Compost stability, phytotoxicity and nutrient quality as influenced by carbon to nitrogen ratios of feedstock

Effects of three C/N mixes of groundnut husk (GNH) and Wister rat litter (RL) on stability, nutrient quality and phytotoxicity of compost were tested and compared with the conventional carbon and nitrogen feedstock mix on 1:3 w/w modality respectively. The GNH and RL were respectively composted in a windrow at three proportionate levels (14.7+105.3, 39.2+80.8 and 63.7+56.3 kg) to achieve C/N nutrient ratios of 20:1, 30:1 and 40:1 respectively using the Pearson square method. A control pile containing GNH+RL (tagged conv. 1:3) applied at 30 kg GNH and 90 kg RL using the conventional 1:3 w/w modality was compared in triplicate. Data were taken on daily compost temperature, pH, EC and nutrient content of stabilized composts. Phytotoxicity was assessed by using two compost extract concentrations of 100 and 50% per compost. There were three replications laid in CRD. Data were statistically analyzed. Number of days to compost stability was significantly influenced by C/N with values increasing with decreasing C/N in the order of 59 < 69 < 74 < 77 days for 40:1, 30:1, 20:1 and conv. 1:3 respectively. Increasing C/N decreased pH (range of 7.3 – 9.0), EC (range of 1.2 – 2.7dS/m), ash (range of 44.2 – 55.5%), total macronutrient (N+P+K) (range of 3.56 – 5.15%) and calcium content (range of 3.3 – 6.5%) and increased organic C (range of 22.4 – 29.6%) of the resultant composts and GI (range of 25 – 76%) of cowpea. The 100 and 50% concentrations supported higher GI of cowpea in composts produced from lower and higher C/N respectively.

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Soil organic carbon and nitrogen sequestration and turnover in aggregates under subtropical leucaena–grass pastures

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr18016 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 56 (6) ◽

pp. 632 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kathryn Conrad ◽

Ram C. Dalal ◽

Ryosuke Fujinuma ◽

Neal W. Menzies

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Aggregates ◽

Soil Mass ◽

Δ13c And Δ15n ◽

Organic C ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Nitrogen Sequestration ◽

C And N

Stabilisation and protection of soil organic carbon (SOC) in macroaggregates and microaggregates represents an important mechanism for the sequestration of SOC. Legume-based grass pastures have the potential to contribute to aggregate formation and stabilisation, thereby leading to SOC sequestration. However, there is limited research on the C and N dynamics of soil organic matter (SOM) fractions in deep-rooted legume leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala)–grass pastures. We assessed the potential of leucaena to sequester carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in soil aggregates by estimating the origin, quantity and distribution in the soil profile. We utilised a chronosequence (0–40 years) of seasonally grazed leucaena stands (3–6 m rows), which were sampled to a depth of 0.3 m at 0.1-m intervals. The soil was wet-sieved for different aggregate sizes (large macroaggregates, >2000 µm; small macroaggregates, 250–2000 µm; microaggregates, 53–250 µm; and <53 µm), including occluded particulate organic matter (oPOM) within macroaggregates (>250 µm), and then analysed for organic C, N and δ13C and δ15N. Leucaena promoted aggregation, which increased with the age of the leucaena stands, and in particular the formation of large macroaggregates compared with grass in the upper 0.2 m. Macroaggregates contained a greater SOC stock than microaggregates, principally as a function of the soil mass distribution. The oPOM-C and -N concentrations were highest in macroaggregates at all depths. The acid nonhydrolysable C and N distribution (recalcitrant SOM) provided no clear distinction in stabilisation of SOM between pastures. Leucaena- and possibly other legume-based grass pastures have potential to sequester SOC through stabilisation and protection of oPOM within macroaggregates in soil.

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Excessive Energy for Food Distribution Associated with Food Seizures1,2

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-44.1.47 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 47-54

Author(s):

NAN UNKLESBAY

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Developed Countries ◽

The United States ◽

Food Distribution ◽

Nutrient Ratios ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Energy Usage ◽

Distribution Mode

Energy expended to distribute food shipments during a 2-year period to, and within, the United States before their seizure was documented for four distribution modes: ship, truck, train and air. The food shipments were described according to their wholesale value, energy usage per distribution mode, nutrient content, energy/nutrient ratios and violation code(s) of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. Results were used to illustrate how this type of study could be used as an administrative tool to develop strategies for avoiding excessive energy consumption during food distribution. Recommendations were made for collecting further data to facilitate reductions in the amount of energy used to distribute human food. Finally, rather ethical questions were raised about the problem of purchasing protein foods from less-developed countries; using energy to distribute them to the United States when they are subsequently declared unfit for human consumption.

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Conversion of Shrimp Head Waste for Production of a Thermotolerant, Detergent-Stable, Alkaline Protease by Paenibacillus sp.

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal9100798 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 798 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Chien Thang Doan ◽

Thi Ngoc Tran ◽

I-Hong Wen ◽

Van Bon Nguyen ◽

Anh Dzung Nguyen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Protease ◽

Nitrogen Nutrition ◽

Crab Shell ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Optimal Activity ◽

Shrimp Shell ◽

Paenibacillus Sp ◽

Shrimp Head ◽

Ph Range ◽

By Products

Fishery processing by-products have been of great interest to researchers due to their beneficial applications in many fields. In this study, five types of marine by-products, including demineralized crab shell, demineralized shrimp shell, shrimp head, shrimp shell, and squid pen, provided sources of carbon and nitrogen nutrition by producing a protease from Paenibacillus sp. TKU047. Strain TKU047 demonstrated the highest protease productivity (2.98 U/mL) when cultured for two days on a medium containing 0.5% of shrimp head powder (SHP). The mass of TKU047 protease was determined to be 32 kDa (approximately). TKU047 protease displayed optimal activity at 70–80 °C and pH 9, with a pH range of stability from 6 to 11. TKU047 protease also showed stability in solutions containing surfactants and detergents. Based on its excellent properties, Paenibacillus sp. TKU047 protease may be a feasible candidate for inclusion in laundry detergents.

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Isotopic view of vegetation and carbon and nitrogen cycles in a cerrado ecosystem, southeastern Brazil

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162009000400006 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 467-475 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Luciana Della Coletta ◽

Gabriela Bielefeld Nardoto ◽

Sabrina Ribeiro Latansio-Aidar ◽

Humberto Ribeiro da Rocha

Keyword(s):

Isotope Ratios ◽

High Energy ◽

Isotopic Signature ◽

Southeastern Brazil ◽

Δ13c And Δ15n ◽

Organic C ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Wide Range ◽

C And N ◽

Foliar Δ15n

Carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles in savannas are strongly regulated by the seasonal distribution of precipitation and pulses of nutrients released during the wetting of the dry soil and are critical to the dynamics of microorganisms and vegetation. The objective of this study was to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of C and N isotope ratios as indicators of the cycling of these elements in a cerrado sensu stricto area, within a protected area in a State Park in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The foliar δ13C and δ15N values varied from -33.6 to -24.4 ‰ and -2.5 to 4.5 ‰, respectively. The δ13C values showed a consistent relationship with canopy height, revealing the importance of structure of the canopy over the C isotopic signature of the vegetation. Carbon isotopic variations associated with the length of the dry season indicated the importance of recent fixed C to the integrated isotopic signature of the leaf organic C. The studied Cerrado species showed a depleted foliar δ15N, but a wide range of foliar Nitrogen with no difference among canopy heights. However, seasonal variability was observed, with foliar δ15N values being higher in the transition period between dry and rainy seasons. The variation of the foliar C and N isotope ratios presented here was consistent with highly diverse vegetation with high energy available but low availability of water and N.

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Chemical analyses of flowers and leaves for nutritional diagnoses of coffee trees

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20190796 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 51 (7) ◽

Author(s):

André Vinicius Zabini ◽

Herminia Emilia Prieto Martinez ◽

Júlio César Lima Neves ◽

Cosme Damião Cruz ◽

Samuel Vasconcelos Valadares

Keyword(s):

Chemical Analysis ◽

Mineral Composition ◽

Reference Values ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Tissue Analysis ◽

Chemical Analyses ◽

Leaf Analysis ◽

Commercial Farms ◽

Flower Tissue ◽

Content Range

ABSTRACT: The chemical analysis of flowers has been studied for some crops. In coffee trees, the flower tissue analysis could anticipate the nutritional diagnosis. This study aimed to: (i) compare the mineral composition of coffee flowers and leaves; and to (ii) generate reference values for nutritional diagnosis of coffee trees, based on flower and leaf analysis. Nutrient content of flowers and leaves and coffee productivity were evaluated in 26 commercial farms located in Manhuaçu, MG, Brazil throughout three years. The critical nutrient content range in flowers are respectively: 2.78 - 3.17, 0.23 - 0.28, 2.80 - 3.12, 0.30 - 0.37, 0.24 - 0.30, 0.15 - 0.18 dag kg-1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S; and 17 - 21, 12 - 18, 52 - 80, 26 - 43, and 28 - 48 mg kg-1 of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, and B. For leaves, the critical nutrient ranges are respectively: 2.63 - 2.86, 0.13 - 0.14, 2.13 - 2.33, 1.04 - 1.22, 0.27 - 0.33, 0.15 - 0.18 dag kg-1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S; and 9 - 14, 15 - 23, 80 - 115, 99 - 148, and 31 - 37 mg kg-1 of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, and B. The nutritional diagnosis of coffee trees for N, P, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Mn can be anticipated using flower analysis.

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Analysis of Selected Antioxidant and Anti-nutrient Content and Palynological Evaluation of Honey Samples from Southern Guinea Savanna Vegetation of Nigeria

Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology ◽

10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i530153 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Reginald C. Njokuocha

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Total Phenols ◽

Pollen Counts ◽

Guinea Savanna ◽

Savanna Vegetation ◽

Pollen Types ◽

Ph Range ◽

Range Test

Aims: To investigate the presence of selected antioxidant and anti-nutrient and pollen profile of four honey samples from the southern guinea savanna vegetation of Nigeria. Study Design: Purposive sampling method was used in selecting the study areas for the honey samples Place and Duration of Study: The study was done in the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, between June to October, 2019. Methodology: The analyzed antioxidants (flavonoids, total phenols, vitamin C and alkaloids) and anti-nutrient (phytate and oxalate) were subjected to standard chemical treatment in four replicates. The stock samples of the honeys were thoroughly shaken and 10g collected from each sample for pollen analysis. Each sample was dissolved in acidified warm (40°C) water, centrifuged at 2000 rpm and the residues collected. Subsequently, they passed through standard acetolysis treatment. The polliniferous deposits were put in specimen bottles containing glycerol-alcohol. Routine pollen counts and identification were done at x400 magnifications. The pollen counts were presented as percentage values, while results obtained from the chemical analyses were subjected to analysis of variance and mean separation test using Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test at P=.05. Results: All the selected antioxidants (flavonoids, total phenols, vitamin C and alkaloids) and anti-nutrients (phytate and oxalate) analyzed were detected in variable quantities in the samples. The honeys were acidic having pH range within acceptable internationally standard. Eighty-two pollen types (39 families) were recorded and composed of nectariferous (90.2%) and non-nectariferous (9.8%) plants. All the honey samples were polyfloral and the most common pollen types occurring across the samples were Elaeis guineensis, Asteraceae and Phyllanthus muellerianus. Conclusion: The honey samples were acidic and contained the selected antioxidants and anti-nutrients parameters in variable quantities. The honey samples were polyfloral with a high number of nectariferous and few non-nectariferous honey plants.

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Forest fragmentation and impacts of intensive agriculture: responses from functional groups of the tree community

10.1101/546796 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Juliana C. Tenius Ribeiro ◽

André Felippe Nunes-Freitas ◽

Mariella Camardelli Uzêda

Keyword(s):

Functional Groups ◽

Floristic Composition ◽

Calcium Content ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Agricultural Landscapes ◽

Intensive Agriculture ◽

Forest Fragments ◽

Intensive Farming ◽

Tree Community ◽

Agricultural Areas

AbstractAgricultural landscapes are seen as areas of extreme importance for studying and developing strategies that integrate biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services with food production. The main strategies for intensifying agriculture are based on conventional practices of frequently using agricultural inputs for fertilization and correction of soil pH. Some studies show that these practices generate impacts on nearby forest fragments through soil contamination, causing an increase in nutrient content. The objective of this study was to identify the impacts on the functional groups of sciophilous and heliophilous species of a tree community of 14 forest fragments near agricultural areas under conventional practices, and raised the hypothesis that the higher the fertility of forest fragments adjacent to intensive agriculture modifies the floristic composition of the tree community. The floristic composition of fragments close to agricultural areas are more similar to each other and the General Linear Model (GLM) results show a clear influence of the intensive farming environment on the richness and abundance of the two functional groups in the forest fragments, directly benefiting the abundance of heliophilous species which are also benefited by the greater declivity and smaller fragment area, while the abundance of sciophytes is negatively correlated with these last two variables. The increase of calcium content is beneficial for the richness of heliophilous species, while the increase in phosphorus content influences a reduction in the richness of sciophyte species, which also respond strongly to the isolation between fragments. The results indicate a dominance trend of pioneer species in nutritionally enriched soils, evidencing that the intense adoption of inputs in cultivated areas causes concrete impacts on the diversity of the tree community of forest fragments, being more determinant for the species richness than the size of the fragments.

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Recycling of Different Available Organic Wastes through Vermicomposting

E-Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2012/945762 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 801-806 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Karmakar ◽

K. Brahmachari ◽

A. Gangopadhyay ◽

S. R. Choudhury

Keyword(s):

Water Hyacinth ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Population Expansion ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Organic Wastes ◽

Cow Dung ◽

Perionyx Excavatus ◽

Total N ◽

Organic C ◽

Coconut Coir

Generation of organic wastes has been increased in an unprecedented rate in India with rapid population expansion, leading to disposal problems. These organic wastes can be converted into valuable wealth by applying vermicomposting technology. Vermicompost which provides macro and micro nutrients to the plants, also reduces pollution by providing a valuable substitute for chemical fertilizers. Present paper deals with vermicomposting of organic wastes from seven different sources and evaluation of nutrient in those vermicomposts following chemical analyses. These seven sources include coconut coir, water hyacinth, mixed materials, cabbage, banana pseudostem, cow dung, and rice husk. Three composting species of earthworms e.g.Eisenia. fetida, Eudrilus. eugeniae, andPerionyx excavatuswere chosen for the experiment. Chemical analysis of vermicomposts under study clearly showed that the vermicompost from water hyacinth contained maximum amount of organic C, total N, and total K though the phosphorous content was maximum in vermicompost from mixed materials. Lowest nutrient content was observed in vermicompost of coconut coir. Vermicomposts from mixed materials, cabbage, banana pseudostem were at per in their chemical properties. It can be concluded that among the seven sources, vermicompost from water hyacinth is best for its nutrient value.

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Methylotenera mobilis gen. nov., sp. nov., an obligately methylamine-utilizing bacterium within the family Methylophilaceae

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY ◽

10.1099/ijs.0.64191-0 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 56 (12) ◽

pp. 2819-2823 ◽

Cited By ~ 91

Author(s):

Marina G. Kalyuzhnaya ◽

Sarah Bowerman ◽

Jimmie C. Lara ◽

Mary E. Lidstrom ◽

Ludmila Chistoserdova

Keyword(s):

Cellular Fatty Acid ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Methylamine Dehydrogenase ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Gene Sequence Analysis ◽

The Family ◽

Lake Washington ◽

Ribulose Monophosphate Cycle ◽

Ph Range ◽

Single Flagellum

A novel obligate methylamine utilizer (strain JLW8T), isolated from Lake Washington sediment, was characterized taxonomically. The isolate was an aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium. Cells were rod-shaped and motile by means of a single flagellum. Reproduction was by binary fission and no resting bodies were formed. Growth was observed within a pH range of 5–8.5, with optimum growth at pH 7.5. It utilized methylamine as a single source of energy, carbon and nitrogen. Methylamine was oxidized via methylamine dehydrogenase and formaldehyde was assimilated via the ribulose monophosphate cycle. The cellular fatty acid profile was dominated by C16 : 0 ω7c and C16 : 0 and the major phospholipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content was 54 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the new isolate was closely related (97–98 % similarity) to a broad group of sequences from uncultured or uncharacterized Betaproteobacteria, but only distantly related (93–96 % similarity) to known methylotrophs of the family Methylophilaceae. Strain JLW8T (=ATCC BAA-1282T=DSM 17540T) is proposed as the type strain of a novel species in a new genus within the family Methylophilaceae, Methylotenera mobilis gen. nov., sp. nov.

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The effects of agronomy on the carbon and nitrogen contained in the soil biomass

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600040740 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 97 (2) ◽

pp. 319-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

T. McM. Adams ◽

R. J. Laughlin

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter Content ◽

Matter Content ◽

Arable Soils ◽

Grassland Soils ◽

Mineral N ◽

Grassland Soil ◽

Organic C ◽

Organic Manures ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Total Soil N

SummarySoils of various agronomic histories were fumigated with chloroform, and the resultant increased production of CO2 and mineral-N measured and expressed as biomass C and the flush of mineral-N production (FN), respectively. Biomass C and FN contents of grassland soils were greater than those of arable soils, and significant correlations with macro organic-matter content were found. Biomass C contents varied from 7 to mg C/100 g soil in arable soil and from 31 to 222 mg C/100 g soil in grassland or woodland. The proportion of soil organic C that was contained within the biomass ranged from 0·3 to 4·0%, whilst FN comprised from 1·0 to 11·7% of total soil N. FNcontents ranged from 1·1 to 13·2mg N/1OOg soil for arable soils, and from 2·5 to 31·7 mg N/100 g soil for grassland and woodland. Application of organic manures increased biomass C and FN contents in grassland soil.

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