scholarly journals Vertical In-Vessel Composter for Stabilization of Market Vegetable Waste

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 486-490
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Vegetable Waste ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Mix Proportion ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Seeding Material

Composting can be one of the solutions to tackle the issue of handling solid waste. In the present research work, a bench-scale vertical in-vessel aerobic composter was designed to stabilize the Devaraja market vegetable waste, Mysore using horse dung and plantain leaves as seeding material and bulking agent respectively. On average, Devaraja market generate 4.8-5.6 ton per day. Mix proportion of organic waste, bulking and seeding materials fed into composter was in the ratio of 5: 1: 0.5. Initial and variation in physico-chemical characteristics of waste were monitored during the composting period. The initial concentration of total nitrogen, phosphorous, total organic carbon and C/N ratio which was found to be 1.67%, 0.78%, 1.93%, 43.5% and 26 showed a variation of 2.4%, 1.1%, 2% 29% and 15 respectively at the end of 21 days of composting.

scholarly journals Changes in the Taxonomic and Functional Structure of Microbial Communities During Vegetable Waste Silage Fermentation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juntao Zhang ◽  
Xiying Huang ◽  
Menggen Ma ◽  
Quanju Xiang ◽  
Ke Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Vegetable Waste ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Lactic Acid Content ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio

Abstract Background：Silage fermentation, a sustainable way to use vegetable waste resources, is a complex process driven by a variety of microorganisms. We used lettuce waste as the raw material for silage, analyzed changes in the physico-chemical characteristics and bacterial community composition of silage during a 60 day fermentation, identified differentially abundant taxa, predicted the functional profiles of bacterial communities, and determined the associated effects on the quality of silage. Results: The biggest changes occurred in the early stage of silage fermentation. Changes in the physico-chemical characteristics included a decrease in pH and increases in ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen ratio and lactic acid content. The numbers of lactic acid bacteria increased and those of molds, yeasts and aerobic bacteria decreased. The bacterial communities and their predicted functions on day 0 were clearly different from those on day 7 to day 60. The relative abundances of phylum Firmicutes and genus Lactobacillus increased. Nitrite ammonification and nitrate ammonification were more prevalent after day 0. The differences in the predicted functions were associated with differences in pH and amino acid, protein, carbohydrate, NH3-N, ether extract and crude ash contents. Conclusion: Firmicutes and Lactobacillus were the dominant taxa during vegetable waste silage fermentation. The microbial communities and the predicted functions changed in different stages of silage fermentation, and the changes were accompanied with changes in the physico-chemical characteristics, especially with a decrease in pH and increases in ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen ratio and lactic acid content.

Physico-chemical and hydrological properties of soilless substrates

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 700-704
Author(s):  
Anbarasu Mariyappillai ◽  
◽  
Gurusamy Arumugam ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Aim: To evaluate the physico-chemical and hydrological characteristics of cocopith, perlite, vermicullite, vermicompost, sand, rice husk, paddy straw, saw dust and rock wool for using them as substrates for soilless agriculture. Methodology: The soilless substrates were initially evaluated for pH and EC, and then estimated for total organic carbon by dry combustion method, total nitrogen by Kjeldahl digestion method, potassium by atomic absorption and phosphorus by colorimetric method. The hydrological properties of substrates were estimated by Keen - Rackzowski box method. Results: The desirable level of physical properties of bulk density (0.47 gm cm-3), particle density (0.63 gm cm-3), total porosity (75.81%) and chemical properties of pH (6.23), EC (5.02 dS m-1), total organic carbon (36.39 %), and other properties were noticed under cocopith. The maximum level of water holding capacity (769.30 %) and volume of expansion (185.78 %) was registered by cocopith. Interpretation: Cocopith has favourable hydrological properties with desirable level of physical and chemical properties, which makes it the best medium for soilless agriculture. Coconut fiber is a characteristic natural fiber from the external husk of coconut and its extraction process also without polluting nature.

scholarly journals Tubular nanofiltration of highly concentrated C.I. Acid Black 210 dye

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 901-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Y. Zahrim ◽  
N. Hilal ◽  
C. Tizaoui
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Dye Removal ◽  
Nanofiltration Membrane ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Carbon Removal ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Membrane Performance ◽  
Total Organic Carbon Removal ◽  
Fouling Factor

Tubular nanofiltration membrane performance to treat water for reuse was carried out by choosing C.I. Acid Black 210 dye as a model dye. It has been shown that increasing pH causes reduction in irreversible fouling factor (IFF) and the dye removal is also affected by solution pH. The total organic carbon removal for pH 4, pH 7, pH 8 and pH 10 is 97.9, 92.3, 94.5 and 94.6%, respectively. The conductivity removal for pH 4, pH 7, pH 8 and pH 10 is 85.1, 88.3, 87.8 and 90.7% respectively. The increase in the initial dye concentration causes rapid increase in fouling until 100 mg/l. Then the fouling increases gradually as it reaches a maximum IFF around 13%. This study also shows that the colour of permeate changes from colourless to light greenish/yellowish (initial concentration of 2,000 and 4,000 mg/l) as the initial dye concentration increases. The conductivity removal was also reduced as the initial dye concentration increased due to screening of the Donnan effect with the presence of salt.

scholarly journals Vermicomposting: A Valorization Alternative for Corn Cob Waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5692
Author(s):  
Eduardo Castillo-González ◽  
Lorena De Medina-Salas ◽  
Mario Rafael Giraldi-Díaz ◽  
Cipriano Sánchez-Noguez
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Eisenia Fetida ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Vegetable Waste ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Animal Excreta ◽  
Feasible Alternative

As vermicomposting has become a viable alternative for the valorization of organic waste; the objectives of this research were to (1) assess the feasibility of said process for corn cob waste (corn cobs and corn husks) and (2) evaluate the operation conditions for the biodegradation of different mixtures with load material (LM). LM did not include animal excreta as a nitrogen source, a practice widely used in a range of studies. The experiment consisted of an initial phase of pre-composting in order to obtain a partially stabilized substrate. Subsequently, four separate mixtures were made consisting of corn cob waste mixed with consistent load material (LM) containing vegetable waste and eggshells (CR, M1, M2, M3) to obtain a balance substrate able to facilitate degradation using Eisenia fetida earthworms. The following parameters were analyzed during the control process: temperature, pH, humidity, organic material (OM), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio. The analysis of the final values of the stabilized mixtures showed that vermicomposting is indeed a feasible alternative for the degradation of corn cob waste for use as a soil improver.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical characteristics of the soils in three church forest of central Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eguale Tadesse Kifle
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Church

Physical and chemical properties of soils interact each other either positively or negatively depending on the condition. Vegetation has influence on the soil physico-chemical characteristics. Land use land cover changes are the main factors in the process of land resource degradation. The objectives of this study were to define the soil texture, bulk density and extent of organic carbon in church forests and adjacent croplands and to compare the values. Transect lines of 100 apart and plots of 20mx20m were established to collect soil samples in the church forests and individual farm plots. The distance between plots was 100m. Horizon based soil sampling was undertaken. Soil samples were collected on a diagonal position from 2 edges and the center from 2 soil horizons (H1 and H2) for soil texture and soil organic carbon (SOC) analysis. For bulk density (BD) soil core samplers were used. The data was analyzed using one way ANOVA in SPSS v20. Mean separation was undertaken by LSD. The results revealed the %clay content was significantly higher in croplands than church forests and the %sand was higher in church forests than croplands at (p<0.05). The SOC was significantly higher in H1 than H2 and in church forests than croplands at (p<0.05). The better soil characteristics were obtained in church forests than in croplands. Hence, it is recommended to conserve the natural forests as in the church forests to maintain better property of the soil through enhancing SOM, SOC and by decreasing soil BD.  

scholarly journals The physico-chemical characteristics of fresh and old pig dungs collected from three pig farmsin Port Harcourt Metropolis

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 013-018
Author(s):  
Nkem Juliet Anigbo ◽  
GC Okpokwasili ◽  
CJ Ogugbue
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Bioenergy Generation ◽  
High Fibre Content ◽  
Chemical Attributes

The need to source for alternative use of pigs dung to reduce environmental challenges arising from its application as farm manure prompted the study into the physico-chemical attributes of both the fresh and old pig dung in three pig farms(A,R,U) in Port-Harcourt metropolis. The study examined the pH levels, exchangeable nitrate, extractable phosphate, the total organic carbon and the sulphate using methods described by the pH meter, APHA-4500-O3-B, ASTM D515, Walkley black and ASTM D516 respectively. The results indicated that the dung were alkaline ranging from pH 9-12, the nitrate content was high in fresh dung (16.03-19.40) but considerably low in the dry dung (2.36-2.92), the phosphate values were between 7.59-20.81, the sulphate level falls within 1.84-3.79 whereas the total organic carbon were between 2.36-2.92. The result obtained have showed that the fresh dung could be supplemented with other organic substrate to initiate bioremediation of crude oil polluted soil due to its high nitrate content and the dry dung used as feedstuffs for animal nutrients or feedstock for bioenergy generation because of its high fibre content which will help in reducing the ecosystem contamination by pig waste through recycling.

Photodegradation of chlorpyrifos in water by UV/H2O2 treatment: toxicity evaluation

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 2279-2286 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Femia ◽  
M. Mariani ◽  
C. Zalazar ◽  
I. Tiscornia
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Organophosphorus Pesticide ◽  
Toxicity Evaluation ◽  
H2o2 Treatment ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Total Organic Carbon Analysis ◽  
Carbon Analysis

Chlorpyrifos (CP) is an organophosphorus pesticide widely used in agriculture. Due to its toxicity, it has been necessary to develop a treatment to eliminate the environmental wastes generated by this substance. The combination of UV radiation and hydrogen peroxide seemed an interesting option to reduce the concentration of CP in water, as it has proved to be a simple and effective method to degrade other similar pesticides. The purpose of this work is to study the effect of different initial concentrations of H2O2 on the degradation of commercial CP in water using UV/H2O2. Conversions of 93% were achieved in 20 min with 450 mg L−1 of H2O2 initial concentration (0.16 mg of CP degraded per mg of H2O2 consumed). The total organic carbon analysis showed interesting mineralization values, reaching a 70% conversion after 4 h of reaction. In addition, this degradation procedure leads to a clear reduction of the toxicity of the reaction mixture over Vibrio fischeri.

Removal of ppb-level DDTs from aqueous solution using organo-diatomites

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-278
Author(s):  
Lingzhi Tan ◽  
Shihua Qi ◽  
Jiaquan Zhang ◽  
Xinli Xing ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Contact Angle ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide ◽  
Particle Diffusion ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Homogeneous Particle ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Three modified organo-diatomites (ODs) were used for removal of o,p′ dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (o,p′-DDE), p,p′ dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE) and p,p′ dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT) from water. It was found that the adsorption of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (DDTs) depended greatly on the type and concentration of modifying agent, the concentration of adsorbent and the initial concentration of DDTs. The hydrophobic characteristics of ODs–DDTs interactions were verified by measuring the amounts of DDTs adsorbed on ODs. The analysis of contact angle and total organic carbon (TOC) measurements revealed that the hydrophilic tails on the ODs surface were replaced with hydrophobic ones by surfactants. The following conditions were strongly suggested to provide the optimum performance for adsorption of DDTs: raw diatomite is modified by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB); dosing quantity of OD is no more than 3.0 g/L. The removal efficiencies of the three pesticides on ODs followed the order: p,p′-DDT &gt; o,p′-DDE &gt; p,p′-DDE. The adsorption efficiencies of ODs for the pesticides followed the order: GZY &gt; GZF &gt; GZYI &gt; GZN. This experiment showed that the fittest models for the experimental data were given by the Redlich–Peterson and homogeneous particle diffusion models.

scholarly journals Treatment of kitchen wastewater using Eichhornia crassipes

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 02033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rijwana Parwin ◽  
Kakoli Karar Paul
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Eichhornia Crassipes ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Total Dissolved Solid

The efficiency of Eichhornia crassipes for treatment of raw kitchen wastewater was studied in the present research work. An artificial wetland of 30 liter capacity was created for phytoremediation of kitchen wastewater using Eichhornia crassipes. Kitchen wastewater samples were collected from hostel of an educational institute in India. Samples were characterized based on physical and chemical parameters such as pH, turbidity, total hardness, nitrate-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen, sulphate, dissolved oxygen, total organic carbon and total dissolved solid. The physico-chemical parameter of kitchen wastewater samples were analysed for durations of 0 (initial day), 4 and 8 days. After 8 days of retention period, it was observed that pH value increases from 6.25 to 6.63. However, percentage reduction for turbidity, total hardness, nitrate-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen, sulphate, dissolved oxygen, total organic carbon and total dissolved solid were found to be 74.71%, 50%, 78.75%, 60.28%, 25.31%, 33.33%, 15.38% and 69.97%, respectively. Hence water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is found efficient and easy to handle and it can be used for low cost phytoremediation technique.

scholarly journals Modification of Topsoil Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Macroinvertebrates Structure Consecutive to the Conversion of Secondary Forests into Rubber Plantations in Grand-Lahou, Côte d’Ivoire

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1235-1255
Author(s):  
N'dri Kouadio Julien ◽  
Kévin Kouadio N’Guessan
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Rubber Plantations ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Soil Macroinvertebrates

The objective of this investigation was to assess the modifications of topsoil physico-chemical characteristics and macroinvertebrates structure consecutive to the conversion of secondary forests into rubber plantations and how these change with the aging of the plantations and the season. The sampling design was constituted of four treatments: secondary forest referred to as baseline land use, 7-, 12- and 25 year old rubber plantations. Three replications per land use type were randomly established in each of the selected treatments, thus totaling 12 sampling areas. On each sampling area, a 40 m transect was established. The litter dwelling and topsoil (0-10 cm) macroinvertebrates were sampled, respectively, by using the pitfall traps and monoliths (50 cm × 50 cm × 10 cm) following the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility method. The soil physical and chemical parameters were measured along the 40 m transect. The results showed that the conversion of secondary forest into plantations was characterized by a modification of the density of soil macroinvertebrates (dry season: -50 and -24% vs. rainy season: -61 and +32%), taxonomic richness of soil macroinvertebrates (dry season: +7 and -14% vs. rainy season: -21 and -14%), water content (dry season: -41 and -5% vs. rainy season: -62 and -31%), bulk density (dry season: +6 and -3% vs. rainy season: +33 and +29%), soil organic carbon (dry season: -73 and -59% vs. rainy season: -67 and -51%) and total nitrogen (dry season: -68 and -58% vs. rainy season: -64 and -52%), respectively, after about 7 and 25 years of conversion. The restoration processes did not cause significant changes in the soil physico-chemical and biological characteristics after 25 years of forests conversion. However, the study highlighted the improvement in the soil ecological quality due to a reduction in soil degradation, and an increase in the density of macroinvertebrates (+235%), taxono mic richness (+9%), water content (+84%), soil organic carbon (+50%) and total nitrogen (+33%) in the 25 year old plantations compared to the 7 year old plantations.

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