scholarly journals EVALUATING THE ETIOLOGY AND DISEASE SPECIFIC CLINICAL PROFILES OF ACUTE UNDIFFERENTIATED FEBRILE ILLNESS

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-75
Author(s):  
Dharmendra Prasad ◽  
Sumit Kumar ◽  
Raj Kumar Deepak ◽  
Mahendra Kumar ◽  
Debarshi Jana
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Medicine Department ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Clinical Profiles ◽  
Acute Bacterial Infections ◽  
Typhus Fever ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Disease Specific

Background: To evaluate the etiology and disease specific clinical profiles of acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AUFI) in Medicine Department of Govt. Medical College and Hospital, Bettiah, W. Champaran, Bihar. Methods: This 1 year prospective, observational study was conducted in Govt. Medical College and Hospital, Bettiah, Bihar from October 2019 to September 2020 in 150 patients. Clinical evaluation and relevant investigations like Blood culture; malarial parasites and febrile serology (acute and convalescent) were performed. Results and Observation: A total of 150 AUFI patients were evaluated: scrub typhus (19); malaria (3); enteric fever (2); dengue (11); leptospirosis (19); hantavirus (1), acute bacterial infections (14), HIV (1), hepatitis (1), and unclear diagnoses (79). Conclusion: This study reports discovery of dengue, typhus fever, leptospirosis, and rare disease like Hanta and more number undiagnosed cases ranging from 15% to 42% in local community. This shows that further research is required in identifying the etiology of undifferentiated fevers.

Development of Peptides that Inhibit Aminoglycoside-Modifying Enzymes and β-Lactamases for Control of Resistant Bacteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1011-1026
Author(s):  
Bruna O. Costa ◽  
Marlon H. Cardoso ◽  
Octávio L. Franco
Keyword(s):  
Drug Target ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Target Interaction ◽  
Multiresistant Bacteria ◽  
Acute Bacterial Infections

: Aminoglycosides and β-lactams are the most commonly used antimicrobial agents in clinical practice. This occurs because they are capable of acting in the treatment of acute bacterial infections. However, the effectiveness of antibiotics has been constantly threatened due to bacterial pathogens producing resistance enzymes. Among them, the aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) and β-lactamase enzymes are the most frequently reported resistance mechanisms. AMEs can inactivate aminoglycosides by adding specific chemical molecules in the compound, whereas β-lactamases hydrolyze the β-lactams ring, preventing drug-target interaction. Thus, these enzymes provide a scenario of multidrug-resistance and a significant threat to public health at a global level. In response to this challenge, in recent decades, several studies have focused on the development of inhibitors that can restore aminoglycosides and β-lactams activity. In this context, peptides appear as a promising approach in the field of inhibitors for future antibacterial therapies, as multiresistant bacteria may be susceptible to these molecules. Therefore, this review focused on the most recent findings related to peptide-based inhibitors that act on AMEs and β-lactamases, and how these molecules could be used for future treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Human Mucosal Mast Cells Capture HIV-1 and Mediate Viraltrans-Infection of CD4+T Cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 2928-2937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai-Ping Jiang ◽  
Jin-Feng Jiang ◽  
Ji-Fu Wei ◽  
Ming-Gao Guo ◽  
Yan Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Mucosal Mast Cells ◽  
Mucosal Tissues ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACTThe gastrointestinal mucosa is the primary site where human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) invades, amplifies, and becomes persistently established, and cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 plays a pivotal role in mucosal viral dissemination. Mast cells are widely distributed in the gastrointestinal tract and are early targets for invasive pathogens, and they have been shown to have increased density in the genital mucosa in HIV-infected women. Intestinal mast cells express numerous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and have been shown to combat various viral, parasitic, and bacterial infections. However, the role of mast cells in HIV-1 infection is poorly defined. In this study, we investigated their potential contributions to HIV-1 transmission. Mast cells isolated from gut mucosal tissues were found to express a variety of HIV-1 attachment factors (HAFs), such as DC-SIGN, heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), and α4β7 integrin, which mediate capture of HIV-1 on the cell surface. Intriguingly, following coculture with CD4+T cells, mast cell surface-bound viruses were efficiently transferred to target T cells. Prior blocking with anti-HAF antibody or mannan before coculture impaired viraltrans-infection. Cell-cell conjunctions formed between mast cells and T cells, to which viral particles were recruited, and these were required for efficient cell-to-cell HIV-1 transmission. Our results reveal a potential function of gut mucosal mast cells in HIV-1 dissemination in tissues. Strategies aimed at preventing viral capture and transfer mediated by mast cells could be beneficial in combating primary HIV-1 infection.IMPORTANCEIn this study, we demonstrate the role of human mast cells isolated from mucosal tissues in mediating HIV-1trans-infection of CD4+T cells. This finding facilitates our understanding of HIV-1 mucosal infection and will benefit the development of strategies to combat primary HIV-1 dissemination.

Screening for Sickle Cell Disease: A Hospital Based Study in Eastern Odisha, India

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
Jayanti Mishra ◽  
Sanghamitra Pati ◽  
Mohammad Akhtar Hussain ◽  
Niraj Srivastava ◽  
Sindhubala Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell Trait ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Medicine Department ◽  
Fetal Haemoglobin ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Rbc Indices ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Cell Gene

The highest frequency of sickle cell gene in India is reported in Odisha. The present study was taken up to assess the presence of sickle cell disease among febrile patients of a medical college of eastern Odisha. Patients referred from both pediatric and medicine department to the Hematology section of the department of Pathology, SCB Medical College, Cuttack were subjected to measurement of RBC indices, Sickling test, Haemoglobin Electrophoresis and Fetal Haemoglobin Estimation. Out of total 1000 referred patients 76(7.6%) were found to be positive for sickling. Two‐third of sicklingpositive patients had sickle cell trait with electrophoretic AS band. There was a significant association between age and positive sickling (χ2 = 24.357; df = 4, P = <0.0001). No significant association was observed between sickling and gender. Sickle cell positive cases are not uncommon in eastern Odisha. Our study demonstrated sickle cell trait to be more common among screened patients than other forms of sickle cell diseases.

scholarly journals Study of aetiology and clinical spectrum of patients with acute undifferentiated fever, in a tertiary care setting: a descriptive cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1566
Author(s):  
Vinay Jishtu ◽  
Pramod K. Jaret ◽  
Prem Chand Machhan ◽  
Nidhi Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Clinical Spectrum ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Gandhi Medical College ◽  
Study Participants

Background: Acute undifferentiated fever illness (AUFI) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, owing to its non-specific features. The aim of the study was to delineate the causes and clinical parameters associated with AUFI.Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among 156 patients of AUFI, admitted in the Department of Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India, from November 2018 to October 2019.Results: The mean age of the study participants was 37.37±14.2 years. The study participants admitted for acute undifferentiated febrile illness had fever with mean duration of 8.38±3.7 days before hospitalization. The most common aetiology of AUFI was found to be enteric fever (44%), followed by scrub typhus (35%). The majority of the cases presented from the month of September to December.Conclusions: The aetiology and clinical spectrum of AUFI is wide and variable. To outline a proper algorithm to contain it, meticulous analysis of the hospital data at each level is necessary.

scholarly journals Increase Suicidal Mortality Rate Among Females in District Peshawar

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-21
Author(s):  
Farooq Ahmed Abro ◽  
Rizwan Zafar Ansari ◽  
Muhammad Yousaf ◽  
Riaz Gul ◽  
Anwar UI Haq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Medicine Department ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Unwanted Pregnancies ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Almost All

OBJECTIVE: To study increased suicidal mortality rate among females in district Peshawar. METHODOLOGY: The bodies of women in the reproductive age who died because of fatal deliberate self-harming were examined at Forensic Medicine Department Khyber Medical College, Peshawar from January 2015 to September 2015. RESULTS: Forty-four bodies of females were autopsied. 13 (30%) were adolescents between the age of 10-18 years. 31 (70.4%) were aged between 19-48 years. 33 of the victims committed suicide due to health-related issues. 28 (64%) victims used poisons. In almost all cases (n=38) the incident happened when the victim was alone in house or left unattended. 30 (68%) victims were brought to hospitals for treatment. 13 were found to have recurrent attempt of self-harming. CONCLUSION: Females have increased tendency to commit suicide than males especially in their reproductive age. Low socioeconomic status, cultural norms, unwanted pregnancies and ill health are the major causes.

scholarly journals Diagnostic evaluation of IgM ELISA and IgM Immunofluorescence assay for the diagnosis of Acute Scrub Typhus in central Nepal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra Gautam ◽  
Keshab Parajuli ◽  
Tshokey Tshokey ◽  
John Stenos ◽  
Jeevan Bahadur Sherchand
Keyword(s):  
Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Scrub Typhus ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Acute Febrile Illness ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Igm Elisa ◽  
Typhus Fever

Abstract Introduction Scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium,Orientia tsutsugamushi. Given their affordability and ease of use, antibody based diagnostic assays can be important diagnostic tools for early detection of scrub typhus fever in resource poor countries like Nepal. Immunochromatography (ICT) and IgM ELISA are two of the routinely employed antibody based assays for diagnosis of Scrub typhus fever in Nepal, although the recommended gold standard diagnostic test is IgM Immunofluorescence assay (IFA). This study evaluated the InBios Scrub Typhus Detect™ Immunoglobulin M (IgM) ELISA and IgM Immunofluorescence assays in single serum sample at the time of admission. Methodology Study participants (1585 suspected cases), were enrolled based on acute febrile illness with suspected scrub typhus cases in central Nepal from April 2017 to March 2018. Blood sample was collected from the suspected patients of scrub typhus, presenting with acute febrile illness. IgM antibody to Orientia tsusugamushi was detected by using Scrub Typhus Detect™ Kit (In Bios International, USA) and an in-house IgM IFA (Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Geelong, Australia. The IFA assay was performed with the Gilliam, Karp, Kato strains and O. chuto antigens following the ARRL protocol. Result Statistical analysis of ELISA IgM results when compared to reference test, IgM IFA results demonstrated the following characteristics, sensitivity 84.0% (95%CI: 79.73%-87.68%), specificity 94.82% (95% CI: 93.43%-95.99%), positive likelihood ratio 16.21% (95% CI: 12.71%-20.67%), negative likelihood ratio 0.17% (95% CI: 0.13-0.21%), disease prevalence 22.08% (95% CI: 20.06%-24.21%), positive predictive value 82.12% (95% CI: 78.28-85.42%) and negative predictive value 95.44% (95% CI: 94.27%-96.38%) respectively. Conclusion The study indicated that the IgM ELISA has the sensitivity 84.0% (95% CI: 79.73%-87.68%) and specificity 94.82% (95% CI: 93.43%-95.99%). Although IgM IFA is considered the gold standard test for the diagnosis of scrub typhus cases, it is relatively expensive, requires trained personal and a microscope with fluorescence filters. Scrub typhus IgM ELISA with appropriate OD cut–off values may be the best alternative test and possible viable option for resource limited endemic countries like Nepal.

scholarly journals Assessment of risk of fall in elderly people in the urban field practice area of Community Medicine Department, Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 4368
Author(s):  
Siva Kumar Lotheti ◽  
Goutham Kankanam ◽  
Kuppli Sai Sushma ◽  
Orisi Samhitha ◽  
B. Devi Madhavi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Community Medicine ◽  
Falls Prevention ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Medicine Department ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Field Practice ◽  
Risk Of Fall

Background: More than 1/3rd of older adults fall each year and 10-20% of falls cause serious injuries. Vast majority of these falls (>99.9%) are unintentional. This research is focused to identify prevalence of the risk of fall among elderly and  associated factors were assessed in the present study. We are going assess the risk of falls and associated factors among elderly.Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted in urban field practice area of Community Medicine Department, Andhra Medical College among people of age >60 years during November 2017. A sample size of 100 is obtained by taking prevalence of falls among elderly on the last 6 months as 36.8% and absolute precision is 10%. A structured interview schedule has been adopted for the study which was developed by Peninsula Health Falls Prevention Services.Results: Mean age is 69±7 years. 65% are females. 20% have medium to high risk of fall. 17% have severely impaired cognitive status. 19% have history of fall one or more times in last 3–12 months.Conclusions: 20% risk of fall may not be neglected as fall in elderly can lead to disability. It is recommended to health care providers to assess the risk of fall among elderly patients seeking their services using fall risk assessment tool (FRAT) and advice accordingly.

scholarly journals Chemokine Patterns in Children with Acute Bacterial Infections

2016 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 338-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. V. Cavalcanti ◽  
L. C. Torres ◽  
M. C. da Matta ◽  
C. D. Lindoso ◽  
L. N. A. Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Acute Bacterial Infections
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