scholarly journals Complications in paediatric regional anaesthesia: a narrative review

2020 ◽  
pp. S9-S10
Author(s):  
VC Ponde ◽  
A Uemera ◽  
N Singh
Keyword(s):  
Local Anaesthetic ◽  
Regional Anaesthesia ◽  
Ultrasound Guided ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Reduced Time ◽  
Insight Into

Paediatric anaesthesia and paediatric regional anaesthesia are intertwined. Currently, almost all paediatric patients posted for surgery could and should be given a regional block unless and until contraindicated. This is because the scope, techniques, and their benefits have a wide range and complications are rare. The first report that used regional anaesthesia in children was in 1898, and over the last 120 years it has been developed with many scholars’ wisdom, ideas and publications. Paediatric regional anaesthesia (PRA) has many advantages but requires experience and expertise. For a long-time, exclusively landmark-guided techniques were used and gradually the development of new techniques such as the use of neuro-stimulator and ultrasound-guided (USG) blocks developed into PRA. Especially, the application of ultrasonography (US) has revolutionised the practice of PRA. Few limitations of regional anaesthesia can be tackled by the use of US, leading to shorter time to perform the block, reduced time for block onset and use of a smaller volume of local anaesthetic. Life threatening complications of regional anaesthesia are rare and the riskbenefit ratio is favourable. However, a thorough insight into RA complications, no matter how rare they are, is essential for safe practice. This is because they can be life-threatening, and no matter how small the percentage is, when complications occur, for that individual patient statistics is irrelevant.

Regional anaesthesia

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Prout ◽  
Tanya Jones ◽  
Daniel Martin
Keyword(s):  
Local Anaesthetic ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Regional Anaesthesia ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Ultrasound Guided ◽  
Anaesthetic Agents

The regional anaesthesia chapter discusses the pharmacology of local anaesthetic agents, techniques of nerve localisation, practical aspects of ultrasound-guided blocks and the advantages and complications of regional anaesthesia. Common, and clinically useful, blocks for the upper and lower limb are described in detail with pictures of anatomical landmarks and ultrasound appearance to compliment the description. Indications, technique, volumes required and complications are described for each block.

The pulsar phenomenon

1992 ◽  
Vol 341 (1660) ◽  
pp. 3-15 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Stars ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Pulse Emission ◽  
Emission Process ◽  
Companion Star ◽  
Single Neutron ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Binary Orbit ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Insight Into

The discovery 25 years ago of the remarkable objects which came to be known as pulsars, and their identification as neutron stars, fulfilled a prediction made more than 30 years earlier. Over 550 pulsars are now known, almost all detected at radio frequencies. Their pulse periods range from 1.5 ms to several seconds. Most pulsars are single neutron stars but, in an im portant subset, the pulsar is in a binary orbit with a companion star. Observations have revealed a wealth of detail about the structure and evolution of pulsars and the pulse-emission process, giving new insight into the behaviour of m atter in the presence of extrem e gravitational and electromagnetic fields. Pulsars have unique properties which make them nearly ideal probes for a wide range of physical studies. Those observational results which are most relevant to these applications are summarized in this paper.

scholarly journals Insight into the Tropism of Dengue Virus in Humans

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feroza Begum ◽  
Sandeepan Das ◽  
Debica Mukherjee ◽  
Sweety Mal ◽  
Upasana Ray
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
World Health ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Organ Tropism ◽  
Insight Into

In tropical and subtropical zones, arboviruses are among the major threats to human life, affecting a large number of populations with serious diseases. Worldwide, over three hundred million people are infected with dengue virus (DENV) every year as per the World Health Organization (WHO). DENV-mediated disease severity ranges from a mild fever to hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome. Patients suffering from severe infection might experience multi-organ failure, cardiomyopathy and even encephalopathy, further complicating the disease pathogenesis. In life-threatening cases, DENV has been reported to affect almost all organs of the human body. In this review, we discuss the organ tropism of DENV in humans in depth as detected in various autopsy studies. Keeping in mind the fact that there is currently no DENV-specific antiviral, it is of utmost importance to achieve a vivid picture of the susceptible cells in humans which might help in designing antivirals against DENV, especially targeting those tissues in which infection might lead to life-threatening conditions.

scholarly journals Ultrasound-guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block for Neonatal Abdominal Surgery

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Fredrickson ◽  
P. Seal
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Surgery ◽  
Local Anaesthetic ◽  
Regional Anaesthesia ◽  
Transversus Abdominis Plane Block ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Transversus Abdominis Plane ◽  
Ultrasound Guided ◽  
Wound Infiltration ◽  
Postoperative Ventilation ◽  
Upper Abdominal

This paper describes four neonates having abdominal procedures with intraoperative and early postoperative analgesia provided by a transversus abdominis plane regional block. Analgesia for neonatal upper and midabdominal surgery usually involves regional anaesthesia and/or systemic opioid. All these analgesia techniques have problems specific to the neonatal period. Neonates are sensitive to the respiratory depressant effects of systemic opioid, while the low threshold for local anaesthetic toxicity limits regional anaesthesia/analgesia, which in neonatal upper abdominal surgery is often limited to local anaesthetic infiltration. The transversus abdominis plane block has been shown to provide effective analgesia following a variety of abdominal surgeries in both adults and children. We report four neonates who underwent minor or major abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia supplemented by ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block. Perioperative opioids were administered to one neonate who required postoperative ventilation. Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane bock is a technically feasible alternative to local anaesthetic wound infiltration in the neonate and warrants further evaluation.

scholarly journals Early endosome as a pathogenic target for antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (52) ◽  
pp. 13798-13803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songwang Hou ◽  
Heike Fölsch ◽  
Ke Ke ◽  
Joan Cook Mills ◽  
Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Early Endosome ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Circulating Antibodies ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Inflammatory Molecules ◽  
Antiphosphatidylethanolamine Antibodies ◽  
Phospholipid Species ◽  
Insight Into

Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is a major phospholipid species with important roles in membrane trafficking and reorganization. Accumulating clinical data indicate that the presence of circulating antibodies against PE is positively correlated with the symptoms of antiphospholipid syndromes (APS), including thrombosis and repeated pregnancy loss. However, PE is generally sequestered inside a normal resting cell, and the mechanism by which circulating anti-PE antibodies access cellular PE remains unknown. The studies presented here were conducted with synthetic PE-binding agents, plasma samples from patients with anti-PE autoimmunity, and purified anti-PE antibodies. The results suggest that the cellular vulnerability to anti-PE antibodies may be mediated by the binding of PE molecules in the membrane of the early endosome. Endosomal PE binding led to functional changes in endothelial cells, including declines in proliferation and increases in the production of reactive oxygen species, as well as the expression of inflammatory molecules. Collectively, our findings provide insight into the etiology of anti-PE autoimmunity and, because endosomes are of central importance in almost all types of cells, could have important implications for a wide range of biological processes.

scholarly journals Surface Waters and Urban Brown Rats as Potential Sources of Human-Infective Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Vienna, Austria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1596
Author(s):  
Silvia Cervero-Aragó ◽  
Amélie Desvars-Larrive ◽  
Gerhard Lindner ◽  
Regina Sommer ◽  
Iveta Häfeli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Veterinary Importance ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Transmission Pathways ◽  
Insight Into

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are waterborne protozoa that cause intestinal infections in a wide range of warm-blooded animals. Human infections vary from asymptomatic to life-threatening in immunocompromised people, and can cause growth retardation in children. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence and diversity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in urban surface water and in brown rats trapped in the center of Vienna, Austria, using molecular methods, and to subsequently identify their source and potential transmission pathways. Out of 15 water samples taken from a side arm of the River Danube, Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts were detected in 60% and 73% of them, with concentrations ranging between 0.3–4 oocysts/L and 0.6–96 cysts/L, respectively. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were identified in 13 and 16 out of 50 rats, respectively. Eimeria, a parasite of high veterinary importance, was also identified in seven rats. Parasite co-ocurrence was detected in nine rats. Rat-associated genotypes did not match those found in water, but matched Giardia previously isolated from patients with diarrhea in Austria, bringing up a potential role of rats as sources or reservoirs of zoonotic pathogenic Giardia. Following a One Health approach, molecular typing across potential animal and environmental reservoirs and human cases gives an insight into environmental transmission pathways and therefore helps design efficient surveillance strategies and relevant outbreak responses.

scholarly journals A vér-agy gát rövid története - felfedezésétől a depresszióig

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 172-184
Author(s):  
Zsófia Gál
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Short Summary ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Exact Function ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Insight Into

Nowadays, it is not questioned that the blood-brain barrier plays an extremely important role in isolating central nervous system structures from peripheral tissues, but in the early stages of medical research and life sciences, its existence was not clearly defined. A better understanding of the real structure took a long time and needed new techniques. Currently, researchers are still focusing on the blood-brain barrier in conditions of the nervous system like mental disorders, since it is increasingly important to get closer to understanding the exact function of this barrier. This short summary gives an insight into these problems.

scholarly journals Biomedical Engineering Education in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Usman Hassan ◽  
Talat Zahra ◽  
Shrish Bajpai
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Biomedical Engineering ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Education In India ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Health Research And Development

AbstractIn the industrialized nation, almost every facet of our lives is permeated by technological innovation at an accelerated pace. This is especially true in the areas related to health and medicine, which has further led to the evolution of a health care system that is technologically related and capable of providing a wide range of effective therapeutic and diagnostic treatments. The application of the principles and problem-solving techniques of engineering, biology and medicine is Biomedical engineering. Biomedical engineering focuses on the advancements to improve human health at all possible levels. Biomedical engineering has emerged as a new area of research combining biology and medicine with technology, providing new designs and concepts of medical instrumentation for the diagnosis, cure and prevention of various diseases. Biomedical engineering in the last three decades has sustained growth in human resources along with the emergence of careers as graduates and postgraduates and apart from this research works, health care and technological development are some of its other aspects. The present paper will provide an insight into biomedical engineering and future scopes, specifically in India. Biomedical engineers use and apply knowledge of the modern biological principles in their designing process. A biomedical engineer can work in a wide variety of areas and disciplines. Apart from this, there are several opportunities in industries for innovations, designing and developing new techniques. In the last few years, biomedical engineering has emerged as a booming career as the area of work and research and the possibilities of innovations in this field are nearly endless. Thus, the future of biomedical engineering is tied to both the obstacles we face in the field of medical sciences and its advancements. Hence the use of the biomedical engineering method has become a necessity for human health, research and development.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors: current status

2021 ◽  
pp. bmjspcare-2021-002954
Author(s):  
Ana Filipa Palma dos Reis ◽  
Ivo Hennig ◽  
Andrew Wilcock
Keyword(s):  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Optimal Care ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Life Threatening

The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is growing rapidly in oncology and palliative care clinicians and other generalists will increasingly see patients who are receiving, or who have received ICI. For optimal care, it is important that clinicians have a basic understanding of the unique nature of ICI as anticancer treatments, including patterns of response, potential issues with concurrent corticosteroid use and the wide range of possible immune-related adverse effects (IrAEs). This paper, informed by a recent literature search, provides a succinct yet comprehensive overview of ICI, with a particular focus on IrAE, highlighting that some are potentially life-threatening and/or can develop a long time, sometimes years, after even a short course of an ICI.

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