scholarly journals Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Tuberculosis Multidrug Resistance (TB MDR)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trivianto G. Bawonte ◽  
Christi D. Mambo ◽  
Angelina S. R. Masengi
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Control Study

Abstract: Multidrug Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR TB) is Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to the first line of antituberculosis drugs are rifampicin and isoniazid. Globally, in 2017 there were around 558.000 new cases (range, 483.000-639.000) resistant TB rifampicin (TB RR), nearly half of which were in three counties, India (24%), China (13%), and Rusia (10%). WHO estimates that there are 23.000 cases of MDR/RR in Indonesia. In 2017, there were 442.000 TB cases recorded in the program, of which an estimated 8.600-15.000 MDR/RR TB cases. The research to determine the factors that influence Multidrug Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR TB).this type of research is in the form of literature review with design of case control study and cross sectional study. The results showed that the risk factors were proven to influence the occurrence (MDR TB). The conclusion from 15 articles reviewed, it shows that age, gender, treatment irregularity and medication adherence are the most influencing factors for TB MDR.Keywords: Factors, TB MDR, multidrug resistance tuberculosis  Abstrak: Tuberculosis Multidrug Resistance (TB MDR) merupakan resistensi Mycobacterium tuberculosis terhadap jenis Obat Anti Tuberkulosis (OAT) lini pertama yaitu rifampisin dan isoniazid. Di tingkat global, di tahun 2017 terdapat sekitar 558.000 kasus baru (rentang, 483.000 - 639.000) TB rifampisin (TB RR) resistan di mana hampir separuhnya ada di tiga negara yaitu India (24%), China (13%), dan Rusia (10%). WHO memperkirakan ada 23.000 kasus MDR/RR di Indonesia. Pada tahun 2017 kasus TB yang tercatat di program ada sejumlah 442.000 kasus yang mana dari kasus tersebut diperkirakan ada 8.600-15.000 MDR/RR TB. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Tuberculosis Multidrug Resistance (TB MDR). Jenis penelitian ini berbentuk literature Review dengan rancangan case control study dan cross sectional study. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor risiko terbukti mempengaruhi terjadinya (TB MDR). simpulan dari 15 artikel yang di review, menunjukkan bahwa usia, jenis kelamin, ketidakteraturan berobat, dan kepatuhan minum obat merupakan faktor yang paling mempengaruhi terjadinyaTB MDR.Kata Kunci : Faktor – faktor, TB MDR, factors, multidrug tuberculosis

scholarly journals Leukoedema pada Perokok

e-GIGI ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priska T. Mambu ◽  
Pieter L. Suling ◽  
Aurelia S. R. Supit
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Review Study ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Control Study

Abstract: Smokers can be found in almost all groups of people worldwide since cigarettes can be obtained easily anywhere and have been addicted by adult smokers. Leukoedema is one of the lesions in oral cavity that most often appears in smokers. This study was aimed to obtain the description of leukoedema cases among smokers. This was a literature review study. This study used previous studies or reports related to leukoedema in smokers. There were 13 literatures in this study consisting of 9 cross-sectional studies, 3 cohort studies, and 1 case control study. The results showed that leukoedema lesions were more common in smokers than in those who consumed tobacco. Leukoedema was closely related to the duration of smoking and the frequency of smoking in a day. Leukoedema was also more common in men than in women, and was often found bilaterally on the buccal mucosa. In conclusion, leucoedema was most common in cigarette smokers and was related to duration of smoking, frequency of smoking per day, and sex. It was often found bilaterally on the buccal mucosa.Keywords: smokers, leukoedema Abstrak: Perokok ditemukan pada hampir semua kelompok masyarakat di dunia. Leukoedema merupakan salah satu lesi dalam rongga mulut yang paling sering muncul pada perokok. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran leukoedema pada perokok. Jenis penelitian ialah studi pustaka. Penelitian ini menggunakan topik terkait leukoedema pada perokok dari penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya. Pustaka yang diulas dan dipelajari dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 13 pustaka, terdiri dari 9 cross-sectional study, 3 cohort study, dan 1 case control study. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa lesi leukoedema lebih sering ditemukan pada perokok dibandingkan yang tidak merokok meskipun mengonsumsi tembakau. Leukoedema erat hubungannya dengan lama kebiasaan merokok dan frekuensi merokok yang dilakukan dalam sehari. Leukoedema juga lebih sering ditemukan pada laki-laki dibandingkan perempuan, dan sering ditemukan pada mukosa bukal secara bilateral. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah leukoedema sering didapatkan pada perokok dan berhubungan erat dengan kebiasaan merokok, frekuensi merokok, jenis kelamin, dengan lokasi mukosa bukal bilateral.Kata kunci: perokok, leukoedema

Awareness of the use of hyponatraemia-inducing medications in older adults with hyponatraemia: a study of their prevalent use and association with recurrent symptomatic or severe hyponatraemia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwanghee Jun ◽  
Yujin Kim ◽  
Young-Mi Ah ◽  
Ju-Yeun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Older Patients ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Thiazide Diuretics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Severe Hyponatraemia ◽  
Prescription Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Cautious use or avoidance of hyponatraemia-inducing medications (HIMs) is recommended in older patients with hyponatraemia. Objective To evaluate the use of HIMs after treatment for symptomatic or severe hyponatraemia and to investigate the impact of HIMs on the recurrence of symptomatic or severe hyponatraemia in older patients. Design and settings A cross-sectional and nested case–control study using data obtained from national insurance claims databases. Methods The rate of prescribing HIMs during the 3 months before and after the established index date was analysed in a cross-sectional analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to investigate the association between HIM use and recurrence of symptomatic or severe hyponatraemia after adjusting for covariates in a case–control study. Results The cross-sectional study included 1,072 patients treated for symptomatic or severe hyponatraemia. The proportion of patients prescribed any HIMs after hyponatraemia treatment decreased from 76.9 to 70.1%. The prescription rates significantly decreased for thiazide diuretics (from 41.9 to 20.8%) and desmopressin (from 8.6 to 4.0%), but the proportion of patients prescribed antipsychotics increased from 9.2 to 17.1%. Of 32,717 patients diagnosed with hyponatraemia, 913 (2.8%) showed recurrent hyponatraemia. After adjusting for comorbid conditions, the use of any HIMs including proton pump inhibitors [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–1.57] and two or more HIMs (aOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.22–1.78) especially in combination with thiazide diuretics increased the likelihood of severe hyponatraemia recurrence. Conclusions Prevalent use of HIMs after treatment for symptomatic or severe hyponatraemia and multiple HIM use increase the risk of recurrent hyponatraemia in geriatric patients.

scholarly journals Saliva microRNA Biomarkers of Cumulative Concussion

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7758
Author(s):  
Steven D. Hicks ◽  
Robert P. Olympia ◽  
Cayce Onks ◽  
Raymond Y. Kim ◽  
Kevin J. Zhen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Professional Athletes ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

Recurrent concussions increase risk for persistent post-concussion symptoms, and may lead to chronic neurocognitive deficits. Little is known about the molecular pathways that contribute to persistent concussion symptoms. We hypothesized that salivary measurement of microribonucleic acids (miRNAs), a class of epitranscriptional molecules implicated in concussion pathophysiology, would provide insights about the molecular cascade resulting from recurrent concussions. This hypothesis was tested in a case-control study involving 13 former professional football athletes with a history of recurrent concussion, and 18 age/sex-matched peers. Molecules of interest were further validated in a cross-sectional study of 310 younger individuals with a history of no concussion (n = 230), a single concussion (n = 56), or recurrent concussions (n = 24). There was no difference in neurocognitive performance between the former professional athletes and their peers, or among younger individuals with varying concussion exposures. However, younger individuals without prior concussion outperformed peers with prior concussion on three balance assessments. Twenty salivary miRNAs differed (adj. p < 0.05) between former professional athletes and their peers. Two of these (miR-28-3p and miR-339-3p) demonstrated relationships (p < 0.05) with the number of prior concussions reported by younger individuals. miR-28-3p and miR-339-5p may play a role in the pathophysiologic mechanism involved in cumulative concussion effects.

scholarly journals Research methodology topics: Cohort studies or prospective and retrospective cohort studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-436
Author(s):  
Luís Marcelo Aranha Camargo ◽  
Romeu Paulo Martins Silva ◽  
Dionatas Ulises De Oliveira Meneguetti
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Epidemiological Method ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Studies ◽  
Study Case ◽  
Control Study

In health sciences, the epidemiological method can be divided into descriptive and analytical epidemiology and the latter being divided into observational (cross-sectional study, case-control study and cohort study) and experimental studies. Cohort studies may be retrospective or prospective, and both assume that the researcher will follow a population over time to seek a possible association between exposure (s) and outcome(s). These types of studies have as advantages the possibility of measuring several exposure factors and outcomes, both primary and secondary, for both relatively frequent outcomes and rare exposure factors. However, they are often long and therefore expensive studies. They have as main biases those of selection, memory and information. These are studies that may point to statistical associations between exposure and outcome that need other models to prove the casualty of these associations.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Obat Antihipertensi terhadap Disfungsi Ereksi

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stela G. Amrin ◽  
Lydia E. N. Tendean ◽  
Grace L. A. Turalaki
Keyword(s):  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Β Blocker ◽  
Control Study

Abstract: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a condition where intercourse is not interrupted due to the inability of the penis to achieve a penile erection. Drugs that can affect erectile dysfunction are drugs for hypertension therapy, namely diuretics and β-blockers, except for nebivolol and clonidine. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of antihypertensive drugs on erectile dysfunction. This study was in the form of a literature review by searching data using three databases namely ScienceDirect, Pubmed and Google Scholar. The keywords used were antihypertensive drugs AND erectile dysfunction. After being selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, there were 12 literature consisting of 4 randomized controlled trials, 3 cross-sectional studies, 2 cohort studies and 1 case control study. The research shows that 3 out of 5 literature states that there is an effect of diuretic antihypertensive drugs on the occurrence of erectile dysfunction, while 6 out of 9 literature states that there is no effect of β-blocker antihypertensive drugs on the occurrence of erectile dysfunction. In conclusion, diuretic and β-blocker as antihypertensive drugs have an effect on erectile dysfunction. Diuretic antihypertensive drugs have more impact on erectile dysfunction compared to β-blocker antihypertensive drugs.Keywords: Antihypertensive drugs, erectile dysfunction  Abstrak: Disfungsi ereksi (DE) adalah keadaan dimana hubungan seksual terganggu akibat ketidakmampuan penis dalam mencapai ereksi penis. Obat yang dapat mempengaruhi disfungsi ereksi yaitu obat untuk terapi hipertensi yaitu golongan diuretik dan golongan β-blocker kecuali nebivolol dan klonidin. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh obat antihipertensi terhadap disfungsi ereksi. Penelitian ini dalam bentuk literature review dengan pencarian data menggunakan tiga database yaitu ScienceDirect, Pubmed dan Google Cendekia. Kata kunci yang digunakan yaitu obat antihipertensi DAN disfungsi ereksi. Setelah diseleksi berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi didapatkan 12 literatur yang terdiri dari 4 randomized controlled trial, 3 cross-sectional study, 2 cohort study dan 1 case control study. Dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa 3 dari 5 literatur menyebutkan terdapat pengaruh obat antihipertensi golongan diuretik terhadap terjadinya disfungsi ereksi, sedangkan 6 dari 9 literatur menyebutkan tidak terdapat pengaruh obat antihipertensi golongan β-blocker terhadap terjadinya disfungsi ereksi. Sebagai simpulan, obat antihipertensi golongan diuretik dan β-blocker memiliki pengaruh terhadap disfungsi ereksi. Obat antihipertensi golongan diuretik lebih berpengaruh terhadap disfungsi ereksi dibandingkan dengan obat antihipertensi golongan β-blocker.Kata Kunci: Obat antihipertensi, disfungsi ereksi

scholarly journals Kebiasaan Merokok dan Terjadinya Smoker’s Melanosis

e-GIGI ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iin Revien ◽  
Aurelia S. R. Supit ◽  
Pritartha S. Anindita
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Smoking Duration ◽  
Review Study ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Heavy Smokers

Abstract: Smoking can lead to a variety of systemic diseases as well as abnormal signs in the oral cavity inter alia smoker’s melanosis. This study was aimed to obtain the description of smoking habit and the occurrence of smoker’s melanosis in general viewed from three smoking indicators, as follows: frequency of smoking, duration of smoking, and types of cigarettes. This was a literature review study. There were 22 literatures consisting of 20 cross sectional studies dan 2 case control studies. The results showed that smoker’s melanosis was more frequent in smokers than in non smokers. Based on the frequency of smoking, smoker’s melanosis was most frequent in heavy smokers, followed by moderate smokers, and light smokers. Based on the duration of smoking, smoker’s melanosis was most frequent in 10-year smokers, followed by 5-to-10-year smokers, and less-than-five-year smokers. Based on the types of cigarettes, smoker’s melanosis was most frequent in smokers of clove/non filter cigarette, followed by smokers of white/filter cigarette, and smokers of both types of cigarette. In conclusion, smoker’s melanosis was more frequent in smokers than in non smokers. The majority of cases were heavy smokers, had duration of smoking more than 10 years, and the type of cigarette consumed was clove/non filter cigarette.Keywords: cigarettes, smoker’s melanosis. Abstrak: Merokok dapat berdampak buruk bagi kesehatan. Berbagai penyakit sistemik di dalam tubuh dan tanda abnormal di rongga mulut dapat diakibatkan kebiasaan merokok, salah satunya smoker’s melanosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kebiasaan merokok dan terjadinya smoker’s melanosis secara umum dilihat dari tiga indikator merokok, yaitu frekuensi merokok, durasi merokok, dan jenis rokok. Jenis penelitian ini ialah studi pustaka. Pustaka yang digunakan berjumlah 22 buah, terdiri dari 20 cross sectional study dan 2 case control study. Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa smoker’s melanosis lebih banyak ditemukan pada individu yang merokok dibandingkan dengan yang tidak merokok. Berdasarkan frekuensi merokok, smoker’s melanosis paling banyak ditemukan pada perokok berat, diikuti perokok sedang, dan perokok ringan. Berdasarkan durasi merokok, smoker’s melanosis paling banyak ditemukan pada perokok dengan durasi >10 tahun, diikuti durasi 5-10 tahun, dan durasi <5 tahun. Berdasarkan jenis rokok, smoker’s melanosis paling banyak ditemukan pada perokok dengan jenis rokok kretek/non filter/sigaret kretek, diikuti perokok dengan jenis rokok putih/filter, dan perokok dengan jenis keduanya. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah smoker’s melanosis lebih banyak ditemukan pada perokok dibandingkan dengan yang bukan perokok, Mayoritas kasus ialah perokok berat, durasi merokok >10 tahun, dan mengonsumsi jenis rokok kretek/non filter/sigaret kretek.Kata kunci: kebiasaan merokok, smoker’s melanosis

HUBUNGAN DUKUNGAN KELUARGA DENGAN HARGA DIRI (SELF ESTEEM) PENDERITA TUBERKULOSIS PARU DI WILAYAH EKS KAWEDANAN INDRAMAYU

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Dedeh Husnaniyah
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

Tuberkulosis Paru merupakan penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Dampak TB Paru adalah penurunan daya tahan tubuh, kelemahan fisik, merugikan secara ekonomis dan dapat mengakibatkan isolasi sosial. Keadaan tersebut dapat mempengaruhi harga diri penderita TB Paru. Perubahan harga diri pada penderita TB Paru dapat mempengaruhi keberhasilan pengobatan, sehingga dibutuhkan adanya dukungan keluarga. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh dukungan keluarga terhadap harga diri penderita TB Paru di Wilayah Puskesmas Eks Kawedanan Indramayu tahun 2015. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analitik dengan rancangan penelitian cross sectional study. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan tekhnik total sampling sebayak 45 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penderita TB Paru yang memiliki harga diri tinggi sebanyak 23 responden (51,1%) dan yang memiliki harga diri rendah sebanyak 22 responden (48,9%), penderita TB Paru yang mendapatkan dukungan keluarga sebanyak 26 responden (57,8 %) dan yang tidak mendapatkandukungan keluarga sebanyak 19 (42,2 %). Responden yang mendapatkan dukungan keluarga lebih banyak yang memiliki harga diri tinggi dibandingkan dengan responden yang tidak mendapatkan dukungan keluarga yaitu 69,6% dengan nilai p value = 0,047 (< 0,05). Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah terdapat hubungandukungan keluarga denganharga diri penderita TB Paru. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi masukan bagi pemegang program TB untuk memberikan konseling terkait pentingnya dukungan keluarga bagi penderita TB Paru.

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