Health microinsurance in Zimbabwe: a contexual review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-166
Author(s):  
David Bote ◽  
Stephen Mago
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Labour Organisation ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Low Income Households

Health microinsurance, a relatively novel financial product, is garnering increasing recognition as an important part of the solution to healthcare financing problems and poverty reduction efforts for low income households (World Health Organisation [WHO], 2000; Murdoch, 2004; Cohen and Sebstad, 2005; Churchill, 2006; Dror, 2006; International Labour Organisation [ILO], 2008; Ruuskanen, 2009). The adverse implications of health shocks and the consequent huge expenditures disproportionately impoverish millions of low-income households across the globe, especially those living in developing countries. Put bluntly, health risks are an enduring poverty reduction and development challenge at large. In fact, World Bank (2010) reports that more than 100 million people are driven into poverty every year by health-related costs across the globe (as cited in Mosley, 2009). Regardless of microinsurance's acclaimed benefits in securing the lives of low-income people, its potential to secure poor households is yet to be ascertained in Zimbabwe, where the poor are extremely vulnerable to fall and be entrapped in poverty, a monumental development challenge to this country. Keywords: Health insurance, health financing, health costs, Zimbabwe.

scholarly journals Attitude and Behaviour For Preventing COVID-19 Disease Infections in Mali: An Analysis Based On COVID-19 Panel Phone Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfried GUETS ◽  
Deepak Kumar Behera
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
World Health ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Model ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Phone Survey ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
National Statistical Office

Abstract Background COVID-19 outbreak has been declared as an emerging and conflict situation by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to the multiple nature of infection through international spread that poses a serious threat to populations’ health and socio-economic conditions household in general. Objective This study aims to analyse the behaviour adopted by households’ heads for preventing COVID-19 infection in Mali. Methods We collected data from the COVID-19 Panel Households survey collected in Mali by the National Statistical Office, Institut National de la Statistique (INSTAT), in collaboration with the World Bank in October 2020. We used a multivariate logistic regression model. Results A total of 1,514 households heads were included. The age between 20 and 90 years old. The poor households represented 27%. Being a household with a low-income reduced the probability of using masks (p < 0.1). Being poor increased the probability to agree with vaccination (p < 0.01). The health services utilisation increased the probability of wear masks (p < 0.01), getting tested (p < 0.01), and agree with the vaccine (p < 0.01). People with a high occupation volume were more likely to wear protective masks (p < 0.1). Conclusion Behaviour and attitude prevention varied according to households characteristics. Local government and policymakers should continue to provide more economic, medical and social assistance to protect the population, which would reduce the spread of the disease, particularly to households living in vulnerable regions of the country most affected by conflict and food insecurity.

scholarly journals Food Security and COVID-19: A Systematic Review of the First-Year Experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 5294
Author(s):  
Boglárka Anna Éliás ◽  
Attila Jámbor
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
First Year ◽  
Structural Problem ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Global Food ◽  
Low Income Households

For decades, global food security has not been able to address the structural problem of economic access to food, resulting in a recent increase in the number of undernourished people from 2014. In addition, the FAO estimates that the number of undernourished people drastically increased by 82–132 million people in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. To alleviate this dramatic growth in food insecurity, it is necessary to understand the nature of the increase in the number of malnourished during the pandemic. In order to address this, we gathered and synthesized food-security-related empirical results from the first year of the pandemic in a systematic review. The vast majority (78%) of the 51 included articles reported household food insecurity has increased (access, utilization) and/or disruption to food production (availability) was a result of households having persistently low income and not having an adequate amount of savings. These households could not afford the same quality and/or quantity of food, and a demand shortfall immediately appeared on the producer side. Producers thus had to deal not only with the direct consequences of government measures (disruption in labor flow, lack of demand of the catering sector, etc.) but also with a decline in consumption from low-income households. We conclude that the factor that most negatively affects food security during the COVID-19 pandemic is the same as the deepest structural problem of global food security: low income. Therefore, we argue that there is no need for new global food security objectives, but there is a need for an even stronger emphasis on poverty reduction and raising the wages of low-income households. This structural adjustment is the most fundamental step to recover from the COVID-19 food crises, and to avoid possible future food security crises.

scholarly journals The burden of serious health-related suffering among cancer decedents: Global projections study to 2060

2020 ◽  
pp. 026921632095756
Author(s):  
Katherine E Sleeman ◽  
Barbara Gomes ◽  
Maja de Brito ◽  
Omar Shamieh ◽  
Richard Harding
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Palliative care improves outcomes for people with cancer, but in many countries access remains poor. Understanding future needs is essential for effective health system planning in response to global policy. Aim: To project the burden of serious health-related suffering associated with death from cancer to 2060 by age, gender, cancer type and World Bank income region. Design: Population-based projections study. Global projections of palliative care need were derived by combining World Health Organization cancer mortality projections (2016–2060) with estimates of serious health-related suffering among cancer decedents. Results: By 2060, serious health-related suffering will be experienced by 16.3 million people dying with cancer each year (compared to 7.8 million in 2016). Serious health-related suffering among cancer decedents will increase more quickly in low income countries (407% increase 2016–2060) compared to lower-middle, upper-middle and high income countries (168%, 96% and 39% increase 2016-2060, respectively). By 2060, 67% of people who die with cancer and experience serious health-related suffering will be over 70 years old, compared to 47% in 2016. In high and upper-middle income countries, lung cancer will be the single greatest contributor to the burden of serious health-related suffering among cancer decedents. In low and lower-middle income countries, breast cancer will be the single greatest contributor. Conclusions: Many people with cancer will die with unnecessary suffering unless there is expansion of palliative care integration into cancer programmes. Failure to do this will be damaging for the individuals affected and the health systems within which they are treated.

2005 Review of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Approach - Balancing Accountabilities and Scaling Up Results

Policy Papers ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (67) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Poverty Reduction Strategy ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

In December 1999, the World Bank (the Bank) and the International Monetary Fund (the Fund) introduced a new approach to their relations with low-income countries, centered around the development and implementation of poverty reduction strategies (PRS) by the countries as a precondition for access to debt relief and concessional financing from both institutions. These strategies were also expected to serve as a framework for better coordination of development assistance among other development partners.

scholarly journals Overweight and Obesity Epidemic in Developing Countries: A Problem with Diet, Physical Activity, or Socioeconomic Status?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trishnee Bhurosy ◽  
Rajesh Jeewon
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Obese Individual ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern

Obesity is a significant public health concern affecting more than half a billion people worldwide. Obesity rise is not only limited to developed countries, but to developing nations as well. This paper aims to compare the mean body mass index trends in the World Health Organisation- (WHO-) categorised regions since 1980 to 2008 and secondly to appraise how socioeconomic disparities can lead to differences in obesity and physical activity level across developing nations. Taking into account past and current BMI trends, it is anticipated that obesity will continue to take a significant ascent, as observed by the sharp increase from 1999 to 2008. Gender differences in BMI will continue to be as apparent, that is, women showing a higher BMI trend than men. In the coming years, the maximum mean BMI in more developed countries might be exceeded by those in less developed ones. Rather than focusing on obesity at the individual level, the immediate environment of the obese individual to broader socioeconomic contexts should be targeted. Most importantly, incentives at several organisational levels, the media, and educational institutions along with changes in food policies will need to be provided to low-income populations.

scholarly journals Adherence to World Health Organisation guidelines for treatment of early onset neonatal sepsis in low-income settings; a cohort study in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Ekman ◽  
Prajwal Paudel ◽  
Omkar Basnet ◽  
KC Ashish ◽  
J. Wrammert
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Adherence To Guidelines

Abstract Background Neonatal sepsis is one of the major causes of death during the first month of life and early empirical treatment with injectable antibiotics is a life-saving intervention. Adherence to World Health Organisation guidelines on first line antibiotics is crucial to mitigate the risks of increased antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this paper was to evaluate if treatment of early onset neonatal sepsis in a low-income facility setting observe current guidelines and if compliance is influenced by contextual factors. Methods This cohort study used data on antimicrobial treatment of neonatal sepsis onset within 72 hours of life from 12 regional hospitals participating in a scale-up trial of a neonatal resuscitation quality improvement package intervention in Nepal. Infants treated according to guidelines were compared with those receiving other antimicrobials. A multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for the intervention and time trend was applied. Results 1,564 infants with a preliminary diagnosis of early onset sepsis were included. A majority (74.9%) were treated according to guidelines and adherence was increasing over time. Infants born at larger facilities (adjusted Odds Ratio 5.6), those that were inborn (adjusted Odds Ratio 1.97) or belonging to a family of dis-advantaged caste (adjusted Odds Ratio 2.15) had higher odds for treatment according to guidelines. A clinical presentation of lethargy or tachypnoea was associated with adherence to guidelines. Conclusion Adherence to guidelines for antibiotic treatment of early neonatal sepsis was moderately high in this low-income setting. Odds for observing guidelines increased with facility size, for inborn infants and if the family belonged to a dis-advantaged caste. Cefotaxime was a common alternative choice when guidelines were not followed, highly relevant for the risk of increased antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Preface

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Job FM Metsemakers ◽  
Mora Claramita
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Sustainable Health

On 25-26 October 2018, the World Health Organisation hosted a Global Conference, in Astana, Kazakhstan. This conference, 40 years after the Alma Ata declaration of Health for All, refocused again on the commitment of governments to Primary Health Care (PHC), in order to ensure that everyone, everywhere, is able to enjoy the highest, possible, attainable standard of health.The Astana Declaration on Health for All has a long list of commitments and goals which can serve as guidance for governments to plan their health policy. Primary Health Care is described as the cornerstone of a sustainable health system for Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and the health-related Sustainable Development Goals. The WHO and governments are convinced that strengthening PHC is the most inclusive, effective and efficient approach to enhance people’s physical and mental health.

scholarly journals Metric partnerships: global burden of disease estimates within the World Bank, the World Health Organisation and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Marlee Tichenor ◽  
Devi Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Burden Of Disease ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

The global burden of disease study—which has been affiliated with the World Bank and the World Health Organisation (WHO) and is now housed in the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)—has become a very important tool to global health governance since it was first published in the 1993 World Development Report. In this article, based on literature review of primary and secondary sources as well as field notes from public events, we present first a summary of the origins and evolution of the GBD over the past 25 years. We then analyse two illustrative examples of estimates and the ways in which they gloss over the assumptions and knowledge gaps in their production, highlighting the importance of historical context by country and by disease in the quality of health data. Finally, we delve into the question of the end users of these estimates and the tensions that lie at the heart of producing estimates of local, national, and global burdens of disease. These tensions bring to light the different institutional ethics and motivations of IHME, WHO, and the World Bank, and they draw our attention to the importance of estimate methodologies in representing problems and their solutions in global health. With the rise in the investment in and the power of global health estimates, the question of representing global health problems becomes ever more entangled in decisions made about how to adjust reported numbers and to evolving statistical science. Ultimately, more work needs to be done to create evidence that is relevant and meaningful on country and district levels, which means shifting resources and support for quantitative—and qualitative—data production, analysis, and synthesis to countries that are the targeted beneficiaries of such global health estimates.

scholarly journals Metric partnerships: global burden of disease estimates within the World Bank, the World Health Organisation and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlee Tichenor ◽  
Devi Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Burden Of Disease ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

The global burden of disease study—which has been affiliated with the World Bank and the World Health Organisation (WHO) and is now housed in the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)—has become a very important tool to global health governance since it was first published in the 1993 World Development Report. In this article, based on literature review of primary and secondary sources as well as field notes from public events, we present first a summary of the origins and evolution of the GBD over the past 25 years. We then analyse two illustrative examples of estimates and the ways in which they gloss over the assumptions and knowledge gaps in their production, highlighting the importance of historical context by country and by disease in the quality of health data. Finally, we delve into the question of the end users of these estimates and the tensions that lie at the heart of producing estimates of local, national, and global burdens of disease. These tensions bring to light the different institutional ethics and motivations of IHME, WHO, and the World Bank, and they draw our attention to the importance of estimate methodologies in representing problems and their solutions in global health. With the rise in the investment in and the power of global health estimates, the question of representing global health problems becomes ever more entangled in decisions made about how to adjust reported numbers and to evolving statistical science. Ultimately, more work needs to be done to create evidence that is relevant and meaningful on country and district levels, which means shifting resources and support for quantitative—and qualitative—data production, analysis, and synthesis to countries that are the targeted beneficiaries of such global health estimates.

Benefits of an NHS trust collaborating with the wound care industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (Sup3) ◽  
pp. S34-S37
Author(s):  
Mark Collier
Keyword(s):  
Wound Care ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wound Management ◽  
Team Approach ◽  
Health Care Needs ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Management Association ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Collaborative Working

The principle of collaborative working was widely promoted by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2010 when they wrote ‘that professionals who actively bring the skills of different individuals together, with the aim of clearly addressing the health-care needs of patients and the community, will strengthen the health system and lead to enhanced clinical and health related outcomes'. As a result of this, the development of a multidisciplinary team approach to the management of patients with wounds was actively promoted by various International organisations, such as the European Wound Management Association (EWMA) in 2014, however this article illustrates an example of how a collaborative working protocol has been incorporated within Tissue Viability and wound care environments within an NHS Trust for the past two decades.

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