scholarly journals THE ORIGINALITY OF V.G. KOROLENKO’s LINGUISTIC AND STYLISTIC MANNER(BASED ON THE STORY “SOKOLINETS”)

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 875-890
Author(s):  
V.I. Muminov
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Creative Task ◽  
High Degree

In this article based on the story “Sokolinets”, the peculiarities of linguistic and stylistic manner of V.G. Korolenko are reviewed, the author’s preferences in the choice of means of expression and intensification of features which provide stylistic effect are observed. First of all, the denominative vocabulary expressing the extreme (ultimate) psychological and emotional states of the characters is marked and classified. The pronoun words and particles, which often interact with each other, creating expressive constructions with the meaning of gradation, high degree of feature manifestation, etc., are considered separately. The word-formation means, participating in the realization of author’s emotionality, strengthening of substantial and expressive sides of the utterance, are singled out. Some peculiarities of V.G. Korolenko's idiostyle are examined; the stylistic means which increase the expressiveness of the work, optimize the rhythmical-intonational structure of the poetic speech, saturate it with the semantic and stylistic information are classified. The types of repetitions attracted by the writer for the realization of his creative task and their role in the realization of the stylistic effect are determined.

scholarly journals Names for Actors in the Medical Field in the 1920 Issues of Medicina, the First Medical Magazine in Independent Lithuania

Lituanistica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Palmira Zemlevičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Medical Information ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Medical Theory ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Military

The article deals with the names referring to persons engaged in medicine and related sciences as used in the 1920 issues of Medicina, a medical theory and practice magazine of independent Lithuania. The author identifies their meanings and typical groups, discusses their composition and characteristics, and, to some extent, touches upon the matters of their structure and origin. The names of the actors in the medical field carry a high degree of semantic diversity and fall into four identifiable core groups: (1) the names of persons administering treatment, (2) the names of medical training persons, (3) the names of pharmacy persons, and (4) the names of persons undergoing treatment. Within these groups, names further branch off into subgroups based on a set of different, often individual aspects. Still, there are several frequently occurring aspects that should be distinguished: these are the aspects of college medical education, the connection with the military, and the qualifying degree. Although all names of these actors in the medical field are covered by the overarching seme of medicine, they all vary in differential semes. In terms of word formation, the prevailing names for the actors in the medical field are compound words with their key components mostly deriving from Lithuanian terms. Obviously, the prevalence of compounds is the outcome of the need to name different persons associated with medical science and practice, as well as patients, something that cannot be done with single-word terms. Today, many think of a scientific text as one defined by an abundance of foreign terms. The subject source of the names for the actors in the medical field is a science magazine, yet most of the names are of Lithuanian origin. Many of them are suffixal derivatives: gydytojas ‘physician’, mokovas ‘expert’, slaugytojas ‘nurse’, pribuvėja ‘midwife’, seselė ‘sister’, vaistininkas ‘pharmacist’, ligonis ‘a sick person’, džiovininkas ‘a consumptive’, etc. Loanwords are dominated by words of Latin (daktaras ‘doctor’, medikas ‘medic’, pacientas ‘patient’, provizorius ‘pharmaceutical chemist’, sanitaras (‘orderly’), etc.) and Greek (anatomas ‘anatomist’, chirurgas ‘surgeon’, fiziologas ‘physiologist’, terapeutas ‘therapist’, etc.) origin. Hybrids are not very common and usually have a borrowed root and a Lithuanian suffix (stipendininkas ‘scholar’, farmacininkas ‘pharmacist’, venerininkas ‘a male with a venereal disease’, kretinaitė ‘a female with cretinism’, and so on). Conformity with the terminological criterion can mostly be observed in the names of persons administering treatment, whereas a number of the names of persons undergoing treatment are not very terminological due to them being expressed by substantival adjectives and, typically, participles (apsikrėtusysis ‘one who has caught a disease’, pažeistasis ‘(the) affected’, sergantysis ‘(the) sick’, sveikasis ‘(the) healthy’, etc.), or descriptive word combinations (akių liga sergantysis ‘one with an eye disease’, grįžtamąja šiltine sergantysis (‘one with recurrent typhus’, etc.). In addition to linguistic and terminological evidence, the names of actors in the medical field convey a certain amount of subject-related (medical) information. Their meanings provide insight into the medical situation in Lithuania in 1920, practitioners, the most common illnesses of the period, and so on.

The Uses of Association: Hands and Feasts in Beowulf

PMLA ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Rosier
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
High Degree

The Beowulf Poet's extraordinary facility in using a vast and diverse word-hoard has long excited students of the poem. Among the critical studies, discussions of vocabulary rank high in number, and almost every conceivable approach to the subject has been investigated either in part or with a high degree of thoroughness. Single words, such as ealuscerwen, and groups of related words, such as rime-words, kennings, and words of Christian content or reference, have received close attention, as well as larger lexical patterns, such as variation and the formulaic texture, while further studies have compared the vocabulary with that of other Old English poems or Nordic literatures. Aside from purely lexicographical or etymological inquiries, there are three perspectives to which these many discussions generally belong: 1) descriptive: usually statistical observations about the number of compounds relative to simplices or of formulas relative to the whole vocabulary of the poem, or a comparison of the frequency of certain lexical types with other poems, or a classification of the habits of word-formation; 2) figurative and appellative: the types of verbal figures and their analogues elsewhere in Old English and Old Norse; and 3) usage: the use of words in particular contexts or for specific effects, and the structural use of synonymic substitution and variation. The first emphasis is important because it reveals the composition and its formative strata of the poem's total vocabulary, and also the lexical relationships with other poetry or poetic traditions. The second serves to isolate a lexical stratum which is by nature exclusively poetic and to observe how much of this stratum is probably original and how much traditional. But it is the third perspective which is interested most essentially in the poet, since here the attempt is made to discern the many ways by which he has used language significantly to dramatize, emphasize, elucidate, intimate, and so on. Much that has been written in this category has concerned itself with the larger patterns of variation as a characterizing, describing, or structural device, rather than with smaller, more confined, strokes of verbal association and verbal play. A well-known instance of the latter is the epithet for Grendel, healoegn (142) which, in its context, wherein a bona fide hall-thane anxiously seeks out a hiding place as protection against the intruder, may with complete justification be termed ironic, and the same thing may be said of a similar appellation used later for both Grendel and Beowulf, renweardas (770), There are also hints here and there that the poet may have been influenced by learned Latin figures. Many years ago Albert Cook compared flod blode weol (1422; Exodus 463, flod blod gewod) to Aldhelm's fluenta cruenta (De Virginitate, 2600), and more recently H. D. Meritt called attention to the similarity between Hrothgar's warning that in death “eagena bearhtm / forsiteo ond forsworces” (1766b-67a) and Aldhelm's “ferreus leti somnus palpebrarum conuolatus non tricaverit” (De Virg. Prose, 321.7, ed. Ewald). It is in the smaller strokes, I think, that the poet's acumen and craft are most incisively contained, and it is to some of these that the present discussion is devoted.

scholarly journals Evaluative Wortbildung und Personenreferenz.

2021 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-176
Author(s):  
Antje Dammel
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Stereotyped Behaviour ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Formation Pattern ◽  
High Degree

The word formation pattern [ __-i]N mask. in Alemannic mainly derives masculine agent nouns from verbs resulting in output semantics of ‘someone who notoriously acts in the manner of base verb’. I analyse the pattern as an instance of evaluative morphology embedded in a more general output oriented schema and propose a scenario how the pattern may have developed from an OHG hypochoristic pattern primarily used in names. In a qualitative and quantitative analysis of two dialect dictionaries on Zürich German and Bernese German I look into the possible lexical fillings of the pattern and derive areas of stereotypisation. As the products of the pattern are masculine nouns, it is of interest whether the lemmas are flanked with a feminine form or not, and if they are, whether the feminine form follows or precedes the masculine form or is added as a separate lemma without a masculine pendant. The analysis also includes neuter forms ending in -i listed in the dictionaries. As the masculine products of the pattern already reflect stereotyped behaviour, the feminine (and neuter) forms included in the diction­na­ries are expected to sediment gender stereotypes to a high degree.

scholarly journals Language-specific units as intensity markers

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-98
Author(s):  
E.R. Ioanesyan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
New Models ◽  
High Degree

The paper scans the linguistic literature on word formation models for high-degree vocabulary. It presents a number of new models, plus a description of some language-specific words as intensity markers in a variety of languages.

Derivation as a Source of Medical Terminology Formation

2019 ◽  
pp. 261-267
Author(s):  
Nataliia Misnyk
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Clinical Terminology ◽  
The Creation ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Medical Concepts ◽  
Clear Description ◽  
Terminology System

The article is devoted to the specificity of the derivation in the field of medical terminology. Among the traditional methods of term formation, morphological (in particular its variants – affixation and composition of words and bases) is the most active. In terminological derivation in the field of clinical medicine, several trends have been identified, the main of which are: the formation of its own terminological fund of word-formation means, the close interaction of national and international components, the high degree of regularity in the formal-linguistic design, which is explained by the international nature of formants and their regular communication with a certain word-making way. Recently, more and more attention is paid to its own word-building resources. It is possible to predict that modern terminology in the field of clinical medicine will deepen this tendency by involving international elements in the creation of terms and using already used for the expansion of the terminological fund of medical science. It is important to study derivation in terms of structural standardization of terms. An analysis of word-formation meanings and their means of expression make it possible, in our opinion, to streamline and generalize the types of relationships that we observe in the terminology field “clinical terminology”. The study of the affixation of a fund of medical-clinical terminology has given grounds for arguing that suffixal and prefixal morphemes largely determine the specifics of clinical terminology, which enable a clear description of certain medical concepts, phenomena, and activity in the creation of new terms. This method provides the possibility of using the same type of word formation, which contributes to the structural systematization of the terminology system.

scholarly journals I.A. Bunins Linguistic Worldview in an Extreme Situation (on manipulation potential of the diary «Cursed Days»)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-395
Author(s):  
Elena Antipina
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Extreme Situation ◽  
Efficient Tool ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Empirical Material

The article studies the linguistic worldview of the great Russian writer I.A. Bunin in the context of an extreme situation and measures the manipulation potential of his diary «Cursed Days» written in the period of wars and revolutions in the early 20th century, the time of cardinal changes in all spheres of life. The author shows how the writer’s worldview changed influenced by the political, historic and cultural events of those days. The phenomenon of linguistic manipulation is the object of the research, which is explained by the character of the linguo-cultural and historical situation at the time of the diary’s publishing. The empirical material is helps to study manipulative behavior in an extreme situation, which requires special speaking skillfulness, a high degree of persuasion, and mobilizing all available means and tools. The study focuses on key means of argumentation and manipulation that I.A. Bunin uses to express his personal views on the historic events, as well as on lexical means, stylistic devices and techniques that enable the writer to affect the reader. The author proves that the diary «Cursed Days» contains not only semantic interpretation of the environment, but also a wide range of feelings and emotions, which, thus, makes the diary a synthesis of meanings and emotional states, and therefore, an efficient tool of manipulation.

scholarly journals The state of emotional-evaluative vocabulary in the expression of emotions in preschool children with general speech underdevelopment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga V. Yeletskaya ◽  
◽  
Lyudmila A. Silaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The State ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Expression Of Emotions

The article presents typical difficulties in controlling and expressing their emotional states by verbal and non-verbal means in children with general speech underdevelopment. The study of emotionalevaluative vocabulary in the vocabulary of children of this category revealed the features of understanding and using this vocabulary: problemsof understanding words with emotional load, limited active vocabulary of emotional-evaluative vocabulary, difficulties in selecting synonyms and antonyms for emotional-evaluative words, the processes of word formation and inflection are difficult.

scholarly journals Spremembe v leksiki in skladnji v sodobni slovenščini

2018 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 461-469
Author(s):  
Andreja Žele ◽  
Boris Kern
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Frequent Change ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
High Degree

Changes in lexicon and syntax in modern SlovenianBecause of the multifunctional expansion of texts and lexis are the borrow semantic-syntactic features of today’s lexems already a part of system of Slovenian language. Lexical changes, i.e. the properties and the capacity of word-formation/semantic change of modern lexemes, are analysed particularly from the perspective of a high degree of borrowing. In connection with a high de­gree ofborrowed word-formational propositions of neologisms one can note an increase in certain types of suffixes, largely observed in compounds; in connection with borrowed elements systemic unpredictability of formation is highlighted.From the standpoint of syntactic/valence changes the most frequent change is from monovalent verbs to divalent verbs, e.g. abstinirati glasovanje ‘to abstain voting’, blefirati veselje ‘to fake enjoyment’, diplomirati/magistrirati/doktorirati zgodovino ‘to BA/MD/PhD history’.In an increasingly more popular use of agglutinative words certain Slovene prefixes may only preserve their phase quality, e.g. zaasfaltirati, zamoralizirati, zmasakrirati, while others may indi­rectly express social changes, e.g. the prefix ‘pre-’ as in predefinirati ukaze ‘to predefine orders’. Greater individualisation is seen in the use of the pronominal prefix ‘sam-’ in increasingly more extended compounds such as samoaktualizirati potrebe ‘to selfmodernise the needs’ etc.Zmiany leksykalne i składniowe we współczesnym języku słoweńskimW wyniku rozszerzenia wielofunkcyjności tekstowej i leksykalnej oraz wysokiego stopnia za­pożyczeń w ramach właściwości znaczeniowo-składniowych dochodzi do zmian w systemie języka słoweńskiego. Zmiany leksykalne, tak zwane właściwości słowotwórczo-znaczeniowe, i potencjał słowotwórczy nowego słownictwa są analizowane przede wszystkim w kontekście wysokiego sto­pnia zapożyczania. W związku z tym, że podstawy nowych derywatów są w dużej mierze zapoży­czane, można zauważyć znaczący wzrost użycia tylko niektórych prefiksów. Szczególnie częste są złożenia. Charakterystyczna jest jednocześnie nieprzewidywalność derywacji.W przypadku innowacji składniowych i walencyjnych najczęstsza jest zmiana czasowników jednowalencyjnych na dwuwalencyjne, na przykład abstinirati glasovanje ‘powstrzymywać się od głosowania’, blefirati veselje ‘udawać radość’, diplomirati/magistrirati/doktorirati zgodovino ‘ukończyć studia licencjackie/magister-skie/doktoranckie z historii’.W związku z coraz częstszym użyciem derywatów prefiksalnych niektóre słoweńskie przedro­stki mogą wyrażać tylko fazowość, na przykład zaasfaltirati, zamoralizirati, zmasakrirati, podczas gdy inne pośrednio wskazują na zmiany społeczne, dla przykładu pre-: predefinirati ukaze ‘prze­definiować rozporządzenie’. Na większą indywidualizację wskazuje przyimkowy formant sam- w coraz bardziej powszechnych zrostach samoaktualizirati potrebe ‘samoaktualizować potrzeby’.

scholarly journals The McGill Face Database: Validation and Insights Into the Recognition of Facial Expressions of Complex Mental States

Perception ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Schmidtmann ◽  
Ben J. Jennings ◽  
Dasha A. Sandra ◽  
Jordan Pollock ◽  
Ian Gold
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Side View ◽  
Face Database ◽  
Recognition Of Facial Expressions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
High Degree

Current databases of facial expressions represent only a small subset of expressions, usually the basic emotions (fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, sadness, and anger). To overcome these limitations, we introduce a database of pictures of facial expressions reflecting the richness of mental states. A total of 93 expressions of mental states were interpreted by two professional actors, and high-quality pictures were taken under controlled conditions in front and side view. The database was validated in two experiments. First, a four-alternative forced-choice paradigm was employed to test the ability to select a term associated with each expression. Second, the task was to locate each face within a 2-D space of valence and arousal. Results from both experiments demonstrate that subjects can reliably recognize a great diversity of emotional states from facial expressions. While subjects’ performance was better for front view images, the advantage over the side view was not dramatic. This is the first demonstration of the high degree of accuracy human viewers exhibit when identifying complex mental states from only partially visible facial features. The McGill Face Database provides a wide range of facial expressions that can be linked to mental state terms and can be accurately characterized in terms of arousal and valence.

LINGUACULTURAL DOMINANTS IN MODERN RUSSIAN MEDIA WORD CREATION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Samylicheva
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Modern Media ◽  
Russian Media ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Modern Russian

The article is devoted to the analysis of linguacultural dominants in modern word-formation processes. The high degree of expressiveness and evaluation characteristic of the language of modern media is manifested quite clearly at the level of word formation. Neologisms, in which the internal form appears in the most naked form, are an indicator and exponent of certain value orientations in society.

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