scholarly journals Effect of Nozzle Angle, Size and Pressure on Spray Distribution based on Laboratory Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2522-2525
Keyword(s):  
Peak Height ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Spray Parameters ◽  
Spray Pattern ◽  
Angle Size ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Nozzle Size ◽  
Spray Distribution ◽  
Pattern Width

The objective of this study is to investigate spray parameters for different 40°– 95° even flat fan nozzle angles for banding spraying application, such as spray pattern width and spray volumetric distribution at pressures of 2 and 3bar using different nozzle sizes (0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 gpm). Spray distribution data was extracted from spray analyzer system or patternator. The results showed that nozzle angle and pressure significantly affected the spray pattern width. In addition, as the nozzle size increased, the liquid volume and the peak height under the nozzle center increased. These results suggest that the use of bigger nozzle angles improved the spray volumetric distribution.

Characterization of Biological Pesticide Deliveries through Hydraulic Nozzles

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 897-908
Author(s):  
Liping Xiao ◽  
Heping Zhu ◽  
Matthew Wallhead ◽  
Leona Horst ◽  
Peter Ling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Droplet Size Distribution ◽  
Spray Parameters ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Spray Pattern ◽  
Flow Capacity ◽  
Nozzle Type ◽  
Pattern Width

Abstract. Increased use of biopesticides has spurred demand for efficient and effective delivery systems. To this goal, laboratory tests were conducted to investigate six different classes of biopesticides discharged from five different types of flat-fan nozzles, each with three flow capacities. The biopesticide classes were horticultural oil insecticide (HOI), bacterial biofungicide (BBF), botanical extract bio-insecticide (BEBI), liquid fungal bio-insecticide (FBI-ES), wettable powder fungal bio-insecticide (FBI-WP), and mineral salt biofungicide (MSBF). Droplet size distribution, spray pattern width, spray deposition, and coverage on plant leaves and water-sensitive paper (WSP) were the spray parameters tested. These parameters varied greatly with biopesticide class, nozzle type, and nozzle flow capacity. The DV0.5 of the biopesticides ranged from 75 to 519 µm for 0.76 L min-1 nozzles, from 86 to 509 µm for 1.51 L min-1 nozzles, and from 99 to 622 µm for 2.25 L min-1 nozzles. The use of different biopesticides with the same nozzle significantly altered the spray pattern width. Compared to a water-only solution, the largest change of spray pattern width was 14.7% for the air-induction nozzle (AI11004) discharging FBI-ES. The amount of spray deposited on plant leaves for all tested biopesticides (except HOI) did not vary significantly with different nozzle types. However, the air-induction nozzles produced the most uneven spray deposition patterns. Therefore, to achieve optimal spray application efficiency and effectiveness for discharging specific classes of biopesticide, the choice of the proper nozzle type and flow capacity is critical. Keywords: Biopesticide, Crop protection, Deposition, Droplet size, Spray coverage.

Evaluation of Horizontal Patternators According to International Standard Requirements for Boom Sprayers

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1635-1646
Author(s):  
Emilio Gil ◽  
Mariana Bueno ◽  
Javier Campos ◽  
Montserrat Gallart ◽  
Joao P. A. R. Da Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
List Type ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Spray Pattern ◽  
Iso Standard ◽  
Iso Standards ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Spray Distribution ◽  
Technical Specifications

HighlightsHorizontal distribution according ISO Standard 16119 is a measurement procedure to evaluate boom sprayers.ISO Standards 5682-1 and 5682-2 establish technical requirements for horizontal patternators.In this study, three types of patternators were evaluated to test their capability to meet the standards.The evaluated patternators showed similar results for spray distribution patterns.Minor deviations from ISO Standard 5682 did not imply differences according ISO Standard 16119.Abstract. Uniformity of spray volume distribution is one of the officially established measurements for the evaluation of horizontal boom sprayers according to ISO Standard 16119 and requirements established by ISO Standard 16122. Measurement of spray distribution patterns requires the use of specific devices such as horizontal patternators, which are included in the technical specifications for ISO Standards 5682-1 and 5682-2. Three such devices were tested, including two manual patternators (fixed and mobile) and one electronic patternator. According to information provided by the manufacturers, all three patternators align with ISO requirements. This study evaluated and compared the results obtained with the three patternators. Specifically, the horizontal distributions measured by the patternators were evaluated and compared using four nozzle types (XR 11003, AIXR 11003, TTJ60 11003, and AITTJ60 11003), three boom heights, and three operating pressures. Tests were conducted to quantify single-nozzle spray patterns, the coefficient of variation (CV) of the entire boom distribution, the liquid recovery capability of the three patternators, and the ability to simulate the entire boom spray distribution from a single-nozzle spray pattern. Results demonstrated correct functioning of all three patternators, resulting in identical conclusions considering the requirements established in the ISO standards. The CV values of the horizontal distributions were less than 10% for all cases. Moreover, the trends in values for all the evaluated factors (nozzle type, boom height, and operating pressure) were the same, independent of the patternator used. Keywords: ISO 16119, ISO 16122, ISO 5682, Liquid recovery, Nozzle spray pattern, Patternator, Spray boom, Transverse distribution, Uniformity.

Drop-Size Distributions of Newtonian Liquid Sprays Produced by Fan-Jet Pressure Nozzles

1979 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Janna ◽  
J. E. A. John
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Drop Size ◽  
Drop Size Distribution ◽  
Newtonian Liquid ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Collection Device ◽  
Median Diameter ◽  
Spray Distribution ◽  
Liquid Sprays ◽  
Drop Size Distributions

The drop size distribution was measured by Newtonian liquid sprays produced by fan-jet pressure nozzles, operating in the pressure range 500 to nearly 3000 psig (3 450 to 20 680 kPa). The fluids used were water and a water-glycerin mixture. A collection device was constructed and droplets were captured on soot coated microscope slides. Subsequent sizing of the impacted particles with a microscope yielded drop size distribution data of accumulated volume per cent versus diameter. An experimental analysis was performed to relate the nozzle wall shear to the volume median diameter of the spray distribution. A linear correlation was found to exist on a semilog graph; for the Newtonian liquid sprays, it was determined that the volume median diameter could be predicted with: Dd=+8.5183−1.1113logτρQμσ

Effects of Spray Parameters and Operating Conditions on an Industrial Gas Turbine Washing System

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike C. Mund ◽  
Pericles Pilidis
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Injection Velocity ◽  
Spray Parameters ◽  
Compressor Inlet ◽  
Spray Distribution

Gas turbines for power generation are exposed to a variety of ambient conditions and are therefore bound to breathe contaminated airflow, thus degrading the engines internal gas path. In particular, accumulated debris on the compressor blades reduces engine efficiency. To recover this performance loss, online compressor washes may be performed. Cleaning fluid is injected through the nozzles upstream of the compressor to wash off the debris from the blades. This paper presents a numerical study of a generic compressor washing system based on an application case for a heavy duty gas turbine power plant. The inlet duct of the engine was modeled and droplet trajectories were calculated. Different spray patterns including single jet and full cone have been investigated for different ranges of injection velocity and droplet size. The spray angle was evaluated experimentally and was used to model the full cone spray pattern. The boundary conditions for the airflow were iterated with a performance simulation tool to match pressure loss and mass flow. To investigate the effect of different operating conditions on the airflow and spray distribution, an installation scenario of the engine at altitude on a hot summer day was modeled. The scenario was based on a review of plant installations and local meteorological conditions. Fluid concentration plots at the compressor inlet plane were evaluated for the different computational cases. Generally with lower injection momentum, the water droplets were significantly deflected by the main airflow. Higher injection velocity and droplet size reduced the effect of the main airflow. Different operating conditions and the significant change of air mass flow affected the spray distribution of the washing system at the compressor inlet. This can be compensated by adjusting the injection angles.

scholarly journals UJI DISTRIBUSI SEMPROTAN SPRAYER PESTISIDA DENGAN PATTERNATOR BERBASIS WATER LEVEL DETECTOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Agus Dharmawan ◽  
Siswoyo Soekarno
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Sensor Calibration ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Nozzle Height ◽  
Droplet Distribution ◽  
Knapsack Sprayer ◽  
Spray Distribution ◽  
Level Detector ◽  
Traveling Speed

The research aimed to examine droplet distribution using a knapsack sprayer with a water level detector-based patternator. The tests consist of measuring spraying discharge, effective spray wide and height, droplet distribution pattern and area, and traveling speed. The sensor calibration showed that the system read the liquid volume in the container with R2 = 0.99 at a linear curve: y = 2.572 + 2.502x.  The spray discharge was 0.033 L/s. The optimal spray was at 60 cm-nozzle height with effective spray wide and height were 0.64 m and 0.344, respectively. The spray distribution pattern illustrated that nozzle height affected droplet areas. The traveling speed due to nozzle height at 40 to 70 cm was 0.29 to 0.58 m/s, and had a line-up tendency, whereas spraying capacity was declined 1298 to 562 L/Ha.Keywords: Spray distribution, patternator, sprayer, water level detector

Valence electron spectroscopy of inhomogeneous media

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1150-1151
Author(s):  
A. Howie ◽  
D.W. McComb
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Loss Function ◽  
Electron Spectroscopy ◽  
Valence Electron ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Loss Functions ◽  
Loss Peak ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Valence Electron Density ◽  
Electron Microscopist

The bulk loss function Im(-l/ε (ω)), a well established tool for the interpretation of valence loss spectra, is being progressively adapted to the wide variety of inhomogeneous samples of interest to the electron microscopist. Proportionality between n, the local valence electron density, and ε-1 (Sellmeyer's equation) has sometimes been assumed but may not be valid even in homogeneous samples. Figs. 1 and 2 show the experimentally measured bulk loss functions for three pure silicates of different specific gravity ρ - quartz (ρ = 2.66), coesite (ρ = 2.93) and a zeolite (ρ = 1.79). Clearly, despite the substantial differences in density, the shift of the prominent loss peak is very small and far less than that predicted by scaling e for quartz with Sellmeyer's equation or even the somewhat smaller shift given by the Clausius-Mossotti (CM) relation which assumes proportionality between n (or ρ in this case) and (ε - 1)/(ε + 2). Both theories overestimate the rise in the peak height for coesite and underestimate the increase at high energies.

Human drug taking under controlled laboratory conditions.

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian W. Fischman ◽  
Richard W. Foltin ◽  
Joseph V. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Conditions

Thrombin generation in paediatric patients with congenital heart disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S61-S66 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Cvirn ◽  
A. Rosenkranz ◽  
B. Leschnik ◽  
W. Raith ◽  
W. Muntean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Thrombin Generation ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Global Test ◽  
Paediatric Patients ◽  
Age Range

SummaryThrombin generation was studied in paediatric patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) undergoing cardiac surgery using the calibrated automated thrombography (CAT) in terms of the lag time until the onset of thrombin formation, time to thrombin peak maximum (TTP), endogenous thrombin potential (ETP), and thrombin peak height. The suitability to determine the coagulation status of these patients was investigated. Patients, material, methods: CAT data of 40 patients with CHD (age range from newborn to 18 years) were compared to data using standard coagulation parameters such as prothrombin (FII), antithrombin (AT), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F 1.2), thrombin-antithrombin (TAT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and prothrombin time (PT). Results: A significant positive correlation was seen between ETP and FII (p < 0.01; r = 0.369), as well as between peak height and F II (p < 0.01; r = 0.483). A significant negative correlation was seen between ETP and TFPI values (p < 0.05; r = –0.225) while no significant correlation was seen between peak height and TFPI. A significant negative correlation was seen between F 1.2 generation and ETP (p < 0.05; r = –0.254) and between F 1.2 generation and peak height (p < 0.05; r = –0.236). No correlation was seen between AT and ETP or peak. Conclusions: CAT is a good global test reflecting procoagulatory and inhibitory factors of the haemostatic system in paediatric patients with CHD.

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