scholarly journals TURKEY AND JAPAN: THE QUEST OF MODERNISM IN THE 19TH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (13) ◽  
pp. 09-23
Author(s):  
Mohamad Firdaus
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Tanzimat Reforms ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper will deal with the process of modernization of two emerging Asian powers, namely Japan and Turkey, with particular reference to important elements of Japanese and Turkish pursuits of modernization at the expense of growing Western penetration into their countries. This will specifically deal with the Meiji Restoration and Tanzimat Reforms where the process of modernization has taken place. Furthermore, there will be a discussion on the efforts of Turkish statesmen and Japanese statesmen in their attempts to modernize several aspects of vital institutions in Turkey and Japan as well as issues concerning the modernization encountered by the Japanese statesmen and Turkish counterparts in their countries. Sources for this analysis will be taken from studies of both Western writers and inside writers on modernization in Japan and Turkey. The ability of Japanese and Turkish statesmen to adopt and adapt foreign practices which infused with local circumstances suggests that they are capable of modernizing their respective countries by their own rights.

Kawatake Mokuami (1816–1893)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Wetmore
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Japanese Culture ◽  
Living History ◽  
History Plays ◽  
Edo Period ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Contemporary Novels ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Home ◽  
The 19Th Century

A playwright at the end of the Edo period and throughout much of the Meiji period, Kawatake Mokuami wrote over 360 plays during his fifty-year career which saw the advent of modernized kabuki and new dramaturgies to reflect changing Japanese culture at the end of the 19th century. Born Yoshimura Shinshichi, Mokuami (as he was commonly called after his retirement in the 1880s) was kicked out of the family home for associating with geishas. He began to study dance, which led him to kabuki. He became a student of the Edo era playwright Tsuruya Nanboku V and rapidly began writing shiranami mono [robber plays] that were popular in the mid-19th century. Following the Meiji Restoration, Mokuami began to innovate and develop new techniques in kabuki dramaturgy, finding source material in contemporary novels, newspapers, and Western literature in translation. Kabuki actor Ichikawa Danjūrō IX (1838–1903) announced in 1872 at the opening of the Shintomi-za that he would "clean away the decay" that had infected kabuki, and reform and modernize it. He subsequently asked Mokuami to develop dramas that would reflect the new modern Japan to be performed by the kabuki. Mokuami began to write katsureki mono , "living history" plays. One of the first was Kōmon-ki osana kōshaku [The Story of Komon, a Lecture for Youth] (1877), which caused a scandal because of accusations of libel.

Europe in the making of Japanese values

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa Morris-Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Japanese Culture ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
The Third ◽  
Florence Nightingale ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

With the Meiji Restoration the first steps were taken in the third quarter of the 19th century to set up a national system of education in Japan. European educational theories were influential. Samuel Smiles became a reference for moral principles and Western heroes from Socrates to Florence Nightingale were exemplars. The articles explores the complex relationship of Western ideas with indigenous Japanese culture.

scholarly journals The connection between the Confucian literates and the Western-educated intelligentsia in patriotic movements in Vietnam and their generation transfer in the early 20th Century

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Thuan Tran ◽  
Kien Trung Huynh
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Historical Phenomenon ◽  
China And Japan ◽  
New Literature ◽  
The 19Th Century

At the end of the 19th century when antiFrench movements failed and saving-thecountry ideology in Vietnam reached an impasse, “tan thu” (New Books) and “tan van” (New Literature) from China and Japan were introduced to and actively adopted by patriotic literates. New ideology from these documents led to tremendous changes in the literates’ thoughts. Hitherto, they chose to follow the path of Japan in their Meiji Restoration and that of Western capitalist democracy. Patriotic movements in the early 20th century organized and led by the literates separated themselves into two trends: violent and renovative orientations with the leadership of Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chau Trinh respectively. However, the two orientations had a commonality in their patriotic activities which made possible for the Confucian literates and the Western-educated intelligentsia to meet and cooperate. The connection between the literates and the intelligentsia manifested itself clearly in Dong Du movement, Duy Tan movement, proactive activities of newspapers and activities of Tri Tri Societies. They all commonly attempted at solving historical needs which faced the country at that time: Independence and Development. That the encounter between the two groups was simultaneously a transfer among the generations was a very special historical phenomenon. It manifested the inevitable transformations of history and thus obeyed objective rules. It also created prerequisites for the development of nationalist democratic movements in the early 20th century which put the proletariats onto political stage to successfully solve the historical needs in Vietnam.

The Modes of Ottomanism

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-39
Author(s):  
M. Hakan Yavuz
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tanzimat Reforms ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Origins

This chapter examines the origins, meaning, and failure of Ottomanism as a state-centric identity. The initial questions include, What are the key causes of the longing for the Ottoman Empire? What are the social implications of nostalgia for the past? What explains the current wave of Ottoman romanticism? This chapter argues that nostalgia in this instance is a bottom-up phenomenon. It traces the changing meaning of Ottomanism by exploring its historical origins in the second half of the 19th century. The chapter follows the Tanzimat Reforms of 1839 and the inevitable decline of the Ottoman Empire. The idea of Ottomanism as a new state-centric identity to unify diverse ethnic and religious groups was promoted by a small Westernizing elite, known as the Young Ottomans. The chapter’s closing question is, What was the purpose of creating a new state-centric Ottoman identity?

The Transformation of Islamic Law in Modernity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew F. March
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Personal Status ◽  
Tanzimat Reforms ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
The Law ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the process of modernizing Muslim majority states in the 19th and 20th centuries, Islamic law was often replaced with foreign legal codes. But in many areas of the law, Islamic legal norms were not replaced but rather transformed from an uncodified “jurists’ law” applied by qadis into legal codes applied by sovereign states. This process involved the transformation of not only many aspects of the substance of Islamic law but also the methods, agents, and epistemologies by which Islamic law is known and enforced. This chapter explores this revolution in Islamic law from the 19th-century Ottoman Tanzimat reforms to the 20th-century national appropriations of Islamic law in a few select areas, particularly family and personal status law.

scholarly journals Verspieltes Kapital? Der gesellschaftliche Rollenwandel des Samuraistandes im Zuge der Meiji-Restauration

2021 ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Maximilian Gröber
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern Japan ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Class Distinction

The change in the social role of the Samurai ranks during the Meiji RestorationThe creation of the nation state and its influence on the respective societies characterized the 19th century – not only in Europe. As a result of the Meiji Restoration, which initiated the formation of modern Japan in the 1860s, feudalism came to an end. By using Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of capital and class distinction, the goal of this study is to illuminate and evaluate the social status of the former warrior nobility, the samurai, under these changed circumstances.

The Development of Armeno-Turkish (Hayatar T‘rk‘erēn) in the 19th Century Ottoman Empire

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-100
Author(s):  
Bedross Der Matossian
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Interaction ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Tanzimat Reforms ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Armeno-Turkish played an important role in the lives of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. At a time in which more than half of the Armenians of the Empire did not speak Armenian, Armeno-Turkish came to fill an important gap. It led to the proliferation of literacy among Armenians and allowed them to mark and strengthen their ethno-religious boundaries vis-à-vis other ethno-religious groups in the Ottoman Empire, while simultaneously allowing for the crossing of these boundaries which, in general, were characterized by fluidity. The 19th century represents an important phase in the development of Armeno-Turkish. Its development cannot be attributed to one factor; rather to a host of factors that include the impact of the Armenian Zart‘ōnk‘ (awakening), the spread of Catholicism and Protestantism, the impact of the Tanzimat Reforms (1839–1876), the development of Armenian ethno-religious boundaries, and the role of print culture. Finally, Armeno-Turkish raises important questions regarding identity formation, belonging, and cross-cultural interaction.

scholarly journals Japanese Woodblock Prints From the Second Half of the 19th to Early 20th Century in the Context of the Influence to the Western Art

2021 ◽  
pp. 198-215
Author(s):  
E.O. Tyagunova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Western Art ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
Woodblock Prints ◽  
Japanese Woodblock Prints ◽  
The 19Th Century

There are known periods of development of Japanese traditional ukiyo-e engraving: from its origin in the 17th century and its flourishing in the 18th — first half of the 19th century to the “decline” in the second half of the 19th century. The period of Meiji Restoration (1868–1912) was marked by the opening of Japan after more than two hundred years of self-isolation, acquaintance with Western achievements in the field of industry, science and art. The article discusses the search of combination of Western and national traditions by Japanese artists. Familiarity with the new artistic language and intention to introduce it into the space of traditional ukiyo-e engraving became the basis for the masters of this period. Changes in the field of traditional genres are noted: instead of images of actors (yakusha-e), beauties (bijinga) and landscapes (fukeiga), there were appeared images of foreigners with their manners (yokohama-e), Japan’s modernization (kaika-e), as well as the battle genre (senso-e) dedicated to the events of the Japanese-Chinese (1894–1895) and Russian-Japanese (1904–1905) wars. These attempts to transform the national art allowed to form the ground for the creativity of young masters in the 20th century, who brought traditional engraving to a new level.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

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