scholarly journals Use of Chlorella sorokiniana (Chlorellaceae, Chlorellales) microalgae for purification of waste water from the brewing industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 262-271
Author(s):  
N. V. Zibarev ◽  
N. A. Politaeva ◽  
M. Yu. Andrianova
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Chlorella Sorokiniana ◽  
Biogenic Elements ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Brewing Industry ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Green Solution

The paper presents some environmental problems of the brewing industry. The literature data on the methods of water purification using microalgae have been studied. The composition of wastewater from the brewing industry is shown to consist of few biogenic elements, namely: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which are necessary for microalgae biomass cultivation. Therefore, the wastewater from the brewing industry can be used as a basis for making a nutrient medium to cultivate microalgae. In the experimental part, the effect of various dilutions of a suspension of microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana (C) grown on a nutrient medium with untreated wastewater (UWW) from the brewing industry was studied. Various percentage ratios of wastewater to microalga suspension were studied, namely: UWW/C = 70:30, 50:50, and 30:70 for the ability to absorb nitrogen, organic and inorganic carbon from dry matter, and to change the pH value. The dependences of the growth rate of microalgae at various percentage additives of the wastewater from the brewing industry are presented. It was shown that at a UWW:C = 30:70, this dependence is characteristic of the standard growth curve of a microorganism culture. A lag phase, phases of exponential growth and withering away are observed. At a 70:30 ratio, the harmful effect of effluents on the growth of microalgae is obvious, on the 3rd day their death occurs, the green solution acquiring a brown color to confirm the death of microalgae cells. It has been shown that the optimal UWW:C ratio is 30:70, with no loss of biomass, it grows well using pollutants for its nutrition. The color of the solution after cultivation was bright green, which corresponded to the color of healthy cells. At UWW:C = 30:70, the wastewater is purified up to 70% and 90% for total nitrogen and organic carbon, respectively. The pH value changes from acidic to neutral. Keywords: Chlorella sorokiniana, wastewater treatment, brewing industry

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH CAIR TAHU DAN DAUN GAMAL (Gliricidia sepium) SEBAGAI PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DENGAN METODA FERMENTASI DENGAN AKTIVATOR EM4

1930 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
pp. 127-135
Author(s):  
Hasmalina Nasution ◽  
Henny D J ◽  
Ulsanna Laira
Keyword(s):  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Quality Requirements ◽  
Industry Waste ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

Liquid organic fertilizer is organic fertilizer in a liquid preparation as apart or all of from organic compound such as plant, animal, and industry waste, solid or liquid phase Nutrients contained therein form of a solution that is so fine that is easily absorbed by plants, though the leaves or stems. Organic fertilizer is one of solution to recovery physical, chemical and biological soil mineral from harmful effect at synthetic fertilize. Liquid fertilizer is obtained from the fermentation process solid first and then proceed with the extraction and liquid anaerobic fermentation process.In the fermentation process, the role of microbes largely determine the resulting product.The aim of this study was to determine the potential of liquid waste out as a liquid organic fertilizer with the addition of leaves of Gliricidia plants with a variation of 200 gr and 400 gr to increase mocro and micro nutrients with EM4 bacteria activator by fermentation procces. Macro nutrients result show Nitrogen 1250,57 ppm, phosphorus 1626,51 ppm potasium 2987,45 ppm, C-organic 8550 ppm, the ratio of C/N 7, and micro nutrients (Fe, Cu, Mn) C organic result Fe 57.99 ppm, Cu 0.30 ppm, Mn 2.83 ppm in the optimum fermentation time of 5 days with additional variations Gliricidia leaves 400 g. Macro nutrient of Organic fertilizer produced meets the quality requirements of the regulation which has set the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the amount of <2% or <20000, C organic ≥ 4% (40000 ppm), the ratio of C / N ≥ 4 ppm. Micro nutrients result do not meet the quality requirements of the agriculture minister No.28/Permentan/OT.140/2/2009. quality regulations for, and metal 100-1000 ppm.

Effects of mineral nutrients on ozone susceptibility of Lemna minor

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1411-1414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyle E. Craker
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Lemna Minor ◽  
Mineral Nutrients ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Ozone Injury ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Additional Nitrogen ◽  
Additional Iron

Susceptibility of Lemna minor L. to ozone injury was influenced by the mineral nutrients available to the Lemna plants. Additional nitrogen or additional iron in the nutrient media respectively enhanced or reduced chlorophyll loss of Lemna plants fumigated with ozone. Lemna plants growing on a nutrient medium lacking copper had significantly less injury from ozone fumigation than Lemna plants growing on a complete nutrient medium. There were apparent interactions among phosphorus and potassium nutrient levels in determining the Lemna plant's susceptibility to ozone.

scholarly journals NUTRIENT MEDIUM SELECTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF AVIBACTERIUM PARAGALLINARUM DEEP CULTURE METHOD

2019 ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
M. S. Firsova ◽  
V. A. Yevgrafova ◽  
A. V. Potekhin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Specific Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
Exponential Growth Phase ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Avibacterium Paragallinarum

Different liquid nutrient media supplemented with growth factors intended for Avibacterium paragallinarum strain No. 5111 cultivation were com­pared. The highest specific growth rate (μ = 0.787 ± 0.041 h-1) and the maximal accumulation of the agent’s biomass (Х = 9.52 ± 0.04 lg CFU/ cm3) were reported when cultured in casein soybean broth. Herewith, the mean time of the live microbial cell concentration doubling was minimal (td = 0.88 h), and the exponential growth phase lasted for 6 hours. The optimal method for Avibacterium paragallinarum cultivation in casein soy­bean broth in laboratory bioreactor Biotron LiFlus GX was determined through the measurements and adjustment of basic physical and chemical parameters. The time period until the culture reached the stationary growth phase was maximal with aeration at 1.0 l/min; herewith, the O2 partial pressure in the nutrient medium did not exceed 25%. The period of the intense decrease of medium’s pH was accompanied with the exponential phase of the bacterial growth. The nutrient medium’s pH ranging from 7.30 ± 0.02 to 7.90 ± 0.06 had no significant impact on the specific growth rate of the strain and the lag phase duration was minimal – 0.36–0.45 h. The strain cultivation in the nutrient medium with pH 7.90 ± 0.06 demonstrated maximal aggregation of the bacteria (9.76 ± 0.04 lg CFU/cm3). 40% glucose solution added at 0.6-0.8 g/l during cultivation facilitated the decrease of the suspension’s pH. Minimal redox value (–75 mV) was indicative of the completion of the exponential phase of the strain growth.  

scholarly journals Utilization of Wastewater Management for Sustainable City Environment in Abuja, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Emeodilichi H. Mba ◽  
Chika B. Mba ◽  
Mohammed Alkali
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Environment Impact ◽  
City Environment ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
The Comparative Study

Wastewater contribute to many damages to the ecosystem and biodiversity, it encompasses domestic, commercial, industrial and agricultural components and also faecal sludge, to prevent this sensitive damage, wastewater need to be well treated before being discharged to the environment or water bodies, otherwise it contributes to some disease outbreak like malaria and typhoid. Extreme poverty with inequality of income, housing system and poor urban planning combined with rapid increase in population mostly found in low/lower class settlement are among those factors contributing to these challenges and this study determines the health and environment impact of untreated wastewater. The comparative study was carried out in two study areas; highbrow areas that makes use of central wastewater treatment plant known as “WUPA” and low/lower income areas that practice open surface wastewater discharge, to determine how frequent both residents treats malaria/typhoid and soil pH value of the study areas also analyzed. In-house survey questionnaire for 300 respondents of children below 12 years was employed which show that average 65% of residents in highbrow areas treated both malaria/typhoid once in 6 months, while 64% in the low/lower class areas treated 4 times in 6 months and with an average pH value of 8.18 for highbrow areas and 7.51 for low/lower class areas. This study recommends that government should connect all areas to the treatment plant, implement proper urban planning, awareness and with enforcement.

scholarly journals Development of a probiotic for animals and aquaculture based on Bacillus toyonensis B-13249 and Bacillus pumilus B-13250 strains

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-402
Author(s):  
A. V. Malkova ◽  
I. Yu. Evdokimov ◽  
M. V. Shirmanov ◽  
A. N. Irkitova ◽  
D. E. Dudnik
Keyword(s):  
No Value ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Bacillus Pumilus ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Expiry Date ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Bacillus Genus ◽  
Number Of Bacteria ◽  
Bacillus Toyonensis ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract: This article aims to develop a probiotic for animals and aquaculture based on the Bacillus toyonensis B-13249 and Bacillus pumilus B-13250 strains. The selection of a nutrient medium was conducted for cultivating the inoculum of these microorganisms. Several bacteria fermentations of the Bacillus genus were performed in biological reactors with a capacity of 15 and 250 l. A technology for obtaining a finished probiotic for animals and aquaculture was developed. The results indicate that L-broth is the most optimal nutrient medium for cultivating the studied strains. The cultivation of B. toyonensis B-13249 and B. pumilus B-13250 strains in fermenters revealed that sporulation begins after 4–8 hours of fermentation. In contrast to the vegetative medium, the fermentative medium helped the bacilli develop a higher optical density (the maximum value in the B. pumilus strain – 2.400±0.149), pH value (maximum value in the B. toyonensis strain – 8.483±0.609) and titer (at least 1010 CFU/g). After 20–24 hours of incubation, both strains of bacilli in the fermenter, almost completely pass into endospores, which serve as a signal for the start of biomass centrifugation. This was indicated by the following: from a 15 l fermenter – 83.3±6.1 g of concentrate, from a 250 l fermenter – 499.8±51.4 g. The number of bacilli in a concentrated state was at least 1·1011 CFU/g for both strains. Obtaining a finished preparation required mixing bacterial concentrates with maltodextrin to a titer of at least 1·1010 CFU/g. The number of bacteria in the preparation checked every month during the year, recorded no value less than 1·1010 CFU/g. Thus, L-broth is most favorable for growing the mother culture of the B. toyonensis B-13249 and B. pumilus B-13250 strains, and fermentative nutrient medium – for the cultivation in fermenters. The expiry date of the bacilli-based biological preparation is at least 12 months, during which the drug’s polycomponence, color and consistency are preserved, in addition to the bacteria titer (at least 1·1010 CFU/g) and their viability.

Application of the membrane technology to control ammonia in surface water

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Koyuncu ◽  
D. Topacik ◽  
M. Turan ◽  
M.S. Celik ◽  
H.Z. Sarikaya
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Complex Form ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Ammonia Content ◽  
Untreated Wastewater

Amnonium ion is effectively removed by Reverse Osmosis membranes (Brackish water, BW; Saline water, SW). The removal efficiency of ammonium ion from a solution containing ammonium ion which is not complexed is varying in the range of 5–60%. On the contrary, ammonium ion forms complexes with other ions in water and wastewater removal efficiency was as high as 99% for the synthetic solution which contained a complex of iron and ammonium ion. Elmali reservoir which is one of the water sources of the Istanbul city is suffering from high ammonia content due to discharges of untreated wastewater. Application of the BW membrane to Elmali Reservoir water resulted in ammonia removal efficiency of about 95%. The permeate ammonia concentration of 0.2 mg/l was achieved. High removal ratio of ammonia ions in complex form is due to increased molecular diameters of the ammonium ion complexes. Increased pH values were observed in parallel to increase the ammonium ion concentrations when ammonium ion was not in complex form. Ammonium ion removal efficiency decreased with increasing pH. On the other hand, when the concentration of ammonium ion complexed with iron was increased, pH value was decreased. In parallel to the decreasing pH, an increase of removal efficiency was observed. Membrane types did not significantly affect the flux. No fouling problems were observed during the test runs and thus fluxes were practically constant throughout the experimental run. The total estimated cost of treatment will be in the range of $0.95 to $1.06/m3 for the investigated drinking water source.

scholarly journals Impact of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Grain Yield in Winter Triticale Grown on Degraded Vertisol

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 757
Author(s):  
Vera Rajičić ◽  
Vera Popović ◽  
Vesna Perišić ◽  
Milan Biberdžić ◽  
Zoran Jovović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Major Nutrients

The objectives of this study were to investigate: (1) the effects of fertilization, environment, and their interactions on the thousand grain weight (TGW), hectolitre weight (HW) and grain yield (GY) of winter triticale, and (2) the correlations between these traits in different environments. The invariable nitrogen (80 kg N ha−1), potassium (60 kg K2O ha−1) and two phosphorus (60 and 100 kg P2O5 ha−1) doses were used in Kragujevac location in central Serbia. Nitrogen was applied individually and in combination with two phosphorus rates and one rate of potassium fertilizer. Eight fertilization treatment controls and N80, P60, P100, N80P60K60, N80P100K60, N80P60 and N80P100 were examined during three growing seasons. The yield and quality of triticale significantly varied across years and treatments. The average yield of all treatments in the 2015 growing season was significantly greater than in the previous years (3.597 t ha−1). Combined usage of NPK fertilizer (80 kg N ha−1, 100 kg P2O5 ha−1 and 60 kg K2O ha−1) represented the excellent base for optimum supply of major nutrients, resulting in maximum GY (4.0 t ha−1). Negative and significant correlation was found between grain GY and TGW (−0.392*) in 2015, and positive highly significant correlation were in 2013 (0.648**) and 2014 (0.493**). The positive effect over complete application of fertilizer is the result of a lower pH value of the soil, as well as the low content of available phosphorus and potassium in Vertisol soil type. Optimizing fertilization for maximum profitability is of great importance in the future triticale production in Pannonian Environments.

scholarly journals Role of particle size in assessment of physico-chemical properties and trace elements of Indian fly ash

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1016-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish Kumar ◽  
Jashanpreet Singh ◽  
S. K. Mohapatra
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Ash Disposal

In this paper, the effect of particle size on the physico-chemical, mineralogical, and leaching behavior of Indian fly ash was studied. Experiments were carried out to study the leaching of different elements such as Mg, Cr, Zn, Pb, Mn, Fe, Cu, Co, Mo, and Ni from Indian fly ash. During the experiments, the liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio of the fly ash was taken as 9/1, 8/2, 7/3, 3/2, 1/1, and 2/3. The effect of four different particle size ranges (below 53, 53–75, 75–106, and 106–150 μm) of fly ash was analyzed. The ASTMD-3987 method was used to analyze the presence of trace elements from fly ash. In the ASTM D-3987 method, distilled water was used for extraction of leachate. Fly ash slurry samples were agitated in a lubricating type temperature-controlled Remi orbital shaker for a time duration of 18 hours with speed of 100 revolutions per minute (rpm) at a temperature of 25ºC. Distilled water does not save cost as well as being easily available. The leaching test of trace elements from fly ash was investigated at different pH conditions in order to predict the environmental effect from the ash disposal on the groundwater quality. Results revealed that pH of slurry suspension increases with increase in particle size. The pH value of fly ash slurries was negligibly affected by the decrease in L/S ratio for all particle sizes. Fine particles of fly ash produce a more harmful effect as compared to the coarser range of fly ash particles.

Optimized conditions for determining activity concentration of alpha-amylase in serum, with 1,4-alpha-D-4-nitrophenylmaltoheptaoside as substrate.

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Rauscher ◽  
U Neumann ◽  
E Schaich ◽  
S von Bülow ◽  
A W Wahlefeld
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Activity Concentration ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Optimized Conditions ◽  
Alpha Glucosidase ◽  
Serum And Urine

Abstract We describe a method for measuring the catalytic activity of alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) in serum and urine, by use of a defined substrate: 1,4-alpha, D-4-nitrophenyl maltoheptaoside. We use a phosphate buffer of pH 7.10, containing chloride as activator and alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) as the auxiliary enzyme. After a lag phase of 4 min at 25 degrees C or 30 degrees C, or 3 min at 37 degrees C, the increase of absorption of 4-nitrophenol is measured at 410 nm or 405 nm. The pH value of the assay mixture is a compromise between optimum pH for the alpha-amylase reaction, shortest possible lag phase, and an acceptable absorptivity of 4-nitrophenol. Because the dissociation of 4-nitrophenol depends strongly on pH and temperature, we determined its absorptivity with various combinations of these variables in the assay. Heparin-treated plasma can be used, but not EDTA, fluoride, or citrate. Lipemia, hemoglobin less than or equal to mumol/L, bilirubin less than or equal to 170 mumol/L, glucose less than or equal to 100 mmol/L, and ascorbic acid less than or equal to 1 mmol/L of sample do not interfere in the assay.

scholarly journals Selection of Optimal Conditions for Cultivation of Bacillus megaterium UCM B-5710 – Producer of Keratinase

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
K.V. Avdiyuk ◽  
◽  
A.O. Roy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Enzyme Synthesis ◽  
Cultivation Conditions ◽  
Additional Source ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Selection Of

Every year the volume of production of poultry products all over the world is growing steadily. This contributes to a constant increase in the amount of by-products of poultry processing in the form of down and feather waste, which are dangerous for the environment due to the hard-to-degrade keratin protein and a large number of microbial pathogens. Therefore, the use of environmentally friendly methods for the destruction of keratin substrates due to keratinases of microorganisms is an urgent area of research. The aim of this work was to select the optimal cultivation conditions for the Bacillus megaterium strain UCM B-5710 to increase the activity of the keratinase synthesized by it. Methods. The culture was grown at 28°C, 201 rpm for 7 days on a basic nutrient medium containing defatted chicken feathers as the only source of carbon and nitrogen. The selection of optimal cultivation conditions was carried out according to the following parameters: temperature (21°C, 28°C, 42°C), stirring speed (201 rpm, 212 rpm), amount of inoculum (5%, 10%, 15% , 20%, 25%), the initial pH value of the nutrient medium (4.0–11.0), concentration of keratin-containing substrate (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%), additional carbon source (glucose, galactose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, mannitol, potato and corn starch, soluble starch, soybean meal) and nitrogen (NH4Cl, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, NaNO3, urea, peptone, tryptone, yeast extract and soybean meal) at a concentration of 1%. Keratinase activity was assessed by the UV absorption at 280 nm of the hydrolysis products of keratin-containing raw materials. Protein was determined by the Lowry method. Results. The dynamics of the enzyme synthesis showed that the culture of B. megaterium UCM B-5710 exhibited the highest keratinase activity on the 3rd day, and complete splitting of feathers was observed on the 4–5th days. The selection of the concentration of the keratin-containing substrate showed that 0.5% is the optimal concentration. The study of the influence of the initial pH value of the nutrient medium indicates that the culture grew well at pH 6.0–7.0 and pH 9.0–11.0, but at pH 8.0 its growth was very weak. The culture exhibited the maximum keratinase activity at pH 10.0. In addition, at this pH value, complete splitting of feathers was visually observed. The influence of such a key factor as temperature on the growth and synthesis of the enzyme by B. megaterium UCM B-5710 culture demonstrated complete splitting of feathers already on the 2nd day of cultivation at 42°C, at 21°C the culture split feathers very poorly. The introduction of the inoculum into the composition of the nutrient medium in an amount of 15% of the volume of the medium and the mixing intensity of 212 rpm turned out to be optimal. Besides, it was shown that the introduction of an additional source of carbon or nitrogen had an ambiguous effect on the level of keratinase activity of B. megaterium UCM B-5710. Complete inhibition of enzyme synthesis was observed when ammonium sulfate was added to the nutrient medium, and partial inhibition was observed in the case of glucose, lactose, and maltose. Potato, corn, and soluble starch stimulated keratinase synthesis. The majority of inorganic nitrogen sources (ammonium chloride and nitrate) did not affect the synthesis of B. megaterium UCM B-5710 keratinase, while organic sources (urea, peptone, tryptone, yeast extract) increased the level of keratinase activity by 20–50%. However, the most effective result was obtained using soybean meal, the addition of which to the nutrient medium increased the keratinase activity by 2.5 times. Conclusions. As a result of the studies, the optimal conditions for cultivation of the B. megaterium UCM B-5710 strain were selected: the optimum temperature for the growth and development of the culture is 42°C, the initial pH value is 10.0, the stirring speed is 212 rpm and the amount of inoculum introduced is 15%, an additional source of carbon and nitrogen in the form of soybean meal at a concentration of 0.5%. This made it possible to increase the activity of keratinase by 4 times.

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