scholarly journals Fundamental principles and techniques of experimental modeling of hypothyroidism: a literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
Aleksey Chaulin ◽  
Julia Grigoryeva ◽  
Nikolay Svechkov ◽  
Galina Suvorova
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Experimental Modeling ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Antithyroid Drugs ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

The purpose of our paper is to discuss principles and techniques of experimental modeling of hypothyroidism in laboratory animals, as well as reviewing advantages and disadvantages of experimental models. Materials and methods. Comparative analysis of contemporary international biological and medical publications in PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase databases; analysis of contemporary national scientific sources using Google Scholar database. Results. To date, there are six basic principles of experimental modeling of hypothyroidism, i.e.: dietary, drug, surgical, immunological, radioisotope, genetic. Each of the techniques can be used for simulation of the main conditions for hypothyroidism development. Dietary modeling stands for the iodine intake restriction because iodine is an indispensable component in thyroid hormones synthesis. Drug modeling means the use of antithyroid drugs that block thyroid hormones synthesis. Surgical modeling principle involves thyroidectomy. The principle of immunological modeling of hypothyroidism consists in administration of immunosuppressants to animal body. The principle of radioisotope modeling of hypothyroidism lies in acting with a radioactive isotope of iodine on animal body. Genetic modeling principle leads to stimulation of gene mutations in laboratory animals to encode the thyroid hormones formation or their receptors, and results in appearance of the transcription factors responsible for development of the thyroid gland. Conclusion. Hypothyroidism is a very common pathological condition affecting many organs and tissues. Thus, employment of the hypothyroidism experimental models to study fundamental pathophysiological and pathomorphological processes represents a scientific and research topic of immediate interest. Each of the hypothyroidism modeling principles is specific, and provides for simulation of particular conditions needed for hypothyroidism development in laboratory animals. Taking into consideration numerous beneficial effects of thyroid hormones upon almost all organs and tissues of human body, it is noteworthy that experimental models of hypothyroidism shall be highly sought after by researchers practicing in all medical specialties.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF THE HYPOTHYROIDISM

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Aleksey M. Chaulin ◽  
Julia V. Grigorieva ◽  
Galina N. Suvorova
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Antithyroid Drugs ◽  
Diagnostic Strategies ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Holistic Understanding

Hypothyroidism is a systemic chronic disease that occurs as a result of a deficiency of thyroid hormones (thyroid hormones): triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine). Targets of thyroid hormones are almost all organs and tissues of the human body, which explains the variety of clinical manifestations that occur when these hormones are deficient. Recently, basic research through the use of experimental models has become more relevant and allowed us to obtain a number of new morphological and functional changes that occur in hypothyroidism. This review discusses the main experimental models of hypothyroidism: surgical, radioactive, dietary, anti-thyroid administration and genetics’ model. The main principle of the surgical model of hypothyroidism is to remove the thyroid gland. The radioactive model is based on the introduction of a radioactive isotope of iodine to laboratory animals. The dietary model is based on the use of a special diet with a limited amount of iodine. The drug model is based on the introduction of antithyroid drugs - methylimidazole and propylthiouracil. The principle of the genetic model consists in special genetic manipulations with the genome of laboratory animals. The advantages and disadvantages of each model are discussed. The use of sophisticated equipment has brought specialists closer to a more complete and holistic understanding of the morphological and functional manifestations of hypothyroidism. Researching of experimental models is an important tool in relation to the studying of the mechanisms underlying hypothyroidism and, as a result, in improving prevention and treatment-diagnostic strategies.

scholarly journals BASIC PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF MODELING HYPOGONADISM: A LITERATURE REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Antonina Pronina ◽  
Galina Suvorova ◽  
Aleksey Chaulin ◽  
Julia Grigoryeva ◽  
Dmitry Rusakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Domestic Literature ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Distal Section

Purpose: To consider the basic principles and methods of experimental modeling of hypogonadism in laboratory animals, to define the main benefits and drawbacks of each separate method in hypogonadism modeling. Materials and methods: We analyzed modern foreign and domestic literature using the following databases: PubMed / Medline, Embase, Google Scholar. Results: Presently, there are three main principles of modeling hypogonadism: surgical, genetic, and pharmacological. The principle of surgical modeling of hypogonadism is based on the removal of the gonads, or on the temporary imposition of a suture on the distal section of the spermatic cord, which leads to occlusion of the testicular artery that feeds the gonads. The principle of genetic modeling of hypogonadism is to induce mutations in the genes encoding the most important regulatory molecules, in particular kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and their receptors in laboratory animals. The principle of pharmacological modeling of hypogonadism is based on the administration of streptozocin to laboratory animals, which has a toxic effect on the gonads and pancreas. Conclusion: Hypogonadism represents a very common pathological condition that affects many organs and tissues. Therefore, the use of experimental models of hypogonadism to study fundamental pathophysiological and pathomorphological processes is a relevant research area. Each principle of hypogonadism modeling is unique in its own way, exhibits advantages and disadvantages, and allows the creation of specific conditions necessary for the development of hypogonadism in laboratory animals. Taking into account the numerous beneficial effects of testosterone on many cells and tissues of the human body, it becomes obvious that experimental models of hypogonadism can be in demand for many medical spheres.

scholarly journals Experimental Modeling Of Hypothyroidism: Principles, Methods, Several Advanced Research Directions In Cardiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey M. Chaulin ◽  
Julia V. Grigorieva ◽  
Galina N. Suvorova ◽  
Dmitry V. Duplyakov
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Preclinical Study ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Effective Models ◽  
Goals And Objectives

Hypothyroidism is one of the most common pathological conditions in modern clinical practice. Due to the fact that the targets of thyroid hormones are virtually all organs and tissues, the morphological and clinical manifestations arising with a deficiency of thyroid hormones are quite diverse. Experimental models of hypothyroidism in laboratory animals are widely used for preclinical study of the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms underlying hypothyroidism, as well as for assessing the effectiveness of treatment-and-prophylactic effects. Currently, several groups of effective models of hypothyroidism have been developed: dietary, surgical, medicamentous, genetic, radioactive and immunological. Each of the specified models is based on different principles, has advantages and disadvantages, and can be used depending on the goals and objectives of the experiment. In this review, we will consistently consider hypothyroidism modeling methods and indicate some promising areas of their use in cardiology.

scholarly journals Animal models in the study of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy

2010 ◽  
pp. 633-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Wang ◽  
U Wisloff ◽  
OJ Kemi
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Training Models ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Exercise Induced

Exercise training-induced cardiac hypertrophy occurs following a program of aerobic endurance exercise training and it is considered as a physiologically beneficial adaptation. To investigate the underlying biology of physiological hypertrophy, we rely on robust experimental models of exercise training in laboratory animals that mimic the training response in humans. A number of experimental strategies have been established, such as treadmill and voluntary wheel running and swim training models that all associate with cardiac growth. These approaches have been applied to numerous animal models with various backgrounds. However, important differences exist between these experimental approaches, which may affect the interpretation of the results. Here, we review the various approaches that have been used to experimentally study exercise training-induced cardiac hypertrophy; including the advantages and disadvantages of the various models.

scholarly journals Modeling spinal cord injuries: advantages and disadvantages

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-494
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Vissarionov ◽  
Timofey S. Rybinskikh ◽  
Marat S. Asadulaev ◽  
Nikita O. Khusainov
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Cord Injury

Background. Spinal cord injuries have diverse characteristics and associated traumatic changes; they are known as the most severe injuries of locomotorium. The creation of an optimal experimental model of spinal cord injuries using experimental animals, which would have similar changes in humans, is important to assess and analyze the pathological processes, as well as to develop complex treatment methods. Aim. This study aimed to analyze various experimental models of spinal cord injury using laboratory animals by assessing its advantages and disadvantages for further research and implementation in clinical practice. Materials and methods. A literature review was performed on the capabilities of experimental models of traumatic spinal cord injury in laboratory animals. A literature search was carried out using databases of PubMed, Science Direct, E-library, and Google Scholar for the period from 1981 to 2019; the keywords are shown below. In total, 105 foreign and 37 domestic articles were identified, 59 articles were analyzed after exclusion, and 75% of studies were published in the last 20 years. Results. The review of available experimental options of spinal cord injury in laboratory animals revealed that a generally accepted universal model is not yet established. The experimental animal models had characteristics that do not correspond to the same parameters in an actual clinical situation. Besides, some difficulties were encountered in the estimation of pathological processes of experimental animals, translations with clinical changes, and interpretations of achieved functional results in experimental animals, which complicated the application in clinical practice. Conclusion. Development of experimental models of spinal cord injury that can consider multifactorial aspects of the trauma process, including its biomechanics and time factor, is necessary.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of animal species to experimental SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae: Coronavirinae: Betacoronavirus; Sarbecovirus) infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
N. V. Petrova ◽  
K. K. Ganina ◽  
S. A. Tarasov
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Susceptible Animal ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

Due to the new coronavirus infection pandemic, the global scientific community has been forced to change the direction of the most research, focusing on vaccine development as well as the search for new antiviral drugs to treat COVID-19. The choice of experimental models, timeframe and approaches for evaluating drugs and vaccines under development is crucial for the development of effective measures to prevent and control this disease.The purpose of this review was to summarize the relevant data concerning the susceptibility of laboratory animals to SARS-CoV-2. This paper describes the most virus-susceptible animal species that can be used to reproduce coronavirus infection, stressing the main advantages and disadvantages of each of them.According to the latest data, small rodents (Rodentia) and non-human primates (Strepsirrhini) are commonly used in the scientific community to model coronavirus infection. The viral load in the upper and lower parts of the respiratory system, clinical symptoms of infection (weight loss, body temperature and general health status), pathomorphological picture in target organs and the production of antibodies after infection are considered to the main markers of pathology. Despite the vast amount of data, none of the described models of SARS-CoV-2 infection may be considered a gold standard, since they do not reproduce all spectrum of morphological and pathogenetic mechanisms of infection, and do not fully reflect the clinical picture observed in patients in human population.Based on the analyzed literature data, we suppose that Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and mice (Muridae) expressing the angiotensin converting enzyme receptor 2 (ACE2) are the most suitable animal species for their use in experiments with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The development of neutralizing antibodies makes it possible to evaluate the efficacy of vaccines, while the course and severity of symptoms infection makes the use of mice and hamsters especially popular for screening pharmacological substances with antiviral mechanism of action, when their administration can prevent or slow the disease progression.

scholarly journals Experimental Modeling of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Pathogenesis, Predictors, Prevention of the Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-300
Author(s):  
Irina Karpova ◽  
Daria Molchanova ◽  
Tatiana Ladygina
Keyword(s):  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Experimental Modeling ◽  
Antibacterial Drug ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. The incidence rate of necrotizing enterocolitis is 2.4:1000 of newborns. The number of complications reaches 51-68%, and mortality rate varies from 4 to 80%. The aim of the study was to present current data of Russian and foreign experimental studies related to necrotizing enterocolitis in children. Results. Currently, infants with low and very low body weight constitute the most proportion of patients with enterocolitis; the development of the disease in this cohort of patients has its distinctive features. In this regard, the issues of pathogenesis, the impact of risk factors and methods of prevention of the pathological process remain underinvestigated. Experimental models were used to study the features of the toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain containing adapter protein (TIRAP), the etiology of Toll-like receptor 4 expression, and the reasons for the increased levels of inflammatory mediators. The mechanism of intestinal-brain reciprocal communication was confirmed. The role of the bacterial flora and effectiveness of the antibacterial drug effect on this flora was also determined. Biomarkers of enterocolitis, such as an epidermal growth factor, interleukins, claudins 2, 3, 4, were detected using experimental modeling. Various options for disease prevention ranging from ischemic preconditioning to probiotics application and breastfeeding were analyzed, the latter ones having beneficial ability to form natural defenses in newborns. Conclusions. Thus, necrotizing enterocolitis is a severe systemic disease. Experimental modeling allows analyzing the most complex, unsolved problems and introducing novel knowledge into clinical practice.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL MODELING OF FROSTBITES OF VARYING SEVERITY IN LABORATORY ANIMALS. PART 2. MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DEVICE FOR SIMULATING CONTACT FROSTBITE

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
A. L. Valentyukevich ◽  
◽  
V. D. Melamed ◽  
N. I. Prokopchik ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Model ◽  
Experimental Modeling ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Morphological Research ◽  
Morphological Assessment

Background. The study of new methods of treating frostbite is feasible using an experimental model, the effectiveness of which is confirmed by morphological results. Purpose of the study. Morphological substantiation of the effectiveness of the developed device for simulating contact frostbites of varying severity. Material and methods. In 30 laboratory rats, the designed device was used to simulate cold trauma of varying severity. The material for morphological research was collected at different time intervals. Results. Morphological argumentation of the effectiveness of the created device for reproducing both superficial and deep frostbites is presented. Conclusions. The developed device is not difficult to manufacture; it is safe and allows reproducing standardized contact frostbites of varying severity in laboratory animals.

scholarly journals Thyroid Gene Mutations in Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women Diagnosed With Transient Congenital Hypothyroidism: Implications for the Offspring’s Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria C. Opazo ◽  
Juan Carlos Rivera ◽  
Pablo A. Gonzalez ◽  
Susan M. Bueno ◽  
Alexis M. Kalergis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Genetic Variations ◽  
Hormone Deficiency ◽  
Iodide Transport ◽  
Transport Defect ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Transient Congenital Hypothyroidism

Fetus and infants require appropriate thyroid hormone levels and iodine during pregnancy and lactation. Nature endorses the mother to supply thyroid hormones to the fetus and iodine to the lactating infant. Genetic variations on thyroid proteins that cause dyshormonogenic congenital hypothyroidism could in pregnant and breastfeeding women impair the delivery of thyroid hormones and iodine to the offspring. The review discusses maternal genetic variations in thyroid proteins that, in the context of pregnancy and/or breastfeeding, could trigger thyroid hormone deficiency or iodide transport defect that will affect the proper development of the offspring.

scholarly journals Comparison of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets for obtaining an experimental model of metabolic syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
T. S. Petryn ◽  
◽  
M. R. Nagalievska ◽  
N. O. Sybirna ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Atherogenic Dyslipidemia ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate

Introduction. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that includes hypertension, central obesity, insulin resistance and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Given the wide geographical distribution and growing number of people suffering from this disease, there is an urgent need in developing animal models that would accurately reproduce the development of all symptoms of human metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, obesity and hypertension). The most cost-effective method related to the real causes of metabolic syndrome is the use of different types of diets. Materials and Methods. The study was performed on white outbred male rats about 6 months old and weighing 300–400 g. The metabolic syndrome was induced by high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets. The lipid-enriched diet involved the consumption of regular chow diet for laboratory animals with additional fat content (40 % by weight of chow). The source of additional lipids was olive oil, which is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). Animals on the diet enriched in carbohydrates together with regular chow diet for laboratory animals consumed 10 % fructose solution instead of drinking water. Glucose tolerance tests were conducted and areas under the glycemic curves were calculated. We determined the content of glycated hemoglobin and glucose concent­ration, the concentration of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood plasma of rats. Results. The development of metabolic syndrome induced by an excessive consumption of carbohydrates and lipids for 42 days was accompanied by impaired glucose tolerance, increased glycosylated hemoglobin, triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations, as well as a decreased HDL content. An increase in the concentrations of LDL and activity of paraoxonase were found due to the induction of the pathological condition by an excessive fat intake, while a high carbohydrate diet caused a decrease in paraoxonase activity. Conclusions. The use of fructose for 42 days causes the most pronounced manifestations of the studied pathology. The use of this model will allow determining the biochemical and molecular changes that accompany the development of this pathological condition. It will also facilitate the development and evaluation of the effectiveness of new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of metabolic syndrome.

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