHC, CERN, Gravitons are difficult to detect as they last for such a short span of time and in most of the cases invisible as because they can escape to higher spatial dimensions to the maximum of 10, as per 'M'-Theory. Gravity being one of the 4-Fundamental forces is weaker than all 3 (strong and weak nuclear force, electromagnetism) and therefore a famous problem has been made in particle physics called the 'hierarchy problem'. Through comprehensive analysis and research I have come to the conclusion that if dimension is 5 (or 4 if we neglect the temporal dimensions) then an old approach is there for the compactification of the dimensions as per Kaluza-Klein theory and the most important implications of this theory is that an unification of electromagnetism with gravitation occurs in the fifth dimensions, therefore we can conclude that both the charge (electric as well as magnetic and gravity) are dependent of each other in case of Dimensions greater than 4 (5 if time is added). Now, basic principles of electromagnetic theory states that the field-flux density through a closed surface like a T 2 Torus when integrated over the surface area leads to a zero flux. That means there is no flux outside this closed surface integral. However, if the surface is open then the field flux density is not zero and this preserves the concept of magnetic monopoles. However, in a paper in 1931,[1] Dirac approaches monopole theory of magnetism through a different perspectives that, if all the electrical charges of the universe is quantized[2] then there is a suitable (not yet proved though) existence of monopoles; however this are not well understood as of today's scenario. In condensed matter physics, plasma physics and magneto hydrodynamics, there are flux tubes and as the both ends of the flux tubes are independent of each other then the net flux through the cylinder is zero as the amount of field lines entering the tube on one side is equal to the amount of field lines exit from the other end. And in the sides of the cylinder or the flux tube there is no escape of field lines, hence, net flux is conserved. There also exists a type of 'Quasiparticles' that can act as a monopole.[3][4][5] Now, from the perspectives of the Guess law of electromagnetism, if there exists a magnetic monopole then the net charge or flux density over a surface is not zero rather the divergence of the flux density B is 4 [6]and an alternative approach of the 'monopole' can be achieved by increasing the spatial dimensions by a factor of 1 or more. The Gravity has no such poles and therefore can be considered as a unipolar flux density existing throughout the universe and is applicable to the inverse square law of decreasing magnitude via distance as 1/r 2. However, a magnet is always of bipolar with a north and South Pole. If a magnet can be broken then also the broken parts develop the other poles and become bipolar. However, there are tiny domains inside a magnet and if a magnet can be heated to approx. 700℃ then all the poles disappeared and if its cooled quickly, rather very quickly then the tiny domains inside the magnet would not get enough time to rearrange themselves and multipolar magnet is developed therefore to preserve the bipolar properties, the magnet should be cooled slowly allowing the time given to the tiny domains top rearrange themselves. Therefore, even multipole can be achieved quite easily but not the monopoles. So, the equation for a closed surface integral of a flux density without monopole is ∯(S) B dS = 0 or ∇ • B = 0 and that closed surface can be considered as 2 types namely (we will discuss about torus) as because in string theory compactification of higher spatial dimensions occurs in torus.

scholarly journals Dimensions of Space

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
Kedar Pansare ◽  
Meghraj Parab ◽  
Vrushabh Parmar ◽  
Yashwantrao Mitnasala ◽  
Rajni Bahuguna
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
Loop Quantum Gravity ◽  
Higher Dimensions ◽  
Superstring Theory ◽  
Unified Theories ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Dimensions Of Space

The existence and the mysteries of the universe could not be explained by using just 3 spatial dimensions. There was a need to think of higher dimensions as a tool to explain the phenomena happening in our universe. Therefore, unified theories such as Loop Quantum Gravity and Superstring Theory were proposed. We will be taking an overview of these theories in order to get some idea about each.

Large extra dimensional limit of gravity subject to proton decay

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deep Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Extra Dimensions ◽  
Large Extra Dimensions ◽  
Mass Parameter ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Higher Dimensions ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Proton Decay ◽  
Energy Scale ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Typical Type

D(p) Branes can range from any number of spatial dimensions extending from 1 to 10. Most of the force and matter fields are concentrated along the wall of the brane as a open strings thereby permitted to travel in higher dimensions however a typical type of bosonic force field called the gravitons extend beyond the boundary of our 4 dimensions and extend to (4 + n) dimensions with the value of (n ≤ 10). This peculiar property of gravitons exist as because there are always a closed strings with no ends attached to a D(p) branes. The energy required to detect gravity is at a close proximity of 10^16 GeV to 10^19 GeV making GUT or grand unified theories. However, the LED or large extra dimensions model reduce the energy scale to 1000 GeV or 1 TeV. However in this paper I will show that not only energy required equals to 1 TeV but an energy of much less than 1 TeV that is 10 GeV. Therefore, the gravity would be accessible at a much lower energy provided the dimension of the LED is equal to 1 mm. During a head to head collision of proton bombardment in LHC 'gravitons' appeared but remains undetected as they quickly appeared to higher dimensions at (4 + n) with (4 < ≤ 10). However when dimensions = 6 then a Calabi-Yau manifold is formed but here there is SED or 'small extra dimensions' instead of LED. Now, an open question that I want to ask to my readers is that, if gravity of 1 mm which is sufficiently small one a scale = 1 where the force actually disappears then if it got except in higher dimensions then the higher dimensions must have a value of D = 2mm > r = 1mm. So, the throat must be larger than the minimal length of gravity to swallow it whole. Therefore, if extra dimensions exist then they must be equal to or greater than 1mm. Another important thing to note is the proton decay where a proton decays into a neutral pions and a positron which ultimately decays into 2 gamma rays and the half-life time of the proton decay is around 10^34 years which is impossible to observe for the humans. Now, a proton having a mass parameter of 1800 times greater than the electrons have the effect of gravity comparatively significant than that of the lepton 'electron'. And that proton decay has a connection with GUT via magnetic monopoles provided the D(p)-1 Branes are extremely long. However, an alternative approach of the 'magnetic monopole' can be found from the Gauss's law of magnetism as (∇ • B = 4πρ) where magnetic charge density that is ρ.

Dualism QM and GR

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly Kuyukov
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Noncommutative Geometry ◽  
Quantum Tunneling ◽  
Closed Surface ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Surface Integral ◽  
Definition Of

Quantum tunneling of noncommutative geometry gives the definition of time in the form of holography, that is, in the form of a closed surface integral. Ultimately, the holography of time shows the dualism between quantum mechanics and the general theory of relativity.

scholarly journals Primordial monopoles and strings, inflation, and gravity waves

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joydeep Chakrabortty ◽  
George Lazarides ◽  
Rinku Maji ◽  
Qaisar Shafi
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Cosmic Strings ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Gauge Coupling ◽  
String Tension ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Intermediate Scale ◽  
Tension Parameter ◽  
The Universe

Abstract We consider magnetic monopoles and strings that appear in non-supersymmetric SO(10) and E6 grand unified models paying attention to gauge coupling unification and proton decay in a variety of symmetry breaking schemes. The dimensionless string tension parameter Gμ spans the range 10−6− 10−30, where G is Newton’s constant and μ is the string tension. We show how intermediate scale monopoles with mass ∼ 1013− 1014 GeV and flux ≲ 2.8 × 10−16 cm−2s−1sr−1, and cosmic strings with Gμ ∼ 10−11− 10−10 survive inflation and are present in the universe at an observable level. We estimate the gravity wave spectrum emitted from cosmic strings taking into account inflation driven by a Coleman-Weinberg potential. The tensor-to-scalar ratio r lies between 0.06 and 0.003 depending on the details of the inflationary scenario.

scholarly journals QCD theory of the hadrons and filling the Yang-Mills mass gap

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay R. Yablon
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Exclusion Principle ◽  
Color Singlet ◽  
Gauge Bosons ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Mass Gap ◽  
Net Flux ◽  
Strength Gradient ◽  
Electric Source ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The rank-3 antisymmetric tensors which are the magnetic monopoles of SU(N) Yang-Mills gauge theory dynamics, unlike their counterparts in Maxwell’s U(1) electrodynamics, are non-vanishing, and do permit a net flux of Yang-Mills analogs to the magnetic field through closed spatial surfaces. When electric source currents of the same Yang-Mills dynamics are inverted and their fermions inserted into these Yang-Mills monopoles to create a system, this system in its unperturbed state contains exactly 3 fermions due to the monopole rank-3 and its 3 additive field strength gradient terms in covariant form. So to ensure that every fermion in this system occupies an exclusive quantum state, the Exclusion Principle is used to place each of the 3 fermions into the fundamental representation of the simple gauge group with an SU(3) symmetry. After the symmetry of the monopole is broken to make this system indivisible, the gauge bosons inside the monopole become massless, the SU(3) color symmetry of the fermions becomes exact, and a propagator is established for each fermion. The monopoles then have the same antisymmetric color singlet wavefunction as a baryon, and the field quanta of the magnetic fields fluxing through the monopole surface have the same symmetric color singlet wavefunction as a meson. Consequently, we are able to identify these fermions with colored quarks, the gauge bosons with gluons, the magnetic monopoles with baryons, and the fluxing entities with mesons, while establishing that the quarks and gluons remain confined and identifying the symmetry breaking with hadronization. Analytic tools developed along the way are then used to fill the Yang-Mills mass gap.

Source-dependent properties of the background slow solar wind encountered by Parker Solar Probe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léa Griton ◽  
Sarah Watson ◽  
Nicolas Poirier ◽  
Alexis Rouillard ◽  
Karine Issautier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Extreme Ultraviolet ◽  
Plasma Heating ◽  
Coronal Holes ◽  
Slow Solar Wind ◽  
Source Surface ◽  
Field Source ◽  
Flux Tubes ◽  
Field Lines

<p>Different states of the slow solar wind are identified from in-situ measurements by Parker Solar Probe (PSP) inside 50 solar radii from the Sun (Encounters 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6). At such distances the wind measured at PSP has not yet undergone significant transformation related to the expansion and propagation of the wind. We focus in this study on the properties of the quiet solar wind with no magnetic switchbacks. The Slow Solar Wind (SSW) states differ by their density, flux, plasma beta and magnetic pressure. PSP's magnetic connectivity established with Potential Field Source Surface (PFSS) reconstructions, tested against extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and white-light imaging, reveals the different states under study generally correspond to transitions from streamers to equatorial coronal holes. Solar wind simulations run along these differing flux tubes reproduce the slower and denser wind measured in the streamer and the more tenuous wind measured in the coronal hole. Plasma heating is more intense at the base of the streamer field lines rooted near the boundary of the equatorial hole than those rooted closer to the center of the hole. This results in a higher wind flux driven inside the streamer than deeper inside the equatorial hole. </p>

Measurement of Neutrino's Magnetic Monopole Charge, Aether, Dark Energy and Cause of Quantum Mechanical Uncertainty

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eue Jin Jeong ◽  
Dennis Edmondson
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Magnetic Monopole ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Weak Decay ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Electron Neutrino ◽  
Logistic Distribution ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Elementary Particle Physics ◽  
The Universe

Abstract Charge conservation in the theory of elementary particle physics is one of the best-established principles in physics. As such, if there are magnetic monopoles in the universe, the magnetic charge will most likely be a conserved quantity like electric charges. If neutrinos are magnetic monopoles, as physicists have speculated the possibility, then neutrons must also have a magnetic monopole charge, and the Earth should show signs of having a magnetic monopole charge on a macroscopic scale. To test this hypothesis, experiments were performed to detect the magnetic monopole's effect near the equator by measuring the Earth's radial magnetic force using two balanced high strength neodymium rods magnets that successfully identified the magnetic monopole charge. From this observation, we conclude that at least the electron neutrino which is a byproduct of weak decay of the neutron must be magnetic monopole. We present mathematical expressions for the vacuum electric field based on the findings and discuss various physical consequences related to the symmetry in Maxwell's equations, the origin of quantum mechanical uncertainty, the medium for electromagnetic wave propagation in space, and the logistic distribution of the massive number of magnetic monopoles in the universe. We elaborate on how these seemingly unrelated mysteries in physics are intimately intertwined together around magnetic monopoles.

Interstellar Overdrive

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
Nicholas Mee
Keyword(s):  
String Theory ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Platonic Solids ◽  
Symmetrical Shape ◽  
Regular Arrangement ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
The Universe

Kepler sought patterns and symmetry in the laws of nature. In 1611 he wrote a booklet, De Niva Sexangular (The Six-Cornered Snowflake), in which he attempted to explain the structure of familiar symmetrical objects. Almost 300 years before the existence of atoms was definitively established, he concluded that the symmetrical shape of crystals is due to the regular arrangement of the atoms of which they are formed. He also investigated the structure of geometrical objects such as the Platonic solids and the regular stellated polyhedra, known today as the Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra. Like Kepler, today’s theoretical physicists are seeking patterns and symmetries that explain the universe. According to string theorists, the universe includes six extra hidden spatial dimensions, forming a shape known as a Calabi–Yau manifold. No-one knows whether string theory will revolutionize physics like Kepler’s brilliant insights, or whether it will turn out to be a red herring.

scholarly journals Ion velocity distributions within the LLBL and their possible implication to multiple reconnections

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. L. Vaisberg ◽  
L. A. Avanov ◽  
T. E. Moore ◽  
V. N. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Flux Tube ◽  
Magnetic Flux Tube ◽  
Flux Tubes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Subsolar Point ◽  
Magnetic Flux Tubes ◽  
Ion Velocity ◽  
Field Lines

Abstract. We analyze two LLBL crossings made by the Interball-Tail satellite under a southward or variable magnetosheath magnetic field: one crossing on the flank of the magnetosphere, and another one closer to the subsolar point. Three different types of ion velocity distributions within the LLBL are observed: (a) D-shaped distributions, (b) ion velocity distributions consisting of two counter-streaming components of magnetosheath-type, and (c) distributions with three components, one of which has nearly zero parallel velocity and two counter-streaming components. Only the (a) type fits to the single magnetic flux tube formed by reconnection between the magnetospheric and magnetosheath magnetic fields. We argue that two counter-streaming magnetosheath-like ion components observed by Interball within the LLBL cannot be explained by the reflection of the ions from the magnetic mirror deeper within the magnetosphere. Types (b) and (c) ion velocity distributions would form within spiral magnetic flux tubes consisting of a mixture of alternating segments originating from the magnetosheath and from magnetospheric plasma. The shapes of ion velocity distributions and their evolution with decreasing number density in the LLBL indicate that a significant part of the LLBL is located on magnetic field lines of long spiral flux tube islands at the magnetopause, as has been proposed and found to occur in magnetopause simulations. We consider these observations as evidence for multiple reconnection Χ-lines between magnetosheath and magnetospheric flux tubes. Key words. Magnetospheric physics (magnetopause, cusp and boundary layers; solar wind-magnetosphere interactions)

scholarly journals CRITICAL LENGTH FOR THE SPREADING–VANISHING DICHOTOMY IN HIGHER DIMENSIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTHEW J. SIMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equation ◽  
Partial Differential Equation ◽  
Moving Boundary ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Critical Length ◽  
Higher Dimensions ◽  
Moving Boundary Problem ◽  
Kolmogorov Equation ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Spatial Dimensions

We consider an extension of the classical Fisher–Kolmogorov equation, called the “Fisher–Stefan” model, which is a moving boundary problem on $0<x<L(t)$. A key property of the Fisher–Stefan model is the “spreading–vanishing dichotomy”, where solutions with $L(t)>L_{\text{c}}$ will eventually spread as $t\rightarrow \infty$, whereas solutions where $L(t)\ngtr L_{\text{c}}$ will vanish as $t\rightarrow \infty$. In one dimension it is well known that the critical length is $L_{\text{c}}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}/2$. In this work, we re-formulate the Fisher–Stefan model in higher dimensions and calculate $L_{\text{c}}$ as a function of spatial dimensions in a radially symmetric coordinate system. Our results show how $L_{\text{c}}$ depends upon the dimension of the problem, and numerical solutions of the governing partial differential equation are consistent with our calculations.

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