ПРОБЛЕМЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ГОРОДСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ (ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ)

Author(s):  
N.A. Narbut

В последние десятилетия в мире наблюдается беспрецедентный рост городов, который приводит к возникновению серьезных проблем, указывающих на то, что большинство городов мира развиваются неустойчиво. Экологические проблемы городов можно разделить на три группы: проблемы, связанные с территориальной организацией (территориальное планирование), состоянием природной среды и изменением развития природных процессов. Деление это условное, однако, поскольку территориальное планирование оказывает влияние и на состояние природной среды, и на последствия развития природных процессов, оно рассматривается как ключевое звено формирования устойчивого развития. В работе, исходя из важнейшего критерия устойчивого развития в мире достижение стратегического баланса между деятельностью человека и поддержанием воспроизводящих возможностей биосферы, выявлены основные проблемы современного планирования городской территории. Первая: в градостроительных документах городская и пригородная территория не рассматривается как единая система. Показано, что в пределах городской черты крупного города невозможно сбалансировать экологостабилизирующие и хозяйственные функции земель. Первичной территориальной основой, на которой можно обеспечить экологическое равновесие является город и его пригород. Вторая: не учитывается стадия урбанизации территории, которую определяет показатель освоенности региона. Находясь на первой стадии дифференциальной урбанизации, территория Дальнего Востока имеет в своем развитии ряд особенностей, одна из которых поляризованность территориальной структуры хозяйства. Как следствие наличие неосвоенных зон, обладающих ценнейшим, не учитываемым свойством высокой долей сохранности естественной природы, что позволяет рассматривать их как ресурс для усиления экологической составляющей в формировании устойчивого развития. Третья: зонирование территории происходит по типам пользования, при этом земли экологического назначения не выявляются. Четвертая: целевые программы по улучшению экологического состояния городов РФ унифицированы. В них не акцентируются региональные проблемы, не выявляются земли, перспективные для экологического использования, что могло стать основанием для начала работ по экологическому планированию. In recent decades, the world has seen an unprecedented growth of cities, which leads to the emergence of serious problems indicating that most cities in the world are developing unsustainably. The environmental problems of the cities can be divided into three groups: the problems related to spatial organization (landuse planning), the state of the natural environment and changes in the development of natural processes. This division is conditional, however, since landuse planning influences the state of the natural environment and the consequences of the development of natural processes, it is considered as a key element in the formation of sustainable development. In the paper, based on the most important criterion of sustainable development in the world the achievement of a strategic balance between human activity and the maintenance of the reproducing capabilities of the biosphere, the main problems of modern planning of an urban area are identified there are several of them. The first problem is that in the urban planning documents, the urban and suburban areas are not considered as a single system. It is shown that within the city limits of a large industrial city it is impossible to balance the economic and environmental stabilizing functions of land. The primary territorial basis, on which it is possible to ensure ecological balance, is the city and its suburbs. The second problem: the stage of urbanization of the territory, which is determined by the indicator of development of the region, is not taken into account. Being in the first stage of differential urbanization, the territory of the Far East has in its development a number of features one of which is the polarization of the territorial structure of the economy. This leads to the emergence of undeveloped zones that have the most valuable, not taken into account property a high proportion of natural preservation, which allows us to consider them as a resource for strengthening the environmental component in shaping sustainable development. The third problem: zoning of the territory takes place according to the types of use, while ecological lands are not detected. The fourth problem: targeted programs to improve the ecological status of the Russian cities are unified. They do not emphasize regional problems and do not identify land that is promising for environmental use, which could be the basis for starting work on environmental planning.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. Narbut

В последние десятилетия в мире наблюдается беспрецедентный рост городов, который приводит к возникновению серьезных проблем, указывающих на то, что большинство городов мира развиваются неустойчиво. Экологические проблемы городов можно разделить на три группы: проблемы, связанные с территориальной организацией (территориальное планирование), состоянием природной среды и изменением развития природных процессов. Деление это условное, однако, поскольку территориальное планирование оказывает влияние и на состояние природной среды, и на последствия развития природных процессов, оно рассматривается как ключевое звено формирования устойчивого развития. В работе, исходя из важнейшего критерия устойчивого развития в мире достижение стратегического баланса между деятельностью человека и поддержанием воспроизводящих возможностей биосферы, выявлены основные проблемы современного планирования городской территории. Первая: в градостроительных документах городская и пригородная территория не рассматривается как единая система. Показано, что в пределах городской черты крупного города невозможно сбалансировать экологостабилизирующие и хозяйственные функции земель. Первичной территориальной основой, на которой можно обеспечить экологическое равновесие является город и его пригород. Вторая: не учитывается стадия урбанизации территории, которую определяет показатель освоенности региона. Находясь на первой стадии дифференциальной урбанизации, территория Дальнего Востока имеет в своем развитии ряд особенностей, одна из которых поляризованность территориальной структуры хозяйства. Как следствие наличие неосвоенных зон, обладающих ценнейшим, не учитываемым свойством высокой долей сохранности естественной природы, что позволяет рассматривать их как ресурс для усиления экологической составляющей в формировании устойчивого развития. Третья: зонирование территории происходит по типам пользования, при этом земли экологического назначения не выявляются. Четвертая: целевые программы по улучшению экологического состояния городов РФ унифицированы. В них не акцентируются региональные проблемы, не выявляются земли, перспективные для экологического использования, что могло стать основанием для начала работ по экологическому планированию. In recent decades, the world has seen an unprecedented growth of cities, which leads to the emergence of serious problems indicating that most cities in the world are developing unsustainably. The environmental problems of the cities can be divided into three groups: the problems related to spatial organization (landuse planning), the state of the natural environment and changes in the development of natural processes. This division is conditional, however, since landuse planning influences the state of the natural environment and the consequences of the development of natural processes, it is considered as a key element in the formation of sustainable development. In the paper, based on the most important criterion of sustainable development in the world the achievement of a strategic balance between human activity and the maintenance of the reproducing capabilities of the biosphere, the main problems of modern planning of an urban area are identified there are several of them. The first problem is that in the urban planning documents, the urban and suburban areas are not considered as a single system. It is shown that within the city limits of a large industrial city it is impossible to balance the economic and environmental stabilizing functions of land. The primary territorial basis, on which it is possible to ensure ecological balance, is the city and its suburbs. The second problem: the stage of urbanization of the territory, which is determined by the indicator of development of the region, is not taken into account. Being in the first stage of differential urbanization, the territory of the Far East has in its development a number of features one of which is the polarization of the territorial structure of the economy. This leads to the emergence of undeveloped zones that have the most valuable, not taken into account property a high proportion of natural preservation, which allows us to consider them as a resource for strengthening the environmental component in shaping sustainable development. The third problem: zoning of the territory takes place according to the types of use, while ecological lands are not detected. The fourth problem: targeted programs to improve the ecological status of the Russian cities are unified. They do not emphasize regional problems and do not identify land that is promising for environmental use, which could be the basis for starting work on environmental planning.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (516) ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
O. V. Klymchuk ◽  
◽  
S. V. Kozlovskyi ◽  
R. V. Lavrov ◽  
◽  
...  

The article is aimed at developing strategic directions and introducing regulatory measures for the formation of Ukraine’s energy policy on the principles of energy saving and the development of renewable energy industry. On the basis of scientific works, the main organizational-economic vectors of energy industry sector development are systematized, which are associated with the formation of a favorable socio-political climate regarding the priority of using renewable energy sources in the fuel and energy complex; development of effective methods of both the State-based and the market-based regulation by the world community; coordination of the strategy of sustainable development of the world economy. It is determined that the energy saving policy should be based on a flexible combination of the State-based regulation and the market environment for the formation of the most acceptable stimulation mechanisms in the specific economic and political situations, which allows for the greatest economic benefit. It has been found out that the implementation of energy saving processes is impossible without the mass use of renewable energy carriers, which are a universal resource for processing to the right types of energy, are marked by energy independence related to obtaining economic benefits and contribute to the creation of an ecological friendly environment. In the perspective, the energy saving processes, the transition of the national economy to wide implementation in the production of high-tech technologies and the use of renewable energy sources should become the determining factors of Ukraine’s energy strategy.


Author(s):  
Olga Markova ◽  
Valentina Maslennikova

The largest countries of the world are inevitably involved in various global processes, both natural and socio-economic. These countries have common features and characteristic differences in the state of their territorial resources; the study of these characteristics is of interest for the global prospects of sustainable development. A large territory provides a variety of natural conditions and resources for the country; however, not in all countries it is possible to effectively use them in the economy throughout the all country. An analysis of their territorial resources was carried out for the six largest countries of the world according to the following parameters: area, efficiency, environmental load on the territory of the country, number, density, forecast of population growth or decline for 2050, main agricultural land (arable land, pastures, the provision of the population, degradation and pollution of the soils), forest resources (including security per capita, share in the area of countries), fresh water resources (including per capita provision and availability), greenhouse gas emissions, including per capita, the proportion of mammals endangered, proportion of areas of preserved ecosystems. The data obtained was displayed on the maps; a common legend is built for them in tabular form. A number of other parameters of the state of territorial resources and the environment were also studied. In the process of research, the most important cities of these countries were also studied and diagrams showing their similarities and differences in a number of indicators were constructed: area, population and population density, time of foundation, climatic and landscape parameters, the presence of UNESCO World Heritage Sites, high-rise construction parameters. The developed methodology is effective for assessing a variety of data on territorial resources that can be used to build models of sustainable development of the largest countries and regions of the Earth.


Author(s):  
S. Bunko

The article is devoted to the analysis of the inclusion of the Republic of Belarus in the processes of achieving the goals of sustainable development adopted by the world community. Environmental marketing is seen as a tool to achieve sustainable development goals in the area of responsible consumption. The essence of environmental marketing at the level of organizations and at the state level is determined. Directions for the development of environmental marketing in the Republic of Belarus have been identified in order to reduce the volume of non-decomposable waste and waste that cannot be recycled, including due to improper collection.


2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-330
Author(s):  
Debolina Kundu ◽  
Baishali Lahiri ◽  
Arvind Pandey ◽  
Pragya Sharma

Madurai city, in the state of Tamil Nadu, is one of the ancient temple cities of India and has been existing since two millennia. It is the second largest city in terms of area and the third largest in terms of population in the state. Despite this, the city’s population and economy is shrinking. In 2010, the city’s boundary expanded to cover the entire urban agglomeration. But even after 9 years of integration, differences exist between the newly merged areas and the old city. The spatial division in provision of basic services coupled with the characteristics of a shrinking city has posed fundamental challenges in the path of sustainable development. This article discusses the development of Madurai city with regard to its history, demography, economy, health and education infrastructure. It also offers insights into the unique challenges faced by the city and discusses the policy implications for reversal of the retardation of the city to that of holistic progress.


2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Jim F. Raborar

Abstract Development is an innate manifestation on earth. It is not even surprising that the world has developed tremendously over the past decade considering the development in the previous decades. That is, development precipitates development. Therefore, even though everybody can see what risks it brings to the earth, we cannot simply restrain it. Of course, we cannot restrain it. The bottomline is that we have no choice but to be part of the development and be one of those who assist in the ever spontaneous development by trying to minimize its unwanted effects to the planet and its inhabitantants, the humans. Even looking at the ‘development’ from one’s own microcosm, we can perceive that as we go through life and gain some of what this world can offer, we produce tons and tons of wastes. These wastes, which are naturally not part of the earth, pollute and disrupt the natural processes of the planet. It is also simple to notice that the fundamental cause of the depletion of the earth’s natural resources was definitely proportional to the increase in population and to the development itself. Here lies one of the underlying global problems at hand aside from poverty, hunger, low access to education, and other socio-anthropological issues we have, this is the issue on natural resources depletion. Even to worldleaders from well-developed countries can recognize that they will also be the ones at the receiving end of this problem. It is basic that living organisms rely on their environment or the abiotic factors, to live sustainably. Considering these problems, the United Nations, with the worldleaders as its composition, has come up with strategies that advocate development while keeping the earth’s natural resources from depletion or the earth’s natural processes from disruption. This advocacy is called Sustainable Development. Sustainable Development is the development that meets the need of the present generation without compromising the ability of the next generation to meet their own needs. It is, at its core, an advocacy for futurism and the next generation. Sustainable Development is primarily anchored with the case of the “carrying capacity” of the planet Earth. It was already implied by several natural scientists as well as social scientists that indeed the Planet Earth increasingly finds it hard to sustain the needs of the human races because of overpopulation. These things result to poverty and hunger around the world. On the otherhand, it is increasing implied that most of the Natural Resources of the planet goes to the well-developed countries, leaving the developing and underdeveloped countries with meager resources. This further increases cases of hunger and poverty. Although it is deceptive that the call for a sustainable development should take its toll on the countries with bigger economy since they consume the most and pollute the most, it is very definite that there should be a much more intensive application in developing countries since we are just about to experience what the rest of the developed countries have already experienced. More importantly, developing countries should advocate Sustainable Development since it is a common knowledge that even if they contribute least to the causes of natural resource depletion and disruption of natural processes, they are the ones who suffer most from the devastating effects of unsustainable development. As citizens of the Republic of the Philippines, we are one of those who suffer most.


1921 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence B. Evans

The constitutional convention of Massachusetts which assembled in the city of Boston, June 6, 1917, and finally terminated its labors at a short session of two days in August, 1919, is the fourth body of this kind which the Old Bay State has had. The first convention was held in 1779 and 1780 in Cambridge and Boston, and formulated the constitution of 1780. This instrument, to which sixty-six amendments have been added, is the oldest written constitution now in force anywhere in the world. The second convention was held in 1820, and submitted a series of resolutions part of which were adopted and part rejected by the people. A third convention met in 1853 all of whose proposals were rejected. After an interval of sixty-four years, a fourth convention was called, which met in 1917 and again in 1918 and yet again in 1919. It submitted to the people twenty-two amendments and a revised draft of the constitution, all of which were accepted.The convention was composed of 320 delegates. Of these 16 were elected at large, 4 were elected by each congressional district, and the remaining 240 were elected from the districts created for the purpose of choosing members of the state house of representatives. They were elected without party designations, but before the election took place, the lines between the friends and the opponents of the initiative and referendum were rather sharply drawn, and this served practically all the purposes of party organization and designation. In fact, this question dominated the whole of the first session of the convention and overshadowed other questions which were probably of greater importance.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-301
Author(s):  
N. I. Levchenko

The article is devoted to the newspaper «Priishimye», published in 1913–1919 in the city of Petropavlovsk, Akmola region (the territory of Kazakhstan now). It was in this newspaper that the first publication of Vsevolod Ivanov took place (the poem “Winter”, 1915). In 1915– 1916, the newspaper published stories by Vsevolod Ivanov, Anton Sorokin, Kondraty Tupikov and other Siberian writers. The editor of the newspaper since 1914 was Leonid Stepanovich Ushakov (1886 – after 1957). There are published three of his letters to Kondrati Nikiforovich Urmanov (real family Tupikov; 1894–1976), stored in the City Center for the History of the Novosibirsk Book named after N. P. Litvinov (Novosibirsk). The letters were written and sent to the writer in 1957. After the 1920s – early 1930s, Ushakov was not associated with the world of literature; he worked in the system of the State Planning Committee of the USSR and dealt with issues of economy and national economy. The letters to Urmanov contain valuable information about the literary life of Siberia at the beginning of the 20 th century, as well as about the biography and personality of L. S. Ushakov.


Author(s):  
Alla Zlenko ◽  
Оlena Isaikina

Relevance of the research topic. In the conditions of systemic restructuring of the economy of Ukraine in the direction of its adaptation to world standards, one of the integral components of the successful functioning of modern business is the development of a strategy of corporate social responsibility. Today, sustainable economic development is not determined by the factor of availability of raw materials or markets, but the opportunity for companies to join the market of highly skilled labor, scientific inventions and the latest technologies. The problems of employment, social instability, and deteriorating environment are becoming more acute and urgent in the world. All this necessitates the formation of an innovative model of development and principles of corporate social responsibility, which is becoming one of the most important areas of a market economy. Formulation of the problem. It is theoretically proven and confirmed by the practice of the world's leading companies that social responsibility can and should be considered as an important social resource of the organization, able to form concrete benefits, ensure sustainable development, adequately respond to social challenges (both internal and external), turning the latter into opportunities. It should be emphasized that social responsibility appears as an important social resource, regardless of the concept of social responsibility the company adheres to. Analysis of recent research and publications. Theoretical and methodological aspects of the formation and development of social responsibility of business are embedded in the studies of the following leading foreign scientists: A. Berle, G. Bowen, M. Velazquez, A. Carroll, F. Kotler, G. Minz, J. Rawls, K. Smith, M Friedman et al. Of particular interest in studying this problem are the works of modern domestic scientists: O. Danylenko, V. Yevtushenko, A. Kolota, N. Kyryliuk, M. Kuzhelev, V. Mamontova, O. Sheremeta and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The issue of the effectiveness of the functioning of corporate social responsibility in Ukrainian business practice and the formation of the domestic model of CSR remains insufficiently studied in the domestic scientific environment. Problem statement, purpose of research. The key direction of the world community today is the development of human capital as the basis of the general welfare of the state. One of the conditions for the implementation of the concept of human development and human capital is the introduction and compliance with the basics of corporate social responsibility of business (CSR). The purpose of the work is a comprehensive analysis of the development of CSR in Ukraine. Research methodology. During the writing of the article the methods of analysis and synthesis, system approach, statistical analysis, generalization and structuring were used. Presentation of the main research material. The institution of socially responsible business is typical of most countries with economies based on market values, long-standing democratic traditions, and a developed civil society. In modern conditions in different countries, the participation of business in solving social problems is either strictly regulated under current commercial, tax, labor, environmental legislation or carried out independently under the influence of specially established incentives and benefits. In Ukraine, this process is in the initial stages of its development and takes place in a dominant position of the state, extremely weak development of civil society institutions and oligarchic business development. Field of application of results. The results of the study can be applied in the process of forming a strategy of corporate social responsibility of a modern enterprise. Conclusions in accordance with the article. Corporate social responsibility in the developed world has long been part of society. Today, domestic business leaders are joining the global movement for socially responsible business. In order for funds allocated for social initiatives to bring sustainable results and work on the image of the business, companies must move to building these activities on a systemic basis in accordance with the strategy. It is here that broad prospects open up for the joint efforts of companies, civil society organizations, the media and the state. The immediate business benefits of CSR are the creation of a stable business environment, reduced operational risks, increased financial performance and sales, increased productivity, reduced recruitment costs, market expansion and, consequently, increased market value in the future. The interaction of political, social and economic actors, based on the principles of social partnership, allows to ensure the stable progressive development of the state. With the increasing importance of non-financial factors of sustainable development (social stability, environmental security, etc.), the practical and theoretical aspects of social responsibility are updated.


Author(s):  
Fabricia Gonçalves dos Santos Medeiros ◽  
Fabiana Rocha Pinto ◽  
David Barbosa de Alencar ◽  
Gisele De Freitas Lopes

This study dealt with the legislative system of basic sanitation in the city of Manaus. From this approach we sought to develop the research from the parameters of the Brazilian legislation related to the basic sanitation sector, as well as to identify the important conducts on sustainable development. Understanding the importance of the subject in evidence, it is worth mentioning that Brazil has a considerable volume of freshwater in the world, and likewise, the Amazon has in its watershed much of that water in its rivers. Therefore, the objective of this investigation was to analyze the legislative system of basic sanitation of the city of Manaus - Amazonas, in order to understand the actions developed by this system. For the construction of this study, the methodology adopted was the bibliographic research with a qualitative approach, in order to reach the proposed objectives. Regarding the legislation that deals with basic sanitation, many advances in the sector were obtained. Most of the population does not have access to basic sanitation services, even if provided for by Brazilian law.


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