scholarly journals Names for Actors in the Medical Field in the 1920 Issues of Medicina, the First Medical Magazine in Independent Lithuania

Lituanistica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Palmira Zemlevičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Medical Information ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Medical Theory ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Military

The article deals with the names referring to persons engaged in medicine and related sciences as used in the 1920 issues of Medicina, a medical theory and practice magazine of independent Lithuania. The author identifies their meanings and typical groups, discusses their composition and characteristics, and, to some extent, touches upon the matters of their structure and origin. The names of the actors in the medical field carry a high degree of semantic diversity and fall into four identifiable core groups: (1) the names of persons administering treatment, (2) the names of medical training persons, (3) the names of pharmacy persons, and (4) the names of persons undergoing treatment. Within these groups, names further branch off into subgroups based on a set of different, often individual aspects. Still, there are several frequently occurring aspects that should be distinguished: these are the aspects of college medical education, the connection with the military, and the qualifying degree. Although all names of these actors in the medical field are covered by the overarching seme of medicine, they all vary in differential semes. In terms of word formation, the prevailing names for the actors in the medical field are compound words with their key components mostly deriving from Lithuanian terms. Obviously, the prevalence of compounds is the outcome of the need to name different persons associated with medical science and practice, as well as patients, something that cannot be done with single-word terms. Today, many think of a scientific text as one defined by an abundance of foreign terms. The subject source of the names for the actors in the medical field is a science magazine, yet most of the names are of Lithuanian origin. Many of them are suffixal derivatives: gydytojas ‘physician’, mokovas ‘expert’, slaugytojas ‘nurse’, pribuvėja ‘midwife’, seselė ‘sister’, vaistininkas ‘pharmacist’, ligonis ‘a sick person’, džiovininkas ‘a consumptive’, etc. Loanwords are dominated by words of Latin (daktaras ‘doctor’, medikas ‘medic’, pacientas ‘patient’, provizorius ‘pharmaceutical chemist’, sanitaras (‘orderly’), etc.) and Greek (anatomas ‘anatomist’, chirurgas ‘surgeon’, fiziologas ‘physiologist’, terapeutas ‘therapist’, etc.) origin. Hybrids are not very common and usually have a borrowed root and a Lithuanian suffix (stipendininkas ‘scholar’, farmacininkas ‘pharmacist’, venerininkas ‘a male with a venereal disease’, kretinaitė ‘a female with cretinism’, and so on). Conformity with the terminological criterion can mostly be observed in the names of persons administering treatment, whereas a number of the names of persons undergoing treatment are not very terminological due to them being expressed by substantival adjectives and, typically, participles (apsikrėtusysis ‘one who has caught a disease’, pažeistasis ‘(the) affected’, sergantysis ‘(the) sick’, sveikasis ‘(the) healthy’, etc.), or descriptive word combinations (akių liga sergantysis ‘one with an eye disease’, grįžtamąja šiltine sergantysis (‘one with recurrent typhus’, etc.). In addition to linguistic and terminological evidence, the names of actors in the medical field convey a certain amount of subject-related (medical) information. Their meanings provide insight into the medical situation in Lithuania in 1920, practitioners, the most common illnesses of the period, and so on.

The Transmission of Medical Knowledge on ̒Nurturing the Fetus̓ in Early China

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Wilms
Keyword(s):  
Medical Information ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Early China ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Medical Needs ◽  
Medical Theory ◽  
Female Bodies ◽  
Naked Body ◽  
Five Phases

Early and medieval Chinese medical authors produced, preserved, and transmitted medical information on ̒nurturing the fetus̓ as an important aspect of literature on ̒nurturing life̓ and ensuring the continuation of the family lineage. This article demonstrates the origin and development of a textual tradition from the Mawangdui manuscripts in the early second century BCE to early medieval formularies such as the Beiji qianjin yaofang and material found in the Japanese compendium lshimpiō. In this process, early descriptions of the month-by-month development of the fetus and corresponding instructions for the mother were preserved almost literally, but gradually supplemented with elements that reflected developments in medical theory and practice. These include correlations between months, five phases, and internal organs according to the theory of systematic correspondences; detailed descriptions of acupuncture channels and points prohibited during each month of pregnancy; medicinal formulas for the prevention and treatment of disorders of pregnancy; and, lastly, ten line drawings that depict the monthly changes in the naked body of a pregnant woman and her fetus, as well as prohibited acupuncture channels and points. Texts on ̒nurturing the fetus̓ thus show the influence of cosmology and yin-yang theory, formulary literature, acumoxa charts and prohibitions, and vessel and visceral theory, but most importantly, a growing attention to the genderspecific medical needs of female bodies in the context of ̒formulas for women.̓

Derivation as a Source of Medical Terminology Formation

2019 ◽  
pp. 261-267
Author(s):  
Nataliia Misnyk
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Clinical Terminology ◽  
The Creation ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Medical Concepts ◽  
Clear Description ◽  
Terminology System

The article is devoted to the specificity of the derivation in the field of medical terminology. Among the traditional methods of term formation, morphological (in particular its variants – affixation and composition of words and bases) is the most active. In terminological derivation in the field of clinical medicine, several trends have been identified, the main of which are: the formation of its own terminological fund of word-formation means, the close interaction of national and international components, the high degree of regularity in the formal-linguistic design, which is explained by the international nature of formants and their regular communication with a certain word-making way. Recently, more and more attention is paid to its own word-building resources. It is possible to predict that modern terminology in the field of clinical medicine will deepen this tendency by involving international elements in the creation of terms and using already used for the expansion of the terminological fund of medical science. It is important to study derivation in terms of structural standardization of terms. An analysis of word-formation meanings and their means of expression make it possible, in our opinion, to streamline and generalize the types of relationships that we observe in the terminology field “clinical terminology”. The study of the affixation of a fund of medical-clinical terminology has given grounds for arguing that suffixal and prefixal morphemes largely determine the specifics of clinical terminology, which enable a clear description of certain medical concepts, phenomena, and activity in the creation of new terms. This method provides the possibility of using the same type of word formation, which contributes to the structural systematization of the terminology system.

Gender and Objectivity in Medicine

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Ehrenreich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Health It ◽  
Late 19Th Century

Medicine in the United States has been an overwhelmingly male profession since the emergence of the modern medical profession in the late 19th century. Historically the exclusion of women from medical training was justified on the grounds that females are innately less capable of scientific objectivity than males. However, a brief examination of gynecological theory and practice advanced by male physicians over the last 100 years reveals that medical “science” has been and continues to be permeated with sex prejudices. The direction of the bias in the medical care of women has been to reinforce traditional social roles for women. In addition, nonobjectivity in the medical care of women has been directly detrimental to women's health. It is urged that medicine discard old prejudices and develop a firmer scientific basis.

Current Progress in Biomedical Applications of Chitosan-Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 1619-1632
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Pieklarz ◽  
Michał Tylman ◽  
Zofia Modrzejewska
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Biological Macromolecules ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
New Generation ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Dressing Materials

The currently observed development of medical science results from the constant search for innovative solutions to improve the health and quality of life of patients. Particular attention is focused on the design of a new generation of materials with a high degree of biocompatibility and tolerance towards the immune system. In addition, apart from biotolerance, it is important to ensure appropriate mechanical and technological properties of materials intended for intra-body applications. Knowledge of the above parameters becomes the basis for considerations related to the possibilities of choosing the appropriate polymer materials. The researchers' interest, as evidenced by the number of available publications, is attracted by nanobiocomposites based on chitosan and carbon nanotubes, which, due to their properties, enable integration with the tissues of the human body. Nanosystems can be used in many areas of medicine. They constitute an excellent base for use as dressing materials, as they exhibit antimicrobial properties. In addition, they can be carriers of drugs and biological macromolecules and can be used in gene therapy, tissue engineering, and construction of biosensors. For this reason, potential application areas of chitosan-carbon nanotube nanocomposites in medical sciences are presented in this publication, considering the characteristics of the system components.

scholarly journals Implicit gender-career bias in postgraduate medical training still exists, mainly in residents and in females

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud Kramer ◽  
Ide C. Heyligers ◽  
Karen D. Könings
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Surgical Specialty ◽  
Postgraduate Medical Training ◽  
Career Ambition ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Attending Physicians

Abstract Background More and more female residents enter postgraduate medical training (PGMT). Meanwhile, women are still underrepresented in academic medicine, in leadership positions and in most surgical specialties. This suggests that female residents’ career development may still be negatively impacted by subtle, often unconscious stereotype associations regarding gender and career-ambition, called implicit gender-career bias. This study explored the existence and strength of implicit gender-career bias in doctors who currently work in PGMT, i.e. in attending physicians who act as clinical trainers and in their residents. Methods We tested implicit gender-career bias in doctors working in PGMT by means of an online questionnaire and an online Implicit Association Test (IAT). We used standard IAT analysis to calculate participants’ IAT D scores, which indicate the direction and strength of bias. Linear regression analyses were used to test whether the strength of bias was related to gender, position (resident or clinical trainer) or specialty (non-surgical or surgical specialty). Results The mean IAT D score among 403 participants significantly differed from zero (D-score = 0.36 (SD = 0.39), indicating bias associating male with career and female with family. Stronger gender-career bias was found in women (βfemale =0 .11; CI 0.02; 0.19; p = 0.01) and in residents (βresident 0.12; CI 0.01; 0.23; p = 0.03). Conclusions This study may provide a solid basis for explicitly addressing implicit gender-career bias in PGMT. The general understanding in the medical field is that gender bias is strongest among male doctors’ in male-dominated surgical specialties. Contrary to this view, this study demonstrated that the strongest bias is held by females themselves and by residents, independently of their specialty. Apparently, the influx of female doctors in the medical field has not yet reduced implicit gender-career bias in the next generation of doctors, i.e. in today’s residents, and in females.

scholarly journals Measurement and Process Control in Precision Hot Embossing

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maia R. Bageant ◽  
David E. Hardt
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Disturbance Rejection ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Hot Embossing ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Bulk Deformation ◽  
Functional Tests ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
High Degree

Microfluidic technologies hold a great deal of promise in advancing the medical field, but transitioning them from research to commercial production has proven problematic. We propose precision hot embossing as a process to produce high volumes of devices with low capital cost and a high degree of flexibility. Hot embossing has not been widely applied to precision forming of hard polymers at viable production rates. To this end we have developed experimental equipment capable of maintaining the necessary precision in forming parameters while minimizing cycle time. In addition, since equipment precision alone does not guarantee consistent product quality, our work also focuses on real-time sensing and diagnosis of the process. This paper covers both the basic details for a novel embossing machine, and the utilization of the force and displacement data acquired during the embossing cycle to diagnose the state of the material and process. The precision necessary in both the forming machine and the instrumentation will be covered in detail. It will be shown that variation in the material properties (e.g. thickness, glass transition temperature) as well as the degree of bulk deformation of the substrate can be detected from these measurements. If these data are correlated with subsequent downstream functional tests, a total measure of quality may be determined and used to apply closed-loop cycle-to-cycle control to the entire process. By incorporating automation and specialized precision equipment into a tabletop “microfactory” setting, we aim to demonstrate a high degree of process control and disturbance rejection for the process of hot embossing as applied at the micron scale.

JEREMY BENTHAM'S LIST OF DATA NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN (1797)

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-447
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Jeremy Bentham ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Political Theorist ◽  
Medical Theory ◽  
Musical Sounds

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), English philosopher, jurist, political theorist, and founder of the doctrine of utilitarianism, was also influential in the field of medical theory and practice. Spector1 has called attention to the following data set down by Bentham more than a century and a half before the emergence of modern interest in child development. This list shows Bentham's prescience in conceptualizing the data that would need to be collected before one could properly understand the temporal steps in a child's development. 1. Advances independent of instruction: First indication of fear, smiling, recognizing persons Indication of a preference for a particular person Indication of a dislike for a particular person Attention to musical sounds Appearance of first tooth Appearance of each of the successive teeth; duration and degree of pain and illness in cutting teeth Giving toys or food to others Attempt to imitate sound laughter General progress in bodily or intellectual requirements whether uniform or by sudden degree 2. Advances dependent upon instruction: Standing, supported by one arm Standing, supporting itself by resting the hands Token of obedience to will of others Command of natural evacuation Walking, supporting itself by chairs Standing alone Walking alone Pointing out the seat of pain.

THE TERMS-VERBS IN CONTEMPORARY MEDICAL TEXT

2021 ◽  
pp. 102-107
Author(s):  
MARINA V. VEKLICH ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Medical Text ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Medical Dictionary ◽  
Russian Medical

The article presents a fact-based study of the verbalization of medical knowledge, verbal nomination as one of the ways to create a Russian medical dictionary. The linguistic materials collected during the research indicate the ability of the verb to terminate concepts. Verb-terms, in contrast to noun-terms, nominate specific processes, phenomena. Verb terms are included in word-formation nests along with noun terms. Verb terms fall into two groups: 1) branch verbs and 2) common verbs. The first group unites verbs characteristic of the medical field of knowledge, the second group includes verbs, the terminological nature of which is manifested in the composition of a phrase with a dependent noun-term. In such verb-nominal phrases, the verb either expands the meaning, or concretizes the existing one. Verb terms are used mainly in those branches of medicine that are associated with a specif- ic action (for example, surgery). Verb terms have the same grammatical categories as verbs of the general literary language. The results obtained can be used for further research on the cognitive properties of verbs-terms based on new sources.

HARMONIZATION OF TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND STATE SUPPORT

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (199) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
I.F. Bogatyrev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Electronic Industry ◽  
State Support ◽  
Military Industrial Complex ◽  
Radio Electronic ◽  
The Status ◽  
Main Activity ◽  
The Military

The purpose of the study is to consider the status of state support, to determine its main trends in Russia, including in the radio-electronic industry, in connection with the harmonization of trade and industrial policy. To achieve the purpose of the study, the main approaches to the concepts of "harmonization", "harmonization of trade and industrial policy" were studied, the place of state support in the structure of the mechanism for harmonization of trade and industrial policy was determined, the problems of state support both in general and specifically in the radio-electronic industry were formulated, the ways of solving these problems were suggested. Within the framework of the study, legislative documents related to state support of the radio-electronic industry are analyzed, its main characteristics are determined. The relevance of state support of enterprises of the military-industrial complex, whose main activity is concentrated on the production of radio electronics, is shown. Possible ways of improving the activities of enterprises of the military-industrial complex are proposed, the use of state support tools of an institutional nature is highlighted. The results of the study have novelty and originality, expand the theory and practice of the issue of harmonization, since they focus on those aspects of it that were not previously considered in detail.

scholarly journals Armed conflicts as a source of new formations in the Russian language (on material of the armed conflict in Donbass)

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
The South ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Russian Language

The vocabulary of a language is a variable quantity, it is constantly changing, responding to the needs of life and reflecting its new realities. The events taking place in the South-East of Ukraine since March 2014 have significantly changed the usual picture of the world of the parties involved in this conflict, led to a new interpretation of reality, the emergence of new mental constructs, objectified in the language using a number of lexical innovations, most of which fall under the definition of „hate speech”. The purpose of this article is to try to examine the impact of the armed conflict in the South-East of Ukraine on the emergence of lexical innovations in the Russian language, to identify ways of forming new units and their main thematic clusters. The material for the work was neoplasms recorded in electronic Russian and Russian-speaking Ukrainian mass media, as well as selected from social networks and videos. The analysis showed that in the context of the armed conflict in the South-East of Ukraine, the characteristic manifestations of „hate speech” are mainly numerous new categories-labels with a pronounced conflict potential. The priority in this regard is offensive and derogatory nominations of representatives of the opposite camp, taking into account their worldview / ideological, national / ethnic, territorial / regional characteristics. The military jargon has also undergone a significant update, incorporating not only the reactualized slangisms of the era of the Afghan campaign of 1979-89, but also lexical innovations caused by the military and political realities of the current armed conflict in the Donbas. Neologisms are formed in accordance with the existing methods in the Russian language (word formation, semantic derivation, borrowing). At the same time, non-standard word-forming techniques are also used (language play, homophony, etc.).

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