scholarly journals Gambaran makroskopik dan mikroskopik otak besar pada hewan coba postmortem

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Korobitua ◽  
Sunny Wangko ◽  
Shane H.R. Ticoalu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Pyramidal Cell ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Medical Faculty ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Postmortem Changes ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Time Variations ◽  
Microscopic Change ◽  
The Brain

Abstract: Most brain cells belong to pyramidal cells which are very sensitive toward conditions that cause cell death. This study was aimed to obtain macroscopic and microscopic postmortem changes of the brain according to time variations up to 48 hours. This study was conducted at Histology Laboratorium, Medical Faculty of Sam Ratulangi University, Manado. Two domestic pigs weighing 20 kg were used as models. Macroscopic and microscopic observations were done at certain interval times. The results showed that at 16 hours postmortem, the brain looked pale, its consistency became softer and watery, and the inner part would crumble under touch. At 44 hours postmortem most of the brain became watery which was complete at 48 hours postmortem. Microscopic observations were done on brain samples at time intervals, as follows: 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, 14 hours, 16 hours, 18 hours, 20 hours, 22 hours, and 24 hours postmortem. The earliest microscopic change was observed at 3 hours postmortem as the enlargement of clear zones around the pyramidal cells. At 7 hours postmortem, the pyramidal cells became flattened, darker, and shorter. At 18 hours postmortem, the pyramidal cells underwent fragmentation, and at 24 hours postmortem they became lysis leaving empty spaces. Conclusion: All parts of the brain became watery at 48 hours postmortem. The microscopic changes were the enlargemnet of clear zones around the pyramidal cells, the cells became darker, flattened, and shorter, underwent fragmentation and lysis leaving empty spaces.Keywords: postmortem, macroscopic and microscopic changed, pyramidal cell Abstrak: Sebagian besar sel penyusun otak ialah sel piramidal yang sangat peka terhadap keadaan yang dapat menyebabkan kematian sel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan perubahan makroskopik dan mikroskopik postmortem dari otak besar berdasarkan variasi waktu sampai 48 jam pada hewan coba. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Histologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado. Hewan coba ialah dua ekor babi domestik, berat badan sekitar 20 kg. Pengamatan makroskopik dan mikroskopik dilakukan pada interval waktu tertentu. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan pada 16 jam postmortem otak besar tampak pucat, konsistensi melunak, berair, dan bagian dalam akan hancur bila disentuh. Pada 44 jam postmortem sebagian besar bagian otak besar telah mencair yang menjadi lengkap pada 48 jaam postmortem. Pengamatan mikroskopik dilakukan terhadap sediaan otak besar dengan interval waktu 1 jam, 2 jam, 3 jam, 4 jam, 5 jam, 6 jam, 9 jam, 10 jam, 12 jam, 14 jam, 16 jam, 18 jam, 20 jam, 22 jam, 24 jam postmortem. Perubahan mikroskopik paling awal terlihat pada 3 jam postmortem berupa zona jernih mengelilingi sel-sel piramidal. Pada 7 jam postmortem sel-sel piramidal tampak gelap, memipih, dan memendek. Pada 18 jam postmortem sel-sel piramidal mengalami fragmentasi dan lisis pada 24 jam postmortem dengan meninggalkan ruang-ruang kosong. Simpulan: Seluruh otak besar telah mencair pada 48 jam postmortem. Perubahan mikroskopik yang teridentifikasi ialah pelebaran zona jernih sekeliling sel piramidal, sel-sel piramidal tampak gelap, memipih, dan memendek, fragmentasi, dan lisis pada 24 jam postmortem dengan meninggalkan ruang-ruang kosong. Kata kunci: postmortem, perubahan makroskopik and mikroskopik, sel piramidal

scholarly journals Gambaran makroskopik dan mikroskopik otot skelet pada hewan coba postmortem

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella B. Nelwan ◽  
Sunny Wangko ◽  
Taufik F. Pasiak
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Interval Estimation ◽  
Postmortem Interval ◽  
Postmortem Changes ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Normal Muscle ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Death Time ◽  
Microscopic Change

Abstract: To make pathologists and law personnel aware of the importance of postmortem interval, published studies have reported a lot of methods for estimation of postmortem interval estimation of the remains. This study was aimed to obtain macroscopic and microscopic postmortem changes of skeletal muscle of two domestic pigs weighed 20 kg. This was a descriptive observational study. After the pigs were killed, death time, ambient temperature and humadity were noted. Postmortem evaluation were done at several time intervals, as follows: 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours, 12 hours, 15 hours, 18 hours, 21 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, 36 hours, 42 hours, and 48 hours. The results showed that at 2 hours after death, the skeletal muscle became pale and soft progressively. The earliest microscopic change was identified at 30 minutes postmortem as pyknotic nuclei of skeletal muscles followed by hydrophic degeneration of muscle fibers and congestion of muscle tisue. At 12 hours until 48 hours postmortem, all microscopic changes became more distinct and widely distributed in nearly all muscle fibres. Albeit, the striated pattern and some normal muscle fibres could still be identified until 48 hours postmortem.Conclusion: Macroscopic changes could be identified the earliest at 2 hours postmortem and microscopic changes could be identified at 30 minutes postmortem.Keywords: macroscopic, microscopic, skeletal muscle, postmortem changes Abstrak: Para peneliti telah banyak menggunakan metode-metode tertentu untuk membuat para penegak hukum dan ahli patologis lainnya memahami pentingnya penentuan jarak waktu kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran perubahan makroskopik dan mikroskopik postmortem pada otot skelet hewan coba babi dengan massa tubuh lebih kurang 20 kg. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif observasional. Hewan coba dimatikan dengan cara ditusuk di bagian jantung, selanjutnya waktu kematian, suhu dan kelembaban ruangan dicatat. Otot skelet diamati pada beberapa interval waktu setelah kematian: 30 menit, 1 jam, 2 jam, 3 jam, 4 jam, 5 jam, 6 jam, 9 jam, 12 jam, 15 jam, 18 jam, 21 jam, 24 jam 30 jam, 36 jam, 42 jam dan 48 jam. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa otot skelet menjadi pucat dan lunak setelah 2 jam postmortem secara progresif. Pada 1 jam postmortem, tampak serat otot mengalami kongesti dan degenerasi hidropik. Perubahan mikroskopik tersebut menjadi lebih nyata dan tersebar luas di sebagian besar serat otot pada 12 jam sampai 48 postmortem. Walaupun demikian, corak seran lintang dan sebagian kecil serat otot masih tampak normal sampai 48 jam postmortem. Simpulan: Perubahan makroskopik telah dapat diidentifikasi pada 2 jam postmortem sedangkan perubahan mikroskopik mulai dapat diidentifikasi pada 30 menit postmortem.Kata kunci: makroskopik, mikroskopik, otot skelet, perubahan setelah kematian

Presence of antibody in virus-infected brain cells of SSPE ferrets

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 804-805
Author(s):  
Hannah R. Brown ◽  
Tammy L. Donato ◽  
Halldor Thormar
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Measles virus specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) has been found in the brains of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a slowly progressing disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in children. IgG/albumin ratios indicate that the antibodies are synthesized within the CNS. Using the ferret as an animal model to study the disease, we have been attempting to localize the Ig's in the brains of animals inoculated with a cell associated strain of SSPE. In an earlier report, preliminary results using Protein A conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (PrAPx) (Dynatech Diagnostics Inc., South Windham, ME.) to detect antibodies revealed the presence of immunoglobulin mainly in antibody-producing plasma cells in inflammatory lesions and not in infected brain cells.In the present experiment we studied the brain of an SSPE ferret with neutralizing antibody titers of 1:1024 in serum and 1:512 in CSF at time of sacrifice 7 months after i.c. inoculation with SSPE measles virus-infected cells. The animal was perfused with saline and portions of the brain and spinal cord were immersed in periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (P-L-P) fixative. The ferret was not perfused with fixative because parts of the brain were used for virus isolation.

Biological response of the organism to the introduction of metal nanocomposites

2020 ◽  
pp. 761-762
Author(s):  
L. M. Sosedova ◽  
V. S. Rukavishnikov ◽  
E. A. Titov
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Brain Cell ◽  
Metal Nanocomposites ◽  
The Brain

The results of a study on rats toxicity of nanoparticles of metals bismuth, gadolinium and silver encapsulated in a natural biopolymer matrix arabinogalactan are presented. When intake of nanocomposite of silver revealed the readiness of the brain cell to apoptosis. The effect of bismuth and gadolinium nanocomposites did not cause an increase in the process of programmed cell death.

scholarly journals Age influences susceptibility of brain capillary endothelial cells to La Crosse virus infection and cell death

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Basu ◽  
Vinod Nair ◽  
Clayton W. Winkler ◽  
Tyson A. Woods ◽  
Iain D. C. Fraser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
La Crosse Virus ◽  
Brain Capillary ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Capillary Endothelial Cells ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background A key factor in the development of viral encephalitis is a virus crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We have previously shown that age-related susceptibility of mice to the La Crosse virus (LACV), the leading cause of pediatric arbovirus encephalitis in the USA, was associated with the ability of the virus to cross the BBB. LACV infection in weanling mice (aged around 3 weeks) results in vascular leakage in the olfactory bulb/tract (OB/OT) region of the brain, which is not observed in adult mice aged > 6–8 weeks. Thus, we studied age-specific differences in the response of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) to LACV infection. Methods To examine mechanisms of LACV-induced BBB breakdown and infection of the CNS, we analyzed BCECs directly isolated from weanling and adult mice as well as established a model where these cells were infected in vitro and cultured for a short period to determine susceptibility to virus infection and cell death. Additionally, we utilized correlative light electron microscopy (CLEM) to examine whether changes in cell morphology and function were also observed in BCECs in vivo. Results BCECs from weanling, but not adult mice, had detectable infection after several days in culture when taken ex vivo from infected mice suggesting that these cells could be infected in vitro. Further analysis of BCECs from uninfected mice, infected in vitro, showed that weanling BCECs were more susceptible to virus infection than adult BCECs, with higher levels of infected cells, released virus as well as cytopathic effects (CPE) and cell death. Although direct LACV infection is not detected in the weanling BCECs, CLEM analysis of brain tissue from weanling mice indicated that LACV infection induced significant cerebrovascular damage which allowed virus-sized particles to enter the brain parenchyma. Conclusions These findings indicate that BCECs isolated from adult and weanling mice have differential viral load, infectivity, and susceptibility to LACV. These age-related differences in susceptibility may strongly influence LACV-induced BBB leakage and neurovascular damage allowing virus invasion of the CNS and the development of neurological disease.

scholarly journals Molecular mechanisms of cell death in neurological diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Moujalled ◽  
Andreas Strasser ◽  
Jeffrey R. Liddell
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Signalling Cascades ◽  
The Brain

AbstractTightly orchestrated programmed cell death (PCD) signalling events occur during normal neuronal development in a spatially and temporally restricted manner to establish the neural architecture and shaping the CNS. Abnormalities in PCD signalling cascades, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cell death associated with autophagy as well as in unprogrammed necrosis can be observed in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases. These cell deaths can be activated in response to various forms of cellular stress (exerted by intracellular or extracellular stimuli) and inflammatory processes. Aberrant activation of PCD pathways is a common feature in neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease, resulting in unwanted loss of neuronal cells and function. Conversely, inactivation of PCD is thought to contribute to the development of brain cancers and to impact their response to therapy. For many neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers current treatment strategies have only modest effect, engendering the need for investigations into the origins of these diseases. With many diseases of the brain displaying aberrations in PCD pathways, it appears that agents that can either inhibit or induce PCD may be critical components of future therapeutic strategies. The development of such therapies will have to be guided by preclinical studies in animal models that faithfully mimic the human disease. In this review, we briefly describe PCD and unprogrammed cell death processes and the roles they play in contributing to neurodegenerative diseases or tumorigenesis in the brain. We also discuss the interplay between distinct cell death signalling cascades and disease pathogenesis and describe pharmacological agents targeting key players in the cell death signalling pathways that have progressed through to clinical trials.

scholarly journals Effect of Water and Ethanol Extracts from Hericium erinaceus Solid-State Fermented Wheat Product on the Protection and Repair of Brain Cells in Zebrafish Embryos

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3297
Author(s):  
Shun-Kuo Sun ◽  
Chun-Yi Ho ◽  
Wei-Yang Yen ◽  
Su-Der Chen
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Brain Cell ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Zebrafish Embryos ◽  
Hericium Erinaceus ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Wheat Product

Extracts from Hericium erinaceus can cause neural cells to produce nerve growth factor (NGF) and protect against neuron death. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethanol and hot water extracts from H. erinaceus solid-state fermented wheat product on the brain cells of zebrafish embryos in both pre-dosing protection mode and post-dosing repair mode. The results showed that 1% ethanol could effectively promote zebrafish embryo brain cell death. Both 200 ppm of ethanol and water extracts from H. erinaceus solid-state fermented wheat product protected brain cells and significantly reduced the death of brain cells caused by 1% ethanol treatment in zebrafish. Moreover, the zebrafish embryos were immersed in 1% ethanol for 4 h to cause brain cell damage and were then transferred and soaked in the 200 ppm of ethanol and water extracts from H. erinaceus solid-state fermented wheat product to restore the brain cells damaged by the 1% ethanol. However, the 200 ppm extracts from the unfermented wheat medium had no protective and repairing effects. Moreover, 200 ppm of ethanol and water extracts from H. erinaceus fruiting body had less significant protective and restorative effects on the brain cells of zebrafish embryos. Both the ethanol and hot water extracts from H. erinaceus solid-state fermented wheat product could protect and repair the brain cells of zebrafish embryos damaged by 1% ethanol. Therefore, it has great potential as a raw material for neuroprotective health product.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Lambs’ State of Consciousness Signs during Halal and Traditional Slaughtering

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 557
Author(s):  
Roberta Barrasso ◽  
Vincenzo Tufarelli ◽  
Edmondo Ceci ◽  
Francesco Luposella ◽  
Giancarlo Bozzo
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Corneal Reflex ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Brain

The aim of this study was to evaluate the persistence of two signs of consciousness (rhythmic breathing and corneal reflex) in lambs slaughtered according to the traditional method and Halal ritual rite. A total of 240 lambs were examined and divided into two equal groups (n = 120 each). Lambs of group A were subjected to the stunning phase by the action of an electric current on the brain, while lambs of group B were slaughtered according to the religious Halal method without prior stunning. Rhythmic breathing (RB) and corneal reflex (CR) were used as indicators of prolonged brain function, and their evaluation was carried out by the operators in three subsequent steps at 15 s, 30 s, and 90 s post-bleeding, respectively. The stunning of the lambs reduced the animal’s state of consciousness and, consequently, reduced suffering, pain, and distress. Indeed, the lambs of group B showed longer duration consciousness than the animals stunned by electrodes. The permanence of the reflexes in Halal slaughter could be reduced by introducing a reversible stunning method to make the animal temporarily unconscious. Moreover, given that our results revealed consciousness also after 90 s post-cut, the assessment of the animal’s state of consciousness in wider time intervals than those commonly used is recommended.

Single-unit analysis of different hippocampal cell types during classical conditioning of rabbit nictitating membrane response

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1197-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Berger ◽  
P. C. Rinaldi ◽  
D. J. Weisz ◽  
R. F. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Pyramidal Cell ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Firing Frequency ◽  
Spontaneous Firing ◽  
Nictitating Membrane ◽  
Nictitating Membrane Response ◽  
Firing Characteristics

Extracellular single-unit recordings from neurons in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the dorsal hippocampus were monitored during classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. Neurons were classified as different cell types using response to fornix stimulation (i.e., antidromic or orthodromic activation) and spontaneous firing characteristics as criteria. Results showed that hippocampal pyramidal neurons exhibit learning-related neural plasticity that develops gradually over the course of classical conditioning. The learning-dependent pyramidal cell response is characterized by an increase in frequency of firing within conditioning trials and a within-trial pattern of discharge that correlates strongly with amplitude-time course of the behavioral response. In contrast, pyramidal cell activity recorded from control animals given unpaired presentations of the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus (CS and UCS) does not show enhanced discharge rates with repeated stimulation. Previous studies of hippocampal cellular electrophysiology have described what has been termed a theta-cell (19-21, 45), the activity of which correlates with slow-wave theta rhythm generated in the hippocampus. Neurons classified as theta-cells in the present study exhibit responses during conditioning that are distinctly different than pyramidal cells. theta-Cells respond during paired conditioning trials with a rhythmic bursting; the between-burst interval occurs at or near 8 Hz. In addition, two different types of theta-cells were distinguishable. One type of theta-cell increases firing frequency above pretrial levels while displaying the theta bursting pattern. The other type decreases firing frequency below pretrial rates while showing a theta-locked discharge. In addition to pyramidal and theta-neurons, several other cell types recorded in or near the pyramidal cell layer could be distinguished. One cell type was distinctive in that it could be activated with a short, invariant latency following fornix stimulation, but spontaneous action potentials of such neurons could not be collided with fornix shock-induced action potentials. These neurons exhibit a different profile of spontaneous firing characteristics than those of antidromically identified pyramidal cells. Nevertheless, neurons in this noncollidable category display the same learning-dependent response as pyramidal cells. It is suggested that the noncollidable neurons represent a subpopulation of pyramidal cells that do not project an axon via the fornix but project, instead, to other limbic cortical regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Pentobarbital protects against CA1 pyramidal cell death but not dysfunction of hippocampal cholinergic neurons following transient ischemia

1995 ◽  
Vol 673 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirohisa Ishimaru ◽  
Akira Takahashi ◽  
Yasushi Ikarashi ◽  
Yuji Maruyama
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Pyramidal Cell ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Transient Ischemia

scholarly journals Comparison of age‐dependent alterations in thioredoxin 2 and thioredoxin reductase 2 expressions in hippocampi between mice and rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeon Ho Yoo ◽  
Dae Won Kim ◽  
Bai Hui Chen ◽  
Hyejin Sim ◽  
Bora Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thioredoxin Reductase ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Cresyl Violet ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Cresyl Violet Staining ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Aging is one of major causes triggering neurophysiological changes in many brain substructures, including the hippocampus, which has a major role in learning and memory. Thioredoxin (Trx) is a class of small redox proteins. Among the Trx family, Trx2 plays an important role in the regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential and is controlled by TrxR2. Hitherto, age-dependent alterations in Trx2 and TrxR2 in aged hippocampi have been poorly investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine changes in Trx2 and TrxR2 in mouse and rat hippocampi by age and to compare their differences between mice and rats. Results Trx2 and TrxR2 levels using Western blots in mice were the highest at young age and gradually reduced with time, showing that no significant differences in the levels were found between the two subfields. In rats, however, their expression levels were the lowest at young age and gradually increased with time. Nevertheless, there were no differences in cellular distribution and morphology in their hippocampi when it was observed by cresyl violet staining. In addition, both Trx2 and TrxR2 immunoreactivities in the CA1-3 fields were mainly shown in pyramidal cells (principal cells), showing that their immunoreactivities were altered like changes in their protein levels. Conclusions Our current findings suggest that Trx2 and TrxR2 expressions in the brain may be different according to brain regions, age and species. Therefore, further studies are needed to examine the reasons of the differences of Trx2 and TrxR2 expressions in the hippocampus between mice and rats.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document