A STUDY OF PREVALENCE AND PATTERNS OF THYROID DYSFUNCTION IN HIV INFECTED PATIENTS FROM RURAL BACKGROUND OF EASTERN INDIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-33
Author(s):  
Amit Sarkar ◽  
Amritesh Biswas ◽  
Kalyan Kumar Bhowmik ◽  
Somnath Dasgupta
Keyword(s):  
Infected Patient ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Ciency Virus ◽  
Serum T3 ◽  
Thyroid Abnormalities

The national prevalence of HIV (Human Immunodeciency Virus ) infection among adults in India is estimated to be 0.22% in the year 2017 . Amongst all endocrine abnormalities , abnormal thyroid function tests are common among HIV infected patients . This study is an attempt to know the magnitude of thyroid dysfunction in HIV infected patient . This observational , cross sectional study was carried out on 153 adult patients attending ART centre of our institution . The gross prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in HIV infected patients and patterns of different thyroid abnormalities were assessed .The serum T3 , Free T4 and TSH were correlated with CD4 count and duration of HAART ( highly active anti retroviral therapy) . The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in HIV infected patient is found to be 30.06% . The most common thyroid disorder , subclinical hypothyroidism was found in 20.26% of the HIV infected patients . Mean CD4 cell count is positively correlated with mean serum T3 and serum free T4 and negatively correlated with mean TSH without any statistical signicance in all study population . The correlation of duration of HAART with serum T3 is signicantly negative and with serum free T4 , TSH is nonsignicantly negative . So, denitely there is more prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in HIV infected patients than general population . Although there is normal serum free T4 level in subclinical hypothyroid patients , the serum free T4 level decreases within the normal laboratory reference range with severity of HIV infection . The thyroid abnormalities progress further in HIV infected patients who are on HAART . We conclude that more attention to thyroid dysfunction in HIV infected patient should be paid so that timely treatment is done .

scholarly journals THYROID DISORDERS

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1289-1297
Author(s):  
Liaqat Ali ◽  
Muhammad Tahir Mohy U Din ◽  
Imtiaz Ahmed ◽  
Rehan Riaz
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Hypothyroid Patients

Background: Thyroid hormones have many effects on cardiovascular function,and deficiency or excess of thyroid hormones can result in cardiac dysfunction. Abnormalitiesof the cardiovascular system are often identified during examination of hyperthyroid andhypothyroid patients. Objective: The aim of this study was to address the effects of thyroidhormones on the cardiovascular system and the clinical relevance of the cardiovascularresponse to thyroid dysfunction. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: The studywas conducted at Allied Hospital / Punjab Medical College Faisalabad and PINUM HospitalFaisalabad. Period: October 2014 to August 2015. Materials and Methods: Total 100 patientswith thyroid disease (Hypo/hyperthyroidism) were enrolled in the study. Any patient age ≥20years, that had documented history of thyroid disease (Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism) oron medications for thyroid disorder was recruited in this study. Results: Total 100 consecutivepatients with abnormal thyroid function tests who fulfill the inclusion and exclusion criteriawere enrolled in the study. Mean age was 47.9 ± 23.20 years. 16 % were male and 84%were female. Majority of the patients 37( 37%) were in age group 51 - 60 years. 53 % weresuffering from overt hyperthyroidism and 31 % were suffering from hypothyroidism. Subclinicalhyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism was present in 7% and 9% patients respectively. Goiterwas present in 24 % patients. Atrial fibrillation was observed in 34% hyperthyroid patients.Overall 23% were diabetics and 25% had H/O hypertension. Dyslipidemia was present in20% hyperthyroid and 25% hypothyroid patients. Echocardiography was performed in 19%patients. 7% patients undergone thyroid surgery. Overall 11% patients were suffering from CCF.Pulmonary hypertension was observed in 17% hyperthyroid and 35.48% hypothyroid patients.MeanFT4 in hypothyroid patients was 1.16±022 ng/dl. Mean TSH was 10.92±21.09 (μIU/ml)in hypothyroid and 0.19±0.14 (μIU/ml) in hyperthyroid patients. Conclusions: The outcomeof this study suggests that patients with untreated overt / subclinical thyroid dysfunction are atincreased risk of cardiovascular complications.

scholarly journals Thyroid Hormone Tests Ordering Practice and Cost-Effectiveness in Samples Referred to International Clinical Laboratories from Addis Ababa Health Facilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kifle Tilahun ◽  
Meaza Demissie ◽  
Tamrat Bekele ◽  
Mesfin Nigussie ◽  
Damen H/Mariam
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Cross Sectional

BACKGROUND: Thyroid dysfunction accounts for majority of endocrine disorders. In sub-Saharan Africa Graves’ disease and hypothyroidism have accounted for 13.1% and 8.8% while the burden of thyroid disorder has ranged from 6.18 to47.34% among countries in the Arab world. The cost for a primary thyroid test done to evaluate the gland function constituted a large proportion of the public health budget. For instance, 10 million thyroid functions have been done each year by laboratories which cost 30 million UK pounds, and they represent 8% of laboratory charge in the US. When a TSH-only protocol (guideline) was used, 95% of the requests were sufficient for diagnosis without requiring further tests, thereby resulting in 50% savings on FT4 reagent and reducing the annual TFT reagent cost by 25%. This is an original study, and its objective was to assess the ordering pattern of TSH tests and their cost-effectiveness in patients’ samples referred to ICL from Addis Ababa health facilities between July2015 to June 2016METHOD: An institution-based cross-sectional study design was utilized to study the ordering pattern of thyroid function tests using one-year retrospective data from ICL.RESULTS: Thyroid profiles were ordered more frequently (49.5%) compared to TSH only (24.3%). An additional 2625.70 USD was paid by patients for individual components in the profile tests that turned out normal.CONCLUSION: Guidelines advocate TSH as the initial test for thyroid dysfunction, but the use of a combination of tests is more common.

scholarly journals Is a Normal TSH Synonymous With “Euthyroidism” in Levothyroxine Monotherapy?

2016 ◽  
Vol 101 (12) ◽  
pp. 4964-4973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Peterson ◽  
Elizabeth A. McAninch ◽  
Antonio C. Bianco
Keyword(s):  
Large Population ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Lower Serum ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Free T3 ◽  
Metabolic Equivalents ◽  
Serum T3 ◽  
Serum Tsh

Context: Levothyroxine (LT4) monotherapy is the standard of care for hypothyroidism. Objective: To determine whether LT4 at doses that normalize the serum TSH is associated with normal markers of thyroid status. Design: Cross-sectional data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001–2012) was used to evaluate 52 clinical parameters. LT4 users were compared to healthy controls and controls matched for age, sex, race, and serum TSH. Regression was used to evaluate for correlation with T4 and T3 levels. Participants: A total of 9981 participants with normal serum TSH were identified; 469 were LT4-treated. Results: Participants using LT4 had higher serum total and free T4 and lower serum total and free T3 than healthy or matched controls. This translated to approximately 15–20% lower serum T3:T4 ratios in LT4 treatment, as has been shown in other cohorts. In comparison to matched controls, LT4-treated participants had higher body mass index despite report of consuming fewer calories/day/kg; were more likely to be taking beta-blockers, statins, and antidepressants; and reported lower total metabolic equivalents. A serum TSH level below the mean in LT4-treated participants was associated with a higher serum free T4 but similar free and total T3; yet those with lower serum TSH levels exhibited higher serum high-density lipoprotein and lower serum low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein. Age was negatively associated with serum free T3:free T4 ratio in all participants; caloric intake was positively associated in LT4-treated individuals. Conclusions: In a large population study, participants using LT4 exhibited lower serum T3:T4 ratios and differed in 12/52 objective and subjective measures.

Could Thyroid Disorders Be Better Understood and Dealt as a Thyroid Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (08) ◽  
pp. 326-328
Author(s):  
Dr. Sushma Patil ◽  
Dr. Vikrant Patil
Keyword(s):  
Reference Range ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Wide Range

Thyroid disorders are common worldwide. Thyroid dysfunction, both hypo- and hyperthyroidism may increase the risk of cardiovascular disorders. Current thyroid function tests may have limitations since they only measure the total or free T4 and/or T3 and TSH serum concentrations in peripheral blood and not the effect of T4 or T3 serum on different specific target tissues. Several comorbid conditions can interfere with the absorption or increase the clearance of levothyroxine. Among patients treated with thyroid replacement, under or overmedicated may-be at risk for adverse health consequences. A wide range of drugs may interfere with levothyroxine absorption, metabolism, and action. Patients report a lack of well-being, despite reaching euthyroid reference range of TSH, with psychological distress. If we will consider Thyroid related conditions as a syndrome then research perspective at the pathophysiology, interrelation between symptoms and comorbidities will be much broader that can lead researchers to get insights of different pathways in which thyroid gland functioning can be perceived and dealt therapeutically. The deliberation of thyroid disorder as a syndrome can affluence our knowledge of correlating cofounders, action of thyroid hormones on target tissues, underlying cause and thyroid health.

scholarly journals Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its effects on fetomaternal outcome in pregnant women of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 4379
Author(s):  
Ankita Kumari ◽  
Reena Srivastav ◽  
Shaila Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Thyroid Screening ◽  
Fetal Complications ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy ◽  
Eastern Uttar Pradesh

Background: The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy and its impact on obstetrical outcome in Eastern Uttar Pradesh.Methods: This was a prospective observational study undertaken at antenatal clinics and indoor of BRD Medical College, Gorakhpur. Total 720 antenatal women, ≤20 weeks of gestation were recruited for the study. In all patients’ routine obstetrical investigations and thyroid function tests were done. All patients were followed up to delivery. Maternal and perinatal outcome were ascertained.Results: Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among pregnant was found to be 21.1% and subclinical hypothyroidism (15.9%) was the commonest thyroid disorder. Most common complication observed in subclinical and overt hypothyroidism was preeclampsia (9.56 % versus 20%) followed by preterm labour (7.82% versus 10%). Major fetal complications in hypothyroid mothers included intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight and stillbirth.Conclusions: Prevalence of hypothyroidism was found to be high in our study and was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes; hence, thyroid screening should be included in routine antenatal investigations.

scholarly journals STUDY OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND THYROID PROFILE IN WOMEN WITH SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Annapoorani R ◽  
Nagasudha D
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Spontaneous Abortions ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Free T3

Thyroid dysfunction and insulin resistance are important endocrinological causes of spontaneous abortions. This study is resistancewith spontaneous abortions Thyroid dysfunction and Insulin resistance are common endocrinological causes of abortions.The present study is a case control study where 75 patients with spontaneous abortions below 20 weeks were taken as cases and 75 patients with normal on going pregnancy without previous history of miscarriage were taken as controls. Thyroid Function Tests (Free T3 ,Free T4,TSH) ,Oral Glucose Tolerance Test following 75 mg glucose load were done in cases and controls. Fasting glucose and insulin levels were measured and Insulin resistance was calculated using homeostatic model assessment method (HOMA- IR).Free T3 levels were signicantly lower and TSH levels were signicantly higher in study group indicating the presence of hypothyroidism in the abortus group. The HOMA-IR insulin resistance scores were apparently higher in the study group than in the controls, but it was not statistically signicant.

scholarly journals Thyroid dysfunction in patients of metabolic syndrome: A study from a tertiary care center in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
Ritu Gupta ◽  
Akhil K Vijayan ◽  
Sushma Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
P Value ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Metabolic syndrome is characterized by hypertension, dyslipidemia, central obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance. Thyroid hormone acts as general pacemaker, accelerating metabolic process and may be associated with metabolic syndrome. There is no information available in literature regarding the prevalence and association of thyroid dysfunction in metabolic syndrome in this central region of the country. Aims and Objective: To estimate the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients of metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: It is a duration based prospective cross sectional study including 200 patients of metabolic syndrome. A detailed history, clinical examination and relevant investigations including serum Free T4 (FT4), Free T3 (FT3), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) were done. Range, frequencies, percentage, mean, standard deviation and P value were calculated. P value of < 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in metabolic syndrome patients was 28.5%. Prevalence of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism was 18.5% and 8.5% respectively. In patients with both metabolic syndrome and thyroid dysfunction, most common components associated are diabetes mellitus and hypertriglyceridemia. Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction is significantly common in metabolic syndrome patients. It should be aggressively detected and treated in these patients for better outcome.

scholarly journals Thyroid dysfunction in preeclampsia and related fetomaternal outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1928
Author(s):  
Puja Banik ◽  
R. K. Praneshwari Devi ◽  
Aheibam Bidya ◽  
Akoijam Tamphasana ◽  
M. Agalya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Severe Preeclampsia ◽  
Intrauterine Fetal Death ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Changes in thyroid function in normal pregnancy are well-documented but in complicated pregnancy like preeclampsia, very little is known. Studies have shown evidences of hypothyroidism in preeclampsia necessitating thyroid function tests to be done in preeclampsia. The study was done to analyze the fetomaternal outcome of preeclampsia with coexisting thyroid dysfunction.Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was done over 18 months on 95 preeclamptic patients admitted at the antenatal ward and fetomaternal outcomes were analyzed according to thyroid status.Results: Out of 95 patients with preeclampsia, 42 (44.2%) had thyroid dysfunction. Among these 42 patients, 37 (38.9%) patients had subclinical hypothyroidism, 4 (4.2%) had overt hypothyroidism and 1 (1%) had hyperthyroidism. Severe preeclampsia was seen in 64.3% of the patients with thyroid dysfunction compared with 39.6% in euthyroid patients. The mean thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level was significantly higher and means free thyroxine (fT4) level was significantly lower in severe preeclampsia compared with non-severe preeclampsia. Complications like abruption, intrauterine fetal death (IUD), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), oligohydramnios, preterm deliveries, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), low birth weight babies, birth asphyxia in babies and subsequent neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions were significantly higher (p <0.05) in the preeclampsia patients with thyroid dysfunction in comparison with euthyroid ones.Conclusions: Hypothyroidism may be a modifiable risk factor for preeclampsia. Thyroid screening early in pregnancy may be helpful in predicting the occurrence of preeclampsia and timely thyroid hormone administration can reduce the maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with preeclampsia.

scholarly journals Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a cross sectional study

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepa Shanmugham ◽  
Sindhu Natarajan ◽  
Arun Karthik
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ovarian Syndrome

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and thyroid disorders are two of the most common endocrine disorders in the general population. Both of these endocrine disorders share common predisposing factors, gynaecological features and have profound effect on reproductive function in women. The aim of this study is to study the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome and to evaluate the relationship between polycystic ovarian syndrome and thyroid dysfunction.Methods: This is a cross sectional observational study done on 100 patients with Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome based on Rotterdam’s criteria. The exclusion criteria was hyperprolactinemia, congenital adrenal hyperplasia and virilising tumour. Thyroid function was evaluated by measurement of fasting serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine levels (free T3 and free T4).Results: The mean age of the study patients was 26±4.2 years. Among the study patients, 11% of them had goitre. 18% of the patients with presented with subclinical hypothyroidism. The mean TSH levels in the study patients was 4.62±2.12 mIU/ml. The overall prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 33% in the study patients with PCOS.Conclusions: This study concludes that the prevalence of hypothyroidism is increased in women with PCOS patients.

Magnitude of thyroid dysfunction among antenatal women attending tertiary care centre

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 4371
Author(s):  
Deepa Shanmugham ◽  
Deepak Kannan Saravanan ◽  
Priyanka Shah
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Thyroid Function Test ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Tertiary Care Centre ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Mean

Background: Thyroid disorders constitute one of the most common endocrine disorders in pregnancy. However, there is no universal guidelines to screen every Pregnant Woman for Thyroid dysfunction in India. This study was conducted to evaluate the magnitude of thyroid dysfunction among ante natal mothers in a tertiary care centre.Methods: This was a cross sectional observational study conducted on ante natal mothers for a period of 6 months. All consecutive ante natal mothers in their first trimester were included in this study. Exclusion criteria was pre-gestational thyroid dysfunction, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. After obstetric examination and investigation, thyroid function test (Free T4 and TSH) was done in all patients.Results: Mean age of the patients enrolled was 26.2±3.54 years. Mean gestational age at which they underwent screening was 9±2 weeks. The mean BMI of the study patients was 21.7±4. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in antenatal mothers was 14.5%. 5 patients (5.5%) had hyperthyroidism. The calculated mean TSH value was 4.26 mIU/L.Conclusions: Universal screening for thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy should be made mandatory in India due to high prevalence, in order to prevent maternal and foetal complications.

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