scholarly journals Trends in Poverty and Income Inequality in Urban Malaysia: Emerging Issues and Challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S9) ◽  
pp. 517-523
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Emerging Issues

Malaysia has experienced rapid urbanization and infra structure development during the past few decades. Objective of this study to assess the nature of poverty and income inequality in the urban areas in Malaysia. The study also aims to focus on the emerging issues and challenges of rapid urbanization and urban poverty in the country. Secondary data were obtained from the Economic Planning Unit (EPU), Malaysia and the Department of Statistics, Malaysia. The analyses show that though the rate of urban poverty followed a declining trend during the last few decades, incidence of poverty and hard-core poverty still exists in the urban areas of the country. It was also found that earnings of the urban dwellers increased gradually during the past few decades. But income inequality in urban localities remained wider (Gini coefficient is, on average, 0.453). Moreover, income disparity among the major ethnic groups (Malays, Chinese and Indians) in the country is greater and sizeable. The continuation of urbanization, urban poverty and income inequality bring forward new issues and challenges. Therefore, to handle these issues and challenges, it is urgently required to identify the effectiveness of specific programs as well as design and best practice of urban poverty reduction programs and policies.

scholarly journals Resilience Concept in Indonesian Small Town Development and Planning: a Case of Lasem, Central Java

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 01027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jawoto Sih Setyono ◽  
Wiwandari Handayani ◽  
Iwan Rudiarto ◽  
Landung Esariti
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Spatial Policy

Rapid urbanization in developing countries has brought some unprecedented consequences in economic, social, and most notably environmental aspects. Many cities have to be dealing with the challenges of vulnerability as the risk of disasters increases. In responding to the challenges, the concept of urban resilience has been applied as an important part of the current development policies in many countries. In Indonesia, the current spatial policy framework has underlined the importance of integrating vulnerability and environmental carrying capacity into spatial planning document. However, attention has been mostly given to metropolitan or large urban areas. This policy imbalance has put aside the problems faced by smaller urban areas or small cities, although the growing importance of small urban areas or cities is widely understood. In fact, the problems faced by small cities are not less important compared to that of large cities or metropolitan regions, especially those which are in coastal regions. This research aims at analysing how the development and planning of small cities in coastal areas considers the resilience concept. This research applied qualitative methods based on content analysis of planning documents and secondary data. This study selected Lasem, a small urban area in eastern coastal region of Central Java with some 50,000 population, as a case. This research found that the current spatial policy framework is lacking in integrating vulnerability and resilience dimension in the policy and development processes. The research recommended some key important factors to be integrated in the future urban development model.

scholarly journals Trends of caesarean section deliveries in Pakistan: secondary data analysis from Demographic and Health Surveys, 1990–2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaisha Amjad ◽  
Abeeha Imran ◽  
Nabeeha Shahram ◽  
Rubeena Zakar ◽  
Ahmed Usman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Economic Class ◽  
The Past ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

Abstract Background Pakistan is among those countries where the number of caesarean section births has increased unusually in the past two decades. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to analyse the trend of caesarean section deliveries among child-bearing women (aged 15–49 years) in Pakistan and to identify maternal socio-demographic factors and pregnancy-related variables associated with the change in caesarean deliveries from 1990 to 2018. Methods Secondary data from Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys (1990–2018) were analysed. The analysis of data was confined to child-bearing mothers. Sample sizes were 4029, 5721, 7461 and 8287 for the time periods of 1990–91, 2006–07, 2012–13 and 2017–18, respectively. Socio-demographic information of the mothers and pregnancy-related variables were taken as independent variables for the present study. The association between independent variables and caesarean deliveries was measured in terms of unadjusted odds ratios (OR) and adjusted OR (AOR). Results The percentages of the mothers who had at least one delivery during the 5 years prior to each survey who had caesarean deliveries increased continuously from 3.2% in 1990–91 to 19.6% in 2017–18. Results indicate that mothers over 24 years of age, located in Punjab, from the richest socio-economic class and living in urban areas were more likely to have delivered by caesarean section. Mothers with a first child in birth order and who had five and more children, as well as mothers who had more antenatal care visits and delivered babies in private hospitals showed a higher probability of caesarean section births. Conclusions The findings of the present study confirm the gradual upsurge in the percentage of mothers delivering by caesarean section during the past two decades in Pakistan. Against this backdrop, some measures need to be taken by health departments to regulate the number of caesarean deliveries. Awareness among women about pregnancy complications and elaborated details by gynaecologists about the medically indicated reasons for caesarean delivery are a few important steps in Pakistan that can help in reducing caesarean deliveries which are not medically indicated.

Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series)

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Urban Mental Health ◽  
The Past

The internal migration in countries around the globe as a result of rapid urbanization and related to industrialization as a consequence of globalization has been truly remarkable. The past 50 years have seen a massive rise in the numbers of people moving and creating megapolis in many parts of the world. It is inevitable that with such massive internal migration come stressors such as pollution, lack of space, overcrowding, unemployment, and increased likelihood of infectious diseases, all of which contribute to an increase in psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, such migration can also lead to the splintering of social support and the fraying of social networks, which can further contribute to poor help-seeking and poor therapeutic adherence and poor prognosis. This book highlights challenges in managing mental health and psychiatric disorders in urban areas. The contributors include researchers, clinicians, urban planners, urban designers, and others who are interested in the field. The book will appeal to all mental health professionals, whether they are working in urban areas or rural areas.

DESIGN OF A CROWDSOURCED 3D CADASTRAL TECHNICAL SOLUTION

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B4-2020 ◽  
pp. 269-276
Author(s):  
M. Gkeli ◽  
C. Potsiou ◽  
C. Ioannidis
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Database Management System ◽  
Domain Model ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
First Results ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Property Registration ◽  
2D And 3D

Abstract. Over the last half century, the world has witnessed rapid urbanization which is expected to increase over the near future. Use and property rights are reflected as a complex equation of overlapping interests. A fit-for-purpose approach for the initial registration of such rights is of a great importance both in formally and informally developed urban areas, as it may empower tenure security, improve property management, formalize property markets and enable poverty reduction. In this paper a more generalized framework, adjustable to the available cartographic infrastructure and funding availability in each region, for the simultaneous implementation of 2D and 3D property registration, based on a Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) architecture, is proposed. A Database Management System (DBMS) based on the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) standard is used for the management and storage of the collected data, while a prototype open-source mobile application for the collection of 2D and 3D crowdsourced cadastral data, the automatic 3D modelling and visualization of 3D property units as block models (LoD1) on a mobile’s phone screen in real-time is developed. A case study for a multi-storey building in an urban area of Athens, Greece, is presented. The first results seem to be interesting and promising. A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) assessment of the proposed framework, is conducted. The main conclusions referred to the potential and the perspectives of the proposed technical crowdsourced solution for the initial registration for the implementation of a Fit-For-Purpose 3D cadastral system are presented.

scholarly journals The causes and results of internal migration from rural areas: case of Eastern Anatolia

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 471-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Peker
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Eastern Anatolia ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Turkish Government ◽  
Widespread Agreement ◽  
Negative Effect

Migration from rural has been an important problem in Turkey for the last four decades. This issue has been investigated with regard to its different aspects since the late 1970’s. Research studies focused on its impacts on urban areas. Although the studies on migration in urban areas are more extensive, unfortunately, the studies of migration in rural Turkey are very poor and the effects of this phenomenon on the farms have been untouched. Migration from rural areas starting in the 1950’s was supported, since it was regarded as the locomotive for the rapid urbanization, industrial improvement and development until the late 1970’s. The conventional wisdom in the 1970’s concluded that the best way to eliminate lower incomes was helping farmers to move to urban jobs but nowadays there is widespread agreement that incentive for migration to urban areas does not solve the problem of rural or urban poverty in Turkey. For that reason, Turkish Government spends millions of dollars annually on agricultural policies, and additional funds on rural development to hold people in the rural. In this study, causes and result of migration from the rural was investigated with regard to the mobility of the resources and the success of the farms in a city of Eastern Turkey, Erzurum. The results of the study showed that some causes of migration such as economical, social, and cultural from rural in Turkey are different than the causes in other countries. As a result, it can be concluded that migration from rural areas has not reached the point at which migration has a negative effect on the success of agribusiness.

Socioeconomic Challenges and Opportunities of Urbanization in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 937-958
Author(s):  
Ismaila Rimi Abubakar ◽  
Umar Lawal Dano
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The World ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Rural Dwellers

Nigeria, with a population of about 186 million people (48% living in urban areas) in 2016, is the most populous country in Africa and eighth in the world, and by 2050 it is projected to become the third largest country in the world. This chapter highlights major challenges of rapid urbanization in Nigeria, caused mainly by in-migration of rural dwellers in search of better living conditions and employment opportunities. They include unemployment and urban poverty, social exclusion and crimes, poor housing and slum, inadequate provision of public services and proliferation of the informal sector. Notwithstanding, Nigeria can exploit these urbanization challenges and turn them into opportunities for socioeconomic development. As such, some key opportunities for sustainable urbanization in Nigeria has been discussed: (a) local economic development; (b) promoting urban sustainability; and (c) smart and knowledge city initiative. The chapter concludes with some future research directions.

scholarly journals PENGENTASAN KEMISKINAN PENDUDUK PERKOTAAN MELALUI PELATIHAN PENGOLAHAN SAMPAH

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-169
Author(s):  
Eva Banowati
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Process Waste ◽  
The Poor

Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat model pengentasan kemiskinan penduduk perkotaan melalui pelatihan mengolah sampah menjadi material fungsional baru. Penelitian tindakan (action reserach) dilakukan di Kota Semarang. Populasi penelitian adalah penduduk miskin, pengambilan sampel digunakan metode snowball. Data sekunder dari berbagai institusi terkait dan data primer diungkap menggunakan angket, wawancara, dan observasi. Data dianalisis secara keruangan berdasarkan Peta Sebaran Penduduk Miskin dan digunakan Tabel Silang.Pelatihan menggunakan Model Deduktif dan Induktif secara on the job karena penduduk miskin perkotaan belum berpengalaman mengolah sampah menjadi kompos. Analisis usaha membuat kompos didapatkan nilai B/C sebesar 1,098 yang bermakna usaha efisien dan menguntungkan. Pengolahan 1 container truck sampah volume bruto 3-5 ton didapatkan produk kompos sebagai material fungsional baru (MFB) sebesar 0,3 ton per daur. Harga jual senilai Rp. 250.000,00 berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan pendapatan Rp. 35.000 per hari mampu mengentaskan penduduk miskin ke posisi tidak miskin. Implikasi model pelatihan merupakan tindakan solutif yang edukatif dan mudah dijalankan karena penduduk diberi bekal keterampilan hidup yang berpeluang mengentaskan kemiskinan di perkotaanThe purposes of this research to create a model of urban poverty population through waste treatment training to obtain new functional materials. This action research was conducted in Semarang. The research population was the poor residents, using snowball sampling technique. Secondary data was sourced from related institutions and the primary data was exposed by questionnaire, interview, and observation. The data was analyzed in spatial based on the Distribution Map of the Poor and used Crossing-Table. The training was using Deductive and Inductive Models are used on the job because the poor are inexperienced to process waste into compost. Analysis of effort to make compost obtained value of B/C of 1.098 which means efficient and profitable. One truck container 3-5 tons gross volume of product obtained new functional materials (NFM) of 0.3 tonnes worth selling. 250,000.00 affect the increase in revenue to Rp. 35,000 per day from the sale of compost is able to alleviate the poor to non-poor position. Implications of the model training is educational and solution-action easy to implement because residents was given the opportunity of life skills provision alleviate the poverty urban areas.

scholarly journals Prominent Entrepreneur Traits for Income Generating Programs Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Norsuhada Sahedan ◽  
Norlida Jaafar ◽  
Siti Badariah Saiful Nathan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Training Motivation ◽  
Income Generating Activities

Income Generating Program is one of the Malaysian government’s interventions in alleviating urban poverty. Training, motivation, mind development courses and in-kind transfers are provided in the programs productive hard-core and poor individuals to encourage them to participate in entrepreneurship and other income-generating activities that will reduce their poverty. Despite its poverty reduction success, there still remains failure of some programs in achieving the objective of the programs especially in increasing the beneficiaries’ income level. This concept paper has several objectives, a brief description on issues of income generating programs, reviewing the entrepreneur traits which have been found to be prominent in previous studies, i.e., knowledge and skills, motivation, risk taking and passion which have been selected as correlates in the income level.

Kentsel Yoksulluk, Göç ve Yoksulluğun Mekânsal Yoğunlaşması-Ayrışması

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-204
Author(s):  
Mustafa Kemal Şan ◽  
Meryem Küçük
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Study Finding ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Spatial Concentration ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
The Social

1980 itibariyle dünyada benimsenen küresel ve neo–liberal politikalar, toplumların sosyal, kültürel ve siyasal yapısında büyük ölçekte değişimlerin yaşanmasına sebep olmuştur. Değişim ve dönüşümün etkileri en fazla kent mekânında görülmüştür. Çalışma bu temel tezden yola çıkarak; kentsel mekânın toplumsal yapının anlaşılmasında merkezi bir öneme sahip olduğunu iddia ederek, kentsel mekânın ayrışma sürecinin önemli değişkenlerinden olan ‘yoksulluk’, ‘göç’ ve ‘evsizlik’ olgusunu ele almaktadır. Ayrıca, çalışma göç’ ün kentlerde meydana getirmiş olduğu hızlı değişim ve dönüşümü, göç eden kesimin kentle ayrışma sürecini ve günümüz toplumlarının aşina olduğu evsizlik olgusunun göç ile olan ilişkisini analiz etmeyi hedeflemektedir. Dahası, çalışmanın amaçları çerçevesinde 24.02.2014-29.02.2014 tarihleri arasında İBB Darülaceze müdürlüğü tarafından yürütülen evsizlerin kış aylarında soğuk hava koşullarından korunması amacıyla açılan Zeytinburnu Spor Kompleksi Barınma Evi’nde 80 (Bunların 68’ı erkek, 12’si kadındır.)  evsiz ile gerçekleştirilen nitel araştırmanın analizi yer almaktadır. Çalışmanın yaklaşım biçimi ise fenemolojik-yorumsama olup, veri analizlerinde betimsel ve sistematik analiz yaklaşımı ile birlikte yorumlama tekniği kullanılmıştır. Çalışma kısaca; “göç ve evsizlik”, “kentsel yoksulluk” ve  “mekânsal farklılaşma-yoğunlaşma” temaları etrafında çerçevelendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın bulgularında yaygın olarak; göç ve hızlı kentleşmeyle birlikte işgücü piyasasındaki imkânların büyük ölçüde sınırlanmış olması ve konut yapısındaki köklü değişimler evsizlik olgusunun görünürlüğünü arttırdığı ikinci olarak, değişen koşullara bağlı olarak evsizlerin yoksulluğunun daimi hale getirdiği ve son olarak, evsizlerin kent içi ayrışmanın önemli aktörlerinden olduğu tespit edilmiştir.ABSTRACT IN ENGLISHUrban Poverty, Migration and Spatial Concentration- Segregation of PovertyGlobal and neo-liberal policies adopted in the world as of 1980 have led to massive changes in the social, cultural and political structure of societies. The effects of change and transformation are mostly seen in urban areas. As the study mentions this basic thesis and the thesis asserts that urban areas have major role on understanding of the social structure, it deals ‘migration’, ‘poverty’, and ‘homelessness’ which are one of the most important factors of the urban disintegration. Otherwise, the study aims to analyze rapid change and transformation in urban areas because of migration, disintegration process of people who migrate and homelessness, which is so usual for today’s people. Furthermore, for aims of the study were interviewed 80 homeless who stayed in Zeytinburnu Sport Complex in the housing complex for the protection of the homeless from cold weather conditions in the winter months by İBB Darülaceze Directorate between 24.02.2014-29.02.2014. These are 68 men and 12 women. The method of the study is quantitative; its approach is phenomenological-interpretivist. Quantitative research ‘s results were used as descriptive and systematic analysis with interpretation technique. Shortly, the study mentions ‘migration and homelessness’, ‘urban poverty and spatial concentration –segregation’. The study finding majorly shows that limitation of the labor income with migration and rapid urbanization and because of changes in residential building structure, homelessness changed as visible. Based on changing conditions, poverty of the homeless become permanent and the study confirmed migration and rapid urbanization are one of the major factors in the urban-segregation.

scholarly journals Trends of caesarean section deliveries in Pakistan: Secondary data analysis from Demographic and Health Surveys, 1990-2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaisha Amjad ◽  
Abeeha Imran ◽  
Nabeeha Shahram ◽  
Rubeena Zakar ◽  
Ahmed Usman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Economic Class ◽  
The Past ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

Abstract Background: Pakistan is among those countries where the number of caesarean section births has increased unusually in the past two decades. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to analyse the trend of caesarean section deliveries among child-bearing women (aged 15–49 years) in Pakistan and to identify maternal socio-demographic factors and pregnancy-related variables associated with the change in caesarean deliveries from 1990 to 2018.Methods: Secondary data from Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys (1990–2018) were analysed. The analysis of data was confined to child-bearing mothers. Sample sizes were 4,029, 5,721, 7,461 and 8,287 for the time periods of 1990–91, 2006–07, 2012–13 and 2017–18, respectively. Socio-demographic information of the mothers and pregnancy-related variables were taken as independent variables for the present study. The association between independent variables and caesarean deliveries was measured in terms of unadjusted odds ratios (OR) and adjusted OR (AOR).Results: The percentages of the mothers who had at least one delivery during the five years prior to each survey who had caesarean deliveries increased continuously from 3.2 % in 1990–91 to 19.6 % in 2017–18. Results indicate that mothers over 24 years of age, located in Punjab, from the richest socio-economic class and living in urban areas were more likely to have delivered by caesarean section. Mothers with a first child in birth order and who had five and more children, as well as mothers who had more antenatal care visits and delivered babies in private hospitals showed a higher probability of caesarean section births.Conclusions: The findings of the present study confirm the gradual upsurge in the percentage of mothers delivering by caesarean section during the past two decades in Pakistan. Against this backdrop, some measures need to be taken by health departments to regulate the number of caesarean deliveries. Awareness among women about pregnancy complications and elaborated details by gynaecologists about the medically indicated reasons for caesarean delivery are a few important steps in Pakistan that can help in reducing caesarean deliveries which are not medically indicated.

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