Kentsel Yoksulluk, Göç ve Yoksulluğun Mekânsal Yoğunlaşması-Ayrışması

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-204
Author(s):  
Mustafa Kemal Şan ◽  
Meryem Küçük
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Study Finding ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Spatial Concentration ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
The Social

1980 itibariyle dünyada benimsenen küresel ve neo–liberal politikalar, toplumların sosyal, kültürel ve siyasal yapısında büyük ölçekte değişimlerin yaşanmasına sebep olmuştur. Değişim ve dönüşümün etkileri en fazla kent mekânında görülmüştür. Çalışma bu temel tezden yola çıkarak; kentsel mekânın toplumsal yapının anlaşılmasında merkezi bir öneme sahip olduğunu iddia ederek, kentsel mekânın ayrışma sürecinin önemli değişkenlerinden olan ‘yoksulluk’, ‘göç’ ve ‘evsizlik’ olgusunu ele almaktadır. Ayrıca, çalışma göç’ ün kentlerde meydana getirmiş olduğu hızlı değişim ve dönüşümü, göç eden kesimin kentle ayrışma sürecini ve günümüz toplumlarının aşina olduğu evsizlik olgusunun göç ile olan ilişkisini analiz etmeyi hedeflemektedir. Dahası, çalışmanın amaçları çerçevesinde 24.02.2014-29.02.2014 tarihleri arasında İBB Darülaceze müdürlüğü tarafından yürütülen evsizlerin kış aylarında soğuk hava koşullarından korunması amacıyla açılan Zeytinburnu Spor Kompleksi Barınma Evi’nde 80 (Bunların 68’ı erkek, 12’si kadındır.)  evsiz ile gerçekleştirilen nitel araştırmanın analizi yer almaktadır. Çalışmanın yaklaşım biçimi ise fenemolojik-yorumsama olup, veri analizlerinde betimsel ve sistematik analiz yaklaşımı ile birlikte yorumlama tekniği kullanılmıştır. Çalışma kısaca; “göç ve evsizlik”, “kentsel yoksulluk” ve  “mekânsal farklılaşma-yoğunlaşma” temaları etrafında çerçevelendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın bulgularında yaygın olarak; göç ve hızlı kentleşmeyle birlikte işgücü piyasasındaki imkânların büyük ölçüde sınırlanmış olması ve konut yapısındaki köklü değişimler evsizlik olgusunun görünürlüğünü arttırdığı ikinci olarak, değişen koşullara bağlı olarak evsizlerin yoksulluğunun daimi hale getirdiği ve son olarak, evsizlerin kent içi ayrışmanın önemli aktörlerinden olduğu tespit edilmiştir.ABSTRACT IN ENGLISHUrban Poverty, Migration and Spatial Concentration- Segregation of PovertyGlobal and neo-liberal policies adopted in the world as of 1980 have led to massive changes in the social, cultural and political structure of societies. The effects of change and transformation are mostly seen in urban areas. As the study mentions this basic thesis and the thesis asserts that urban areas have major role on understanding of the social structure, it deals ‘migration’, ‘poverty’, and ‘homelessness’ which are one of the most important factors of the urban disintegration. Otherwise, the study aims to analyze rapid change and transformation in urban areas because of migration, disintegration process of people who migrate and homelessness, which is so usual for today’s people. Furthermore, for aims of the study were interviewed 80 homeless who stayed in Zeytinburnu Sport Complex in the housing complex for the protection of the homeless from cold weather conditions in the winter months by İBB Darülaceze Directorate between 24.02.2014-29.02.2014. These are 68 men and 12 women. The method of the study is quantitative; its approach is phenomenological-interpretivist. Quantitative research ‘s results were used as descriptive and systematic analysis with interpretation technique. Shortly, the study mentions ‘migration and homelessness’, ‘urban poverty and spatial concentration –segregation’. The study finding majorly shows that limitation of the labor income with migration and rapid urbanization and because of changes in residential building structure, homelessness changed as visible. Based on changing conditions, poverty of the homeless become permanent and the study confirmed migration and rapid urbanization are one of the major factors in the urban-segregation.

Urban Migration and Selective Acculturation: The Case of the Maori

1974 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Collette ◽  
Pat O'Malley
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
European Population ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
World War ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social

The New Zealand Maori represent an important case study in the processes of urbanization and acculturation of an indigenous people. Whereas prior to World War II very few Maoris lived in cities, despite the existence of urban areas since the mid-nineteenth century, the postwar period has witnessed the most rapid urbanization of an indigenous people. By 1966, over one-half of the Maori population resided in cities and urban boroughs. The reasons for the occurrence of this phenomenon are discussed in terms of four factors: (1) changes in the attitudes of the European population; (2) changes in governmental policies concerning the social and economic development of the Maori population; (3) differences between the economic positions of rural and urban Maoris; and (4) the social changes effected by the military and logistic necessities of World War II. One of the most important features of Maori urbanization is that it is occurring without involving extensive loss or destruction of traditional Maori culture. It seems that the rapidity with which urbanization is occurring is at least partly responsible for the maintenance of traditional culture in the urban setting.

scholarly journals The causes and results of internal migration from rural areas: case of Eastern Anatolia

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 471-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Peker
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Eastern Anatolia ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Turkish Government ◽  
Widespread Agreement ◽  
Negative Effect

Migration from rural has been an important problem in Turkey for the last four decades. This issue has been investigated with regard to its different aspects since the late 1970’s. Research studies focused on its impacts on urban areas. Although the studies on migration in urban areas are more extensive, unfortunately, the studies of migration in rural Turkey are very poor and the effects of this phenomenon on the farms have been untouched. Migration from rural areas starting in the 1950’s was supported, since it was regarded as the locomotive for the rapid urbanization, industrial improvement and development until the late 1970’s. The conventional wisdom in the 1970’s concluded that the best way to eliminate lower incomes was helping farmers to move to urban jobs but nowadays there is widespread agreement that incentive for migration to urban areas does not solve the problem of rural or urban poverty in Turkey. For that reason, Turkish Government spends millions of dollars annually on agricultural policies, and additional funds on rural development to hold people in the rural. In this study, causes and result of migration from the rural was investigated with regard to the mobility of the resources and the success of the farms in a city of Eastern Turkey, Erzurum. The results of the study showed that some causes of migration such as economical, social, and cultural from rural in Turkey are different than the causes in other countries. As a result, it can be concluded that migration from rural areas has not reached the point at which migration has a negative effect on the success of agribusiness.

Socioeconomic Challenges and Opportunities of Urbanization in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 937-958
Author(s):  
Ismaila Rimi Abubakar ◽  
Umar Lawal Dano
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The World ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Rural Dwellers

Nigeria, with a population of about 186 million people (48% living in urban areas) in 2016, is the most populous country in Africa and eighth in the world, and by 2050 it is projected to become the third largest country in the world. This chapter highlights major challenges of rapid urbanization in Nigeria, caused mainly by in-migration of rural dwellers in search of better living conditions and employment opportunities. They include unemployment and urban poverty, social exclusion and crimes, poor housing and slum, inadequate provision of public services and proliferation of the informal sector. Notwithstanding, Nigeria can exploit these urbanization challenges and turn them into opportunities for socioeconomic development. As such, some key opportunities for sustainable urbanization in Nigeria has been discussed: (a) local economic development; (b) promoting urban sustainability; and (c) smart and knowledge city initiative. The chapter concludes with some future research directions.

Sport and Urbanization

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Friedman ◽  
Jacob Bustad
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Spectator Sports ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The Social ◽  
Dialectical Relationship ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The City

Since the start of the nineteenth century, the processes of urban development and the development of modern sport have been dialectically linked. With critical masses of potential participants, spectators, and media, the city provided the necessary ingredients for the development of sport as a structured activity and viable enterprise. With concerns over the social and public health impacts of rapid urbanization, sport helped to shape urban growth through the development of major metropolitan parks; the creation of small parks, playgrounds, and gymnasiums; the provision of resources for recreation; and the placement of facilities for spectator sports. To better understand the dialectical relationship between sport and urbanization, this chapter focuses on two time periods: 1800–1870 and 1870–1940. The period between 1800–1870 was a time of rapid change with both cities and sport developing into their modern forms. The period between 1870–1940 evinces a more instrumental relationship between sport and the city.

scholarly journals Effects of cold winters and roost site stability on population development of non-native Asian ring-necked parakeets (Alexandrinus manillensis) in temperate Central Europe – results of a 16-year census

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Michael P. Braun ◽  
Nicole Braun ◽  
Detlev Franz ◽  
Bernadette Groß ◽  
Wolfgang Dreyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Expansion ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Psittacula Krameri ◽  
The Social ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract Asian ring-necked parakeets (Alexandrinus manillensis, formerly Psittacula krameri, hereafter RNP) first bred in Germany in 1969. Since then, RNP numbers increased in all three major German subpopulations (Rhineland, Rhine-Main, Rhine-Neckar) over the period 2003-2018. In the Rhine-Neckar region, the population increased to more than fivefold within only 15 years. Interestingly, there was no significant breeding range expansion of RNP in the period 2010-2018. In 2018, the total number of RNP in Germany amounted to >16,200 birds. Differences in RNP censuses between years were evident. Surprisingly, cold winters (extreme value, −13.7 °C) and cold weather conditions in the breeding season (coldest month average, −1.36 °C) were not able to explain between-year variation. This finding suggests that in general winter mortality is low - with exceptions for winters 2008/2009 and 2009/2010, and a population-relevant loss of broods is low in our study population. Surprisingly, the social behaviour in terms of spatio-temporal stability of roost sites could well explain positive and negative population trends. Years of spatially stable and regularly used roost sites seem to correlate with increasing population sizes. In contrast, known shifts of RNP among different roost sites or the formations of new roost sites by split are related to population stagnation or a decrease in numbers. Climate change may lead to further range expansion as cities not suitable yet for RNP may become so in the near future.”

scholarly journals Manifold cities: social variables of urban areas in the UK

2019 ◽  
Vol 475 (2221) ◽  
pp. 20180615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund Barter ◽  
Thilo Gross
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
University Student ◽  
First Century ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The City ◽  
Abundant Data

In the twenty-first century, ongoing rapid urbanization highlights the need to gain deeper insights into the social structure of cities. While work on this challenge can profit from abundant data sources, the complexity of this data itself proves to be a challenge. In this paper, we use diffusion maps, a manifold learning method, to discover hidden manifolds in the UK 2011 census dataset. The census key statistics and quick statistics report 1450 different statistical features for each census output area. Here, we focus primarily on the city of Bristol and the surrounding countryside, comprising 3490 of these output areas. Our analysis finds the main variables that span the census responses, highlighting that university student density and poverty are the most important explanatory variables of variation in census responses.

scholarly journals Measurement of Polycentric County-Level Areas in a Rapid Urbanization Region from a Public Service Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8285
Author(s):  
Mingyu Zhang ◽  
Yichen Ruan ◽  
Ge Lou ◽  
Qiuxiao Chen ◽  
Jiayi Wu
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
County Level ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Service Perspective

Despite various studies regarding polycentric development at metropolis or even larger spatial scales, there is little systematic analysis regarding the rapid urbanization area at the county-level scale. Therefore, this study explored polycentric development in 52 county-level administrative units in Zhejiang Province, China, from a public service perspective. Based on point-of-interest data, our analysis detected the intra-county urban centers and measured their polycentric characteristics. According to the number, scale, and equilibrium value of intra-county polycentricity, the 52 county-level units were classified into three types using a two-step cluster algorithm method. The empirical results suggest that polycentric characteristics vary in the rapid urbanization area, and the spatial distribution of typological units is characterized by agglomeration. Topographical condition, fixed assets investment, public transportation, and residential consumption ability are highly associated with the classification of polycentric urban areas. The conclusion of this study would help local governments initiate better urban development policies and provide potential research directions for further studies about the relationship of inter-county urban centers.

scholarly journals MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ASSESSMENT METHOD OF OPEN SPACES IN NEW COMMUNITIES/ LOW- MIDDLE INCOME HOUSING

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mennatallah Tawfik ◽  
Sara Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Special Configuration ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Community ◽  
Dimensional Assessment

Rapid urbanization is considered today as complex combinations of what we have at the present and the shift that will happen in the future with many other social and economic forces. The mid-20th century and contemporary urban development create the new expanded urban areas that have the characteristics of fragmented integration cores to-wards the emergence of new centralities. The new built environment should have an intelligible special configuration to adapt with human agents, and based on this insight, it is important to explore these prop-ositions further and examine different ways to investigate the domain of urban spaces in new communities and its related social properties as urban spaces shouldn’t compiling one dimensional demand. This paper introduces some examples of open spaces in new commu-nities low -middle income housing that could be used to investigate in which manner, spatial patterns can influence the social contribution, and analyzing the social factors which have an impact on the physical properties of the open spaces in these segregated urban pattern. The aim from this paper is to reach a multi-dimensional assessment meth-od that could recover the open spaces s that suffered from the absence of policies and regulations of urban planning and development. The study is introducing a methodology for empirically exploring and clas-sifying the variables and attributes that define the physical and non-physical dimensions in open spaces by qualitative case study analysis to facilitate the social cohesion and integration in the community. By comparing the results from the spatial and physical perspective; an assessment method will be reached at the end to for-mulate the new community potentials and to overcome the problems for more social integration.

Socioeconomic Challenges and Opportunities of Urbanization in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 219-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismaila Rimi Abubakar ◽  
Umar Lawal Dano
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The World ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Rural Dwellers

Nigeria, with a population of about 186 million people (48% living in urban areas) in 2016, is the most populous country in Africa and eighth in the world, and by 2050 it is projected to become the third largest country in the world. This chapter highlights major challenges of rapid urbanization in Nigeria, caused mainly by in-migration of rural dwellers in search of better living conditions and employment opportunities. They include unemployment and urban poverty, social exclusion and crimes, poor housing and slum, inadequate provision of public services and proliferation of the informal sector. Notwithstanding, Nigeria can exploit these urbanization challenges and turn them into opportunities for socioeconomic development. As such, some key opportunities for sustainable urbanization in Nigeria has been discussed: (a) local economic development; (b) promoting urban sustainability; and (c) smart and knowledge city initiative. The chapter concludes with some future research directions.

scholarly journals Trends in Poverty and Income Inequality in Urban Malaysia: Emerging Issues and Challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S9) ◽  
pp. 517-523
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Emerging Issues

Malaysia has experienced rapid urbanization and infra structure development during the past few decades. Objective of this study to assess the nature of poverty and income inequality in the urban areas in Malaysia. The study also aims to focus on the emerging issues and challenges of rapid urbanization and urban poverty in the country. Secondary data were obtained from the Economic Planning Unit (EPU), Malaysia and the Department of Statistics, Malaysia. The analyses show that though the rate of urban poverty followed a declining trend during the last few decades, incidence of poverty and hard-core poverty still exists in the urban areas of the country. It was also found that earnings of the urban dwellers increased gradually during the past few decades. But income inequality in urban localities remained wider (Gini coefficient is, on average, 0.453). Moreover, income disparity among the major ethnic groups (Malays, Chinese and Indians) in the country is greater and sizeable. The continuation of urbanization, urban poverty and income inequality bring forward new issues and challenges. Therefore, to handle these issues and challenges, it is urgently required to identify the effectiveness of specific programs as well as design and best practice of urban poverty reduction programs and policies.

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