scholarly journals The Crisis of Thought and Ijtihad

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-237
Author(s):  
Taha J. Al 'Alwani
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The West ◽  
Intellectual Tradition ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Type

The Muslim mind experienced a crisis of thought when, duting theearly centuries of the Islamic eta, ijtihad began to be viewed as limitedto legal matters rather than as a methodology for dealing with all aspectsof life. This limited understanding engendered a malaise that allowedtaqlid to attain such prominence and tespectability that its cancetous, constricting,and irrelevant fiqh spread throughout Muslim life. Had ijtihadretained mote of its lexical meaning and cteativity, and had fiqh beenconsidered only one of its uses, perhaps Muslims would have overcomemany of the problems that confronted them. However, this patticularizationof ijtihad confined the Muslim mind, and taqlid eventually led tothe paralysis of its creative abilities.Had ijtihad remained a way of life for Muslims as Allah commanded,they would not have fallen behind in establishing the Islamic sciencesnecessary for their society and civilization. They also would not have hadto watch the reins of leadership fall pass to the West, whose most importantqualification was its ability to engage in creative and scientific teasoning.Although its intellectual tradition was tainted with pagan Greekinfluences, the West achieved world leadetship. Had Muslims taken upthose sciences and laid the foundations of society on the basis of tawbd(unity), the face of the earth would be different today and the state of civilizationitself would be fat more felicitous than it is at present.Before ijtihad was confined to the purely legalistic framework of fiqh,the Muslim mind was enlightened, eager to deal with all manner ofthought, and able to meet challenges, generate solutions, and achieve itsgoals. Had it not been for taqlid and its subduing of the Muslim mind,that mind would have achieved great things. Certainly, a mind with itsbeginnings in the verse, "Read! in the name of your Lord Who created. . ." should be mote than able to renew the ummah's mentality, to continuallyadjust to changing circumstances, and to initiate the sciences ofcivilization at a time when the West was o v e m by wild forest tribes.What Do We Mean by Ijtihad?For the teasons indicated above, we ate calling for a new type of ijtihad.Rather than the ijtihad specified by the scholars of usd, which will ...

How to Define the Czechoslovak Underground

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
Barbara Bothová
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The West ◽  
State Security ◽  
The Third ◽  
Key Events

What is an underground? Is it possible to embed this particular way of life into any definition? After all, even underground did not have the need to define itself at the beginning. The presented text represents a brief reflection of the development of underground in Czechoslovakia; attention is paid to the impulses from the West, which had a significant influence on the underground. The text focuses on the key events that influenced the underground. For example, the “Hairies (Vlasatci)” Action, which took place in 1966, and the State Security activity in Rudolfov in 1974. The event in Rudolfov was an imaginary landmark and led to the writing of a manifesto that came into history as the “Report on the Third Czech Musical Revival.”

Islamists between revolution and the state: an epilogue

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Ghani Imad
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Arab World ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Heavy Burden ◽  
New Type ◽  
Political Realities

The problematic addressed in this article is the challenge initiated by the Arab revolutions to reform the Arab political system in such a way as to facilitate the incorporation of ‘democracy’ at the core of its structure. Given the profound repercussions, this issue has become the most serious matter facing the forces of change in the Arab world today; meanwhile, it forms the most prominent challenge and the most difficult test confronting Islamists. The Islamist phenomenon is not an alien implant that descended upon us from another planet beyond the social context or manifestations of history. Thus it cannot but be an expression of political, cultural, and social needs and crises. Over the years this phenomenon has presented, through its discourse, an ideological logic that falls within the context of ‘advocacy’; however, today Islamists find themselves in office, and in a new context that requires them to produce a new type of discourse that pertains to the context of a ‘state’. Political participation ‘tames’ ideology and pushes political actors to rationalize their discourse in the face of daily political realities and the necessity of achievement. The logic of advocacy differs from that of the state: in the case of advocacy, ideology represents an enriching asset, whereas in the case of the state, it constitutes a heavy burden. This is one reason why so much discourse exists within religious jurisprudence related to interest or necessity or balancing outcomes. This article forms an epilogue to the series of articles on religion and the state published in previous issues of this journal. It adopts the methodologies of ‘discourse analysis’ and ‘case studies’ in an attempt to examine the arguments presented by Islamists under pressure from the opposition. It analyses the experiences, and the constraints, that inhibit the production of a ‘model’, and monitors the development of the discourse, its structure, and transformations between advocacy, revolution and the state.

scholarly journals الحلقة المفقودة في معادلة الحضارة من منظور التنوير الياباني: إنجازات العزلة وتطورات الانفتاح

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (82) ◽  
pp. 146-111
Author(s):  
ناصر يوسف
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The West ◽  
Additional Element ◽  
Missing Link ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Japanese Experience

يهدف هذا البحث إلى استكناه الأنموذج الإنمائي الياباني داخل العناصر الحضارية التي ارتسمها مالك بن نبي: الإنسان، والأرض، والوقت. وكذلك امتحان هذه العناصر داخل النموذج الياباني، واختبار نضج الفكرة في حقل التجربة اليابانية، محاولاً الإجابة عن تساؤلين اثنين: هل تسعى هذه العناصر الحضارية الثلاثة إلى إحداث تنمية فيها كثير من طابع البداوة، أو التأسيس لتنمية مُتحضِّرة؟ هل توجد حلقة مفقودة داخل هذه العناصر كانت -فيما بعدُ- سبباً في نجاح انفتاح اليابان على الغرب؟ وقد انتهينا إلى أنّ منظومة العلاقة الدولة-الإنسان هي الحلقة المفقودة في المعادلة الحضارية؛ فمن غيرها تبقى عناصرها كما ارتسمها ابن نبي بدويةً، وعلى نحو ما عاينه ابن خلدون أيضاً. The study aspires to investigate the Japanese model of development based on the elements of civilization - namely man, the earth and time - as portrayed by Malik bin Nabi. It intends to examine these civilizational elements in the context of the Japanese model, and to investigate the level of maturity of civilizational thoughts in the Japanese experience. The study tries to answer two questions: first, are those three elements of civilization moving towards development that is characterized more by nomadism or towards civilized development? Second, is there a missing link within those civilizational elements that was later the cause of Japan’s successful opening to the West? The study concludes that the state-man relationship is the missing link in the equation of civilization, and without this additional element, development, as portrayed by Ibn Nabi and Ibn Khaldoun, remains nomadic.

Buber versus Scholem and the Figure of the Hasidic Jew: A Literary Debate between Two Political Theologies

2018 ◽  
pp. 225-262
Author(s):  
Hannan Hever
Keyword(s):  
Martin Buber ◽  
Jewish Studies ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The Face

This chapter looks at one of the most famous and significant debates in Jewish studies: between Gershom Scholem and Martin Buber over the character of Hasidism. On the face of it, the debate was a literary one, centering on the significance of the Hasidic tale and its role in the interpretation of the Hasidic movement. It was a debate between two conceptions of Hasidism, one as a system of theological concepts, and the other as a way of life. Yet this debate was not merely historicist, but topical and political as well. For in this debate, Buber and Scholem negotiated the question of Jewish sovereignty and endeavored to determine the desired relationship between Jews and the state.

scholarly journals Sustainability in the Anthropocene: Between Extinction and Populism

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2538
Author(s):  
Manuel Arias-Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Policy Goal ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Climate Policies ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One

The pursuit of environmental sustainability has been affected by two significant developments in the last years. On the one hand, the Anthropocene hypothesis suggests that the human impact on the environment has increased to such a degree, that natural systems are now disrupted at a planetary level. The most dangerous manifestation of the Anthropocene is climate change, where there is need for greater urgency in the face of insufficient climate action. There are a number of scientists who currently warn of the possibility that failing to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere may render the Earth uninhabitable in the first place. A first goal of this paper is thus to ponder how the sustainability paradigm may be affected in the face of this threat and whether, in fact, sustainability may be displaced by “habitability”. On the other hand, some climate policies are eliciting the reaction of a populist movement—from Trumpism to the gilets jaunes in France—that opposes the rise of environmentally-related taxes and denies climate change or questions the severity of its effects. Both as a concept and as a policy goal, sustainability thus finds itself under double pressure: as it must focus on keeping the planet inhabitable, while the political opposition to measures directed towards decarbonization also increases. In what follows, the paper suggests that sustainability should be understood as a technocratic project to keep the planet safe for humanity rather than imposing a new way of life for all its inhabitants. This is not to imply that moral or ideological debate is to be curtailed, but rather to differentiate between achieving environmental sustainability and seeking the reshaping of socionatural relations.

scholarly journals Persepsi Orang Rimba Terhadap Hutan dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Sistem Sosial

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-188
Author(s):  
Takiddin Takiddin
Keyword(s):  
Staple Food ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Hunting And Gathering ◽  
Permanent Home ◽  
The Face ◽  
Food Needs

Forest people perceive forests asliving quarter stomaintaint their existence is the face of the earth. They saw the forest as their homes. They do not have a permanent home, as usual modern humanism general. They made the house just enough to protect them from rain and heat. Their house isshapedlike a very simple ordinary tents they calls udung. Their perception of space also affect show these tribes make ends meet. Traditionally basically staple food needs and another needs can be metby the forest. Their traditional way of life consists of hunting and gathering.

scholarly journals ISLAM IN THE WEST MEDIA DISTORTION (MEDIA IN CONSTRUCTING ISLAM AS A TERRORIST AND EXTREMIST RELIGION)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ifah Ifah
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Global Community ◽  
The West ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
Forms Of Violence ◽  
Negative Concept ◽  
Western Media

Various media reports that directly or indirectly have formed public opinion that accuses Muslims as a whole as accused of all forms of violence and terrorism on the face of the earth accompanied by extremist acts. Some western media are trying to brainwash the global community that where there are Muslims then there are terrorists and where there are terrorists then there is a threat accompanied by extremist acts. This article aims to see how western media are constructing the message that Islam is the religion of terrorists and extremists. The method used is the study of literature. The results show that the Media has a big impact on a person's view of something and using only symbols of Islam, they can be accused of being terrorists. The media constructs messages in the form of writings or images that link terror acts with Muslims. Muslims, in general, are suspected of being part of terrorists, even for small neighborhoods. So it is clearly seen that the media is trying to form a negative concept of Islam as a religion of terrorists and extremists.

PENERAPAN REKABENTUK BUMBUNG RUMAH MELAYU TERENGGANU DI DALAM PEMBANGUNAN TERENGGANU

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
Nor Hamizah Hamid ◽  
Nor Hidayah Rameli
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
The State ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The West ◽  
Roof Design

AbstrakSenibina rumah tradisional Melayu adalah salah satu warisan pertukangan yang mencerminkan identitimasyarakat Melayu. Ia bukan sahaja merupakan tempat tinggal malahan ia adalah cara hidup dankebudayaan masyarakat Melayu itu. Keindahan dan keunikan yang terdapat pada rekabentuk warisansenibina tradisioanal Melayu adalah hasil pemikiran orang Melayu. Penerapan senibina masakini terhadaprekabentuk bumbung rumah tradisional Melayu terutamanya di negeri Terengganu dapat dilihat di dalampembangunan negeri Terengganu. Kajian ini antara lain membuat pengkhususan ke atas senibinabumbung rumah tradisional Melayu Terengganu bagi melihat dengan jelas akan keunikan yang terdapatdi sebalik rekabentuk yang nyata berbeza berbanding dengan kebanyakan senibina bumbung rumahMelayu lain di Pantai barat Semenanjung dengan mengambil kira ciri-ciri rekabentuk bumbung senibinarumah tradisional Melayu Terengganu. Abstract Architectural traditional Malay house is one of the crafts that reflect the heritage of Malay identity. It isnot only a place to live but it is a way of life and culture of the Malays. The beauty and uniqueness indesign of traditional Malay architectural heritage is the result of thinking of the Malays. Application of thepresent architecture on of the traditional Malay house roof design especially in the state of Terengganucan be seen in the development of the state. This study among others specialises on traditional Malayarchitectural roof Terengganu to see if there uniqueness prevails despite substantially different designcompared to most other Malay architectural roofs in the west Coast, taking into account the characteristicsof a traditional malay roof design architecture in Terengganu.

Revolutionary Russia

1918 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-191
Author(s):  
Simon Litman
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Face ◽  
Historic Development

From tyrannical autocracy to a most radically socialistic régime, from an empire oppressing subjugated peoples to a country proclaiming the principle of “self-determination of nationalities”—such has been the remarkable record of Russia during the past year. These changes, which have come to many as a surprise, were to those acquainted with the ferment permeating Russian life but the logical outcome of Russia's historic development.In order to be able to interpret the trend of recent events there, events which since the overthrow of Tsarism have been moving with such bewildering rapidity, it is necessary to know what have been the forces that have shaped the life of the country. Russian evolution has come through periods of subjugation, through century long struggles for self-assertion against invaders, through many internal uprisings and through successful wars of expansion. Beginning as a small principality in the interior of a plain, Russia spread to the north and to the south, to the west and to the east until she became a world empire, in area the greatest compact country on the face of the earth, occupying 8,505,000 square miles, or larger in size than all of North America, and having a population of over 175,000,000 people.

The Liberal Betrayal of Secularism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadia B. Drury
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Political Order ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of Religion ◽  
Religious Extremism ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Relationship

This chapter offers a philosophical overview of the historical relationship between liberalism and secularism in the West. It concludes that secularism has been betrayed by the current ascendancy of a multicultural brand of liberalism. The history of religion in the West has made secularism a necessary posture that the state must adopt in the face of the threat that monotheistic religions pose to political order and stability. Secularism and liberalism are natural allies, but they are not identical. This betrayal has some serious ramifications. Not only is it incapable of dealing with the rising tide of religious extremism, it has allowed Islam to assume the mantle of liberator from the clutches of the colonial hegemon.

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