A solution to the ‘negative energy’ of the universe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deep Bhattacharjee

‘Negative energy’ is one of those concepts which if can be detected physically then the most famous problem of physics can be solved that is ‘time travel’, as negative energy is used to keep the mouths of the wormholes opens without getting collapsed. Through mathematics, it has been possible to deduce the negative energy but in real life scenario, negative energy means ‘negative mass’ and ‘negative inertia’. And in principle ‘negative mass’ can be something which does not interact with ‘Higgs field’ as because in this case, the particle having the energy value ‘less than 0’ must lie under the hyperbolae of the spontaneous symmetry breaking during the acquirement of mass while the creation of particles. Generally to create a particles mass ‘Higgs field’ is necessary and to remove the Higgs field ‘per cubic centimeter of region approx’ the amount of energy needed is 10^40 joules which is far greater than the limit of energy the humans could achieved. Tachyon has been a hypothetical particles that can travel faster than light thereby having its origin below the ‘hyperbolae’ but it’s not experimentally verified. String theory or M-Theory having 6 Theories (Type I, type IIA, Type IIB, Heterotic SO(32), Heterotic (E8*E8), 11-dimensional SUGRA or Supersymmetric Gravity) contains open and closed strings. The open strings are particularly magnified in my paper as because it corresponds to a vibrations much alike a 1-dimensional wave where there is a certain resonant frequency in them. They are chaotic and the smallest part of every particles. Like electrons being a leptons consist of strings, Protons and Neutrons being a fermions’ contains up and down quarks which again consist of Strings much like the Gluons holding the two particles together forbidding the like charges of protons to repel due to ‘strong nuclear force’. A open string being its ends attached to D(p)-Branes is not allows to propagate in other dimensions, however, gravity (Graviton) being a closed string is not attached to D(p)-Branes thereby making a journey to ‘inter-dimensions’ where (p) in D(p) denotes the number of dimensions like 1,2,3,4 etcetera. It is however difficult to detect strings as because the Super symmetric (heavy) Particles need to be discovered first to make a journey for strings where Super Symmetry predicts heavier particles as that for every integer-spin bosons there is a half-integer spin fermions (for every graviton there is a Gravitino) and for every fermions there is a boson (like for every Photino there is a Photon). However these heavy particles will need more energy in the accelerators to get produced and so, sometimes the mass-gap in proton-proton collisions can be detected to predict these heavier particles which might be leaked to higher dimensions. Note, the unification of 4 fundamental forces provides a gateway of string theory with the 4 forces as (Strong nuclear force, weak Nuclear force, Gravitational force and electromagnetic force). And the required energy needed is 10^19 GeV, however the energy scale can be reduced to 1 TeV by increasing the number of additional spatial dimensions of ‘sub-millimeter’ sizes. Now, by considering a wave equation, and substituting it in Schrödinger equations by applying Klein-Gordon equations, it can be possible to make the Einstein relations of mass energy equivalence E=mc2 to the Plank-Einstein relations E=ℏω and finding out the eigenvalues from the equations as (-1 or +1) with a set of eigenvectors, and inputting it in the frequency of the strings, the most fundamental elements, along with the modified stress-energy momentum tensors, we can able to show that ‘not only negative energy exists at the very fundamental level but also negative energy implies a Schrodinger equations with a negative energy eigenvalues’ to pave the way for the impossible to achieve through mathematics. Apart from that it will be possible to exhibit the negative energy of the universe having the matrix Diag(+1,-1,-1,-1) with a positive energy and negative pressure to a Diag(-1,+1,+1,+1) with a negative energy and positive pressure where the ‘negative pressure will act as the Λ or the cosmological constant to repulse the force of gravity’ to the ‘positive pressure or the – Λ’ to make a way for a smooth Big Crunch, however we do not know whether ‘a universe with only a negative energy density’ can make a stable universe but from the conservation laws of the ‘Energy’ it can be assumed that ‘if there is negative energy in the universe, then there must be equal amount of positive energy in the universe to compensate for the negative energy’ making a stability in the laws of conservation of energy, along with an affine parameter ξ(-Λ) to prevent the annihilation process of the negative energy with the positive energy thereby making the universe safe for the fundamental particles inclusive and exclusive of the standard model. Also, faster than light travel is discussed with negative kinetic energy.

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (09) ◽  
pp. 1850144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Sepehri ◽  
Richard Pincak

A new theory, named G(General)-theory in 14 dimensions, has been proposed that is reduced to [Formula: see text]-gravity and produces the metric of FRW universe in four dimensions. In this theory, the Universe is born in six stages. First, there is nothing in the world. Then, two strings, one with positive energy and one with negative energy in 14th, dimension are created such that the sum over their energies is zero. These strings are excited and for flowing their energies, other dimensions are produced. Second, these strings decay to G0-branes. Third, these branes join each other and construct Gp-branes which tensor fields live on. The rank of these fields can change from zero to p for [Formula: see text] and from zero to six for [Formula: see text]. Four, by compacting Gp-branes on three circles, supersymmetry is born which contains the equal number of degrees of freedom for fermions and bosons. Six, by reducing G-theory to four dimensions, FRW universe is emerges and initial tensor fields produce the predicted shape of [Formula: see text]-gravity.


1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (38) ◽  
pp. 3069-3072
Author(s):  
L. C. GARCIA DE ANDRADE

Negative energy densities in spinning matter sources of non-Riemannian ultrastatic traversable wormholes require the spin energy density to be higher than the negative pressure or the radial tension. Since the radial tension necessary to support wormholes is higher than the spin density in practice, it seems very unlikely that wormholes supported by torsion may exist in nature. This result corroborates earlier results by Soleng against the construction of the closed time-like curves (CTC) in space–time geometries with spin and torsion. It also agrees with earlier results by Kerlick according to which Einstein–Cartan (EC) gravity torsion sometimes enhance the gravitational collapse instead of avoiding it.


2011 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 408-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Bao Yin ◽  
Ling Li

The mechanism of gas cooled or heated through a pneumatic throttle orifice is analyzed. Supposing the total energy of the gas is constant, if the force between the molecules does positive energy, it makes gas heated; if it does negative energy, it makes gas cooled. The conversion temperature of gas is an evaluation parameter for repulsive or attractive force. It has utilized Joule-Thomson coefficient and real gas equation of state to obtain the characteristics of conversion temperature, and the relationships between the molecules distance and the phenomenon of gas cooled or heated after throttle at normal temperature by the conversion characteristics are achieved. The experimental results agreed well with the theoretical results.


1988 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yehuda Finkelstein ◽  
Yuval Zohar ◽  
Yoav P. Talmi ◽  
Nelu Laurian

The Toynbee maneuver, swallowing when the nose is obstructed, leads in most cases to pressure changes in one or both middle ears, resulting in a sensation of fullness. Since first described, many varying and contradictory comments have been reported in the literature concerning the type and amount of pressure changes both in the nasopharynx and in the middle ear. In our study, the pressure changes were determined by catheters placed into the nasopharynx and repeated tympanometric measurements. New information concerning the rapid pressure variations in the nasopharynx and middle ear during deglutition with an obstructed nose was obtained. Typical individual nasopharyngeal pressure change patterns were recorded, ranging from a maximal positive pressure of + 450 to a negative pressure as low as −320 mm H2O.


2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1550052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masakatsu Kenmoku ◽  
Y. M. Cho

The superradiance phenomena of massive bosons and fermions in the Kerr space–time are studied in the Bargmann–Wigner formulation. In case of bi-spinor, the four independent components spinors correspond to the four bosonic freedom: one scalar and three vectors uniquely. The consistent description of the Bargmann–Wigner equations between fermions and bosons shows that the superradiance of the type with positive energy (0 < ω) and negative momentum near horizon (p H < 0) is shown not to occur. On the other hand, the superradiance of the type with negative energy (ω < 0) and positive momentum near horizon (0 < p H ) is still possible for both scalar bosons and spinor fermions.


1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (09) ◽  
pp. 1429-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCESCO BIGAZZI ◽  
LUCA LUSANNA

A new spinning particle with a definite sign of the energy is defined on spacelike hypersurfaces after a critical discussion of the standard spinning particles. It is the pseudoclassical basis of the positive energy [Formula: see text] [or negative energy [Formula: see text]] part of the [Formula: see text] solutions of the Dirac equation. The study of the isolated system of N such spinning charged particles plus the electromagnetic field leads to their description in the rest frame Wigner-covariant instant form of dynamics on the Wigner hyperplanes orthogonal to the total four-momentum of the isolated system (when it is timelike). We find that on such hyperplanes these spinning particles have a nonminimal coupling only of the type "spin–magnetic field," like the nonrelativistic Pauli particles to which they tend in the nonrelativistic limit. The Lienard–Wiechert potentials associated with these charged spinning particles are found. Then, a comment is made on how to quantize the spinning particles respecting their fibered structure describing the spin structure.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Hamdoon A. Khan ◽  

With the consideration of the light which carries the photon particles, the Lorentz transformation was constructed with an impressive mathematical approach. But the generalization of that equation for all the velocities of the universe is direct enforcement on other things not to travel faster than light. It has created serious issues in every scientific research that was done in the last century based on the special theory of relativity. This paper replaces the velocity of light with some other velocities and shows us the possible consequences and highlights the issues of special relativity. If I travel through my past or future and was able to see another me there, who would be the real Hamdoon I or the one I see there in the past or future! If the real one is only me, the one I saw, is not me, so, I could not travel through my or someone else's past or future. Therefore, no one can travel through time. If both of us are the same, can the key of personal identity be duplicated or be separated into two or more parts? These are some of the fundamental philosophical arguments that annihilate the concept of time travel which is one of the sequels of special relativity.


1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 707-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Soland ◽  
G. Brock ◽  
M. King

In our previous study, we investigated the relationship between mucus rheology, depth of mucus layer, and clearance by simulated cough. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of airway wall flexibility on the clearance of mucuslike gels. Transient airflows similar to cough were generated by both positive and negative pressure, the latter to mimic the dynamic compression that occurs during real cough. As in the previous study, the trachea was modeled as a trough of rectangular cross section with only the bottom lined with the mucus simulant. Clearance was followed by observing the displacement of marker particles. Since cough clearance is intimately related to wave formation in the mucus blanket, we hypothesized that clearance might be impeded if the wave formation occurred simultaneously in the wall and its lining layer. Thus, in one set of experiments the bottom rigid surface of the model trachea was replaced with a frame over which a flexible membrane could be drawn, whereas in the other set the rigid top was replaced by the frame. We also examined the effect of negative-pressure cough in excised canine tracheae, comparing the case where the tracheal membrane was free to deform vs. the case where it was secured. For the rigid-walled model, clearance by positive or negative pressure, with matched flow pattern, was the same. With the mucus simulant lining the flexible bottom surface, clearance increased with increasing membrane flexibility for negative-pressure cough and decreased for positive-pressure cough.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Goldberg ◽  
W. Mitzner ◽  
K. Adams ◽  
H. Menkes ◽  
S. Lichtenstein ◽  
...  

Quasi-static pressure-volume (P-V) curves in normal seated human subjects were determined with pressure at the airway opening (Pa0) set below (negative pressure), above (positive pressure), or equal to ambient pressure. Dynamic compliance (Cdyn) during controlled continuous negative pressure breathing (CNPB) was also studied. Quasi-static P-V curves at negative pressure were decreased in slope, reflected a decrease in total lung capacity, and intersected the P-V curve obtained at ambient Pa0. At positive pressure the P-V curves showed an increase in slope and an increase in total lung capacity. During CNPB a fall in Cdyn was found. The fall in Cdyn was rapid and persisted for the duration of CNPB. Cdyn promptly returned to control levels when Pa0 was adjusted to ambient pressure.


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