scholarly journals ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS: THEORETICAL AND LEGAL PROBLEMS OF DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CONCEPTUAL APPARATUS

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 706-713
Author(s):  
I.R. Begishev ◽  
Z.I. Khisamova
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Conceptual Apparatus ◽  
Self Development ◽  
Professional Market ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Robotics

A distinction is made between such concepts as “robotics” and “artificial intelligence”. These categories are not only multi-volume, but also semantically non-falling. After analyzing the conceptual apparatus of these terms, we can conclude that, in contrast to the first, the second is characterized by the presence of “intelligence”, self-development, etc. However, when discussing the legal status of robots and artificial intelligence, most scientists allow confusion of concepts, making attempts to justify the need to confer a legal status on robots, and not artificial intelligence. The question of considering robots and artificial intelligence as subjects of law, in principle, can be considered justified. However, it is premature to consider this issue, but the topic will not lose its relevance in the future. Among the currently available approaches to the consideration of robots and artificial intelligence as subjects of law, the path constructed by analogy with a legal entity from the point of view of the theory of fiction is the most justified. Approaches that offer to justify the legal personality of robots and artificial intelligence, taking into account the essence of animate subjects who have a real, and not just a formal legal will, will be developed only after the development of digital technologies reaches an objectively high level. When implementing these approaches, it is necessary to take into account the existence of legal and economic validity and social conditionality, as well as a possible theoretical and legal problem, the essence of which is as follows: if new legal entities with legal personality are introduced, the level of responsibility of professional market participants may decrease.

scholarly journals Criminal Liability and Artificial Intelligence: Theoretical and Applied Aspects

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zarina Khisamova ◽  
Ildar Begishev
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Self Learning

The humanity is now at the threshold of a new era when a widening use of artificial intelligence (AI) will start a new industrial revolution. Its use inevitably leads to the problem of ethical choice, it gives rise to new legal issues that require urgent actions. The authors analyze the criminal law assessment of the actions of AI. Primarily, the still open issue of liability for the actions of AI that is capable of self-learning and makes a decision to act / not to act, which is qualified as a crime. As a result, there is a necessity to form a system of criminal law measures of counteracting crimes committed with the use of AI. It is shown that the application of AI could lead to four scenarios requiring criminal law regulation. It is stressed that there is a need for a clear, strict and effective definition of the ethical boundaries in the design, development, production, use and modification of AI. The authors argue that it should be recognized as a source of high risk. They specifically state that although the Criminal Code of the Russian Fe­deration contains norms that determine liability for cybercrimes, it does not eliminate the possibility of prosecution for infringements committed with the use of AI under the general norms of punishment for various crimes. The authors also consider it possible to establish a system to standardize and certify the activities of designing AI and putting it into operation. Meanwhile, an autonomous AI that is capable of self-learning is considerably different from other phenomena and objects, and the situation with the liability of AI which independently decides to undertake an action qualified as a crime is much more complicated. The authors analyze the resolution of the European Parliament on the possibility of granting AI legal status and discuss its key principles and meaning. They pay special attention to the issue of recognizing AI as a legal personality. It is suggested that a legal fiction should be used as a technique, when a special legal personality of AI can be perceived as an unusual legal situation that is different from reality. It is believed that such a solution can eliminate a number of existing legal limitations which prevent active involvement of AI into the legal space.

scholarly journals Gender and feminist considerations in Artificial Intelligence from a developing-world perspective, with India as a case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANGHAMITRA CHOUDHURY ◽  
Shailendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Precarious Situation ◽  
And Robotics

<p>The relationship between women, technology manifestation, and likely prospects in the developing world is discussed in this manuscript. Using India as a case study, the paper goes on to discuss how ontology and epistemology views utilised in AI (Artificial Intelligence) and robotics will affect women's prospects in developing countries. Women in developing countries, notably in South Asia, are perceived as doing domestic work and are underrepresented in high-level professions. They are disproportionately underemployed and face prejudice in the workplace. The purpose of this study is to determine if the introduction of AI would exacerbate the already precarious situation of women in the developing world or if it would serve as a liberating force. While studies on the impact of AI on women have been undertaken in developed countries, there has been less research in developing countries. This manuscript attempts to fill that need.</p>

scholarly journals TOPICAL ISSUES OF RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
pp. 197-211
Author(s):  
Anna Rozentsvaig ◽  
R. A. Vdovin
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Educational Policy ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Competence Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Research Education ◽  
World Class

The article deals with some directions of the research and educational policy development. The correlation of approaches to the development of the strategic academic leadership program and the world-class research and educational centers establishing, centers of competence development is analyzed. Engineering knowledge and technology are at the heart of the modern economy. Engineering methods, approaches, and technologies have permeated medicine, biology, agriculture, chemistry, and the development of new materials. Understanding the directions of technological development determines the prospects for creating and using new products. further development of the issue related to the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies in the engine-building industry from the point of view of legal regulation will allow to consolidate the official legal status of such technologies at the legal level and regulate the algorithm and delimit the use of artificial intelligence technologies. The analysis of responses to the big challenges of scientific and technological development and the exhaustion of economic growth opportunities, the formation of the digital economy and the risks of reducing human resources. The development of international accreditation procedures is proposed. Keywords: Research; Education: Research and educational center: Competence development center; Artificial intelligence technologies: International accreditation.

scholarly journals Human Gaze Assisted Artificial Intelligence: A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruohan Zhang ◽  
Akanksha Saran ◽  
Bo Liu ◽  
Yifeng Zhu ◽  
Sihang Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Cognitive State ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Robotics

Human gaze reveals a wealth of information about internal cognitive state. Thus, gaze-related research has significantly increased in computer vision, natural language processing, decision learning, and robotics in recent years. We provide a high-level overview of the research efforts in these fields, including collecting human gaze data sets, modeling gaze behaviors, and utilizing gaze information in various applications, with the goal of enhancing communication between these research areas. We discuss future challenges and potential applications that work towards a common goal of human-centered artificial intelligence.

The Settlement Infrastructure of Ukrainian Stock Market: State and Directions for Reform

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 565
Author(s):  
Oleksandra V. KOLOHOIDA ◽  
Iryna V. LUKACH ◽  
Valeriia V. POIEDYNOK ◽  
Volodymyr I. BOBRYK
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Financial Instruments ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Clearing Functions ◽  
Market State ◽  
Exchange Markets ◽  
Banking Institution

The research defines the concepts of clearing and clearing activity. It explores the models of the clearing institutions’ organizational structure in EU countries. It also outlines the directions for the settlement and clearing infrastructure reform based on the diversification of the settlement and clearing functions. It should ensure the integrity of the stock market, the reduction of risks, the creation of an efficient and transparent system for the execution of transactions with securities; reduction of expenses of market participants; acceleration of payment terms for operations with securities and process of registration of property rights; differentiation of responsibility at different stages of performance of transactions. The author has defined the legal status of the Financial Settlements Center as a banking institution with a special legal personality of the conducting monetary settlements under transactions concerning securities and other financial instruments, made on the stock exchange and outside the stock exchange, if payments are made according to the principle of ‘supply against payment’. The study shows the need for the universal model of settlements to serve all the exchange markets. We offer to demonopolize the market of clearing services and to provide access for international clearing institutions. We also suggest transferring the settlement function to the Central Depositary and the clearing function – to clearing institutions.  

scholarly journals The Influence of Artificial Intelligence on the Human Potential Development: The Views of Orthodox Clergy and Parishioners

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (65) ◽  
pp. 400-418
Author(s):  
Mikhail V. Vinichenko ◽  
Marina V. Rybakova ◽  
Galina Y. Nikiporets-Takigawa ◽  
Oхana L. Chulanova ◽  
Natalia V. Ljapunova
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Conceptual Apparatus ◽  
Potential Development ◽  
The Social

The article discusses the nature of the influence of artificial intelligence on the development of human potential from the point of view of the Orthodox clergy and their parishioners. Methodologically, surveys and statistics were used to find out the opinion of the study subjects. A common phenomenon in the study was a unique consolidated position of all categories of Orthodox respondents on the danger that artificial intelligence represents. Most Orthodox are concerned about the unpredictability of creating and using artificial intelligence, especially in a pandemic. The authors considered the position of clergy, parishioners with and without a church on the nature of artificial intelligence's influence on human potential, the threats and risks to humans that come from artificial intelligence. The main advantage of the work is the results obtained on the basis of the comparative analysis of the positions of different categories of orthodox respondents on the nature of the influence of artificial intelligence on the development of human potential. In conclusion, the results can be used to develop a categorical-conceptual apparatus, to systematize knowledge about the use of artificial intelligence in the social and spiritual spheres.

OPERATIONS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN THE SECURITIES MARKET: PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
D. A. RABADANOVA ◽  
◽  
Z. M. KHASBULATOVA ◽  
A. I. GAZANOVA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Securities Market ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Professional Market

The article analyzes the current position of commercial banks of the Russian Federation on the securities market. The main analysis tool is the use of a method for collecting and processing publicly available statistical information. The sources of information were scientific articles by various authors on the research topic, official materials of the Bank of Russia, reporting data of Sberbank of Russia as a specific example when considering the selected topic. The work is relevant due to the need to determine the importance and role of commercial banks in the securities market and identify growth trends. For the work, the activities of banks were considered from the point of view of their participation in the stock market as issuers, investors and participants. According to the results of the study, it was found that the issue of bonds is the main type of issuing activity of the bank as an issuer. As investors, they tend to invest in debt and Central Bank securities with a low degree of risk. This choice ensures the reliability of banks and forms additional sources for the development of the securities market without significantly increasing risks. Analysis of commercial banks as professional market participants revealed a negative trend in the number of participants as stock market participants. The main result of the work carried out is to identify the need to expand the activity of commercial banks in the securities market, which will increase liquidity and financial stability.

scholarly journals Gender and feminist considerations in Artificial Intelligence from a developing-world perspective, with India as a case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANGHAMITRA CHOUDHURY ◽  
Shailendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Precarious Situation ◽  
And Robotics

<p>The relationship between women, technology manifestation, and likely prospects in the developing world is discussed in this manuscript. Using India as a case study, the paper goes on to discuss how ontology and epistemology views utilised in AI (Artificial Intelligence) and robotics will affect women's prospects in developing countries. Women in developing countries, notably in South Asia, are perceived as doing domestic work and are underrepresented in high-level professions. They are disproportionately underemployed and face prejudice in the workplace. The purpose of this study is to determine if the introduction of AI would exacerbate the already precarious situation of women in the developing world or if it would serve as a liberating force. While studies on the impact of AI on women have been undertaken in developed countries, there has been less research in developing countries. This manuscript attempts to fill that need.</p>

Contribution to the Exploitation of Artificial Intelligence in the Domain of Maintenance Diagnosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 166-173
Author(s):  
Fouad INEL
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Expert Systems ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Settling Time ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Technical Point ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Training ◽  
Bibliographic Study

Increasing the performance of production units becomes a complex task from the technical point of view, especially when it comes to ensuring the availability and continuity of production systems where maintenance plays a fundamental role; it consists of checking and ensuring permanent monitoring of the installations of these systems. This operation requires continuous and high-level training of the operators, in order to overcome this limit, we call upon the field of artificial intelligence and expert systems. The basic idea of this work is the study of the contribution of expert systems in maintenance. It is a matter of synthesizing, from a bibliographic study, a logic to allow integrating the expert systems of diagnosis of breakdowns and dysfunctions in the maintenance of the systems of production; this last expert systems gives the better performance concerning the settling time and it’s always taken

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