scholarly journals Insight into the Tropism of Dengue Virus in Humans

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feroza Begum ◽  
Sandeepan Das ◽  
Debica Mukherjee ◽  
Sweety Mal ◽  
Upasana Ray
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
World Health ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Organ Tropism ◽  
Insight Into

In tropical and subtropical zones, arboviruses are among the major threats to human life, affecting a large number of populations with serious diseases. Worldwide, over three hundred million people are infected with dengue virus (DENV) every year as per the World Health Organization (WHO). DENV-mediated disease severity ranges from a mild fever to hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome. Patients suffering from severe infection might experience multi-organ failure, cardiomyopathy and even encephalopathy, further complicating the disease pathogenesis. In life-threatening cases, DENV has been reported to affect almost all organs of the human body. In this review, we discuss the organ tropism of DENV in humans in depth as detected in various autopsy studies. Keeping in mind the fact that there is currently no DENV-specific antiviral, it is of utmost importance to achieve a vivid picture of the susceptible cells in humans which might help in designing antivirals against DENV, especially targeting those tissues in which infection might lead to life-threatening conditions.

Exploring Azatidinone Moiety: An Insight into its Anti-tubercular Potency

Drug Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Das ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Mehta ◽  
Meenakshi Dhanawat
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Antitubercular Activity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cyclic Amide ◽  
Improper Use ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Tuberculosis Therapy ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractTB is becoming a worldwide problem and it was declared since 1993 by the World Health Organization (WHO), a global health emergency. The current problem of tuberculosis therapy is the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains, caused by the improper use of antibiotics in chemotherapy of TB patients. Azatidinones, a β-lactam cyclic amide with four atoms in a ring, has been considered as a magic moiety (wonder nucleus) which possesses almost all types of biological activities. This diversity in the biological response profile has attracted the attention of many researchers to explore this skeleton to its multiple potential against several activities. Present article is sincere attempt to review chemistry, method of synthesis of azatidinones and to study azatidinones synthesized in last few years which have shown potent antitubercular activity.

scholarly journals SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion): Perplexing Look of Dengue Fever

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Richmond Ronald Gomes ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Dengue Shock Syndrome ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fluid Extravasation ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Expanded Dengue Syndrome

Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease (female mosquitoes of the Aedes genus, principally Aedes aegypti) caused by any one of four closely related dengue viruses. It is endemic in tropical and subtropical continent. World health organization (WHO) currently estimates there may be 50 -100 million dengue infections worldwide every year with over 2.5 billion people at risk of dengue. Symptomatic dengue virus infection may manifests as undifferentiated fever, classical dengue fever (with or without unusual hemorrhages), and dengue hemorrhagic fever (with or without shock). Isolated organopathy or expanded dengue syndrome (EDS) was coined by WHO in the year 2012 to describe cases, which do not fall into either dengue shock syndrome or dengue hemorrhagic fever. The atypical manifestations noted in expanded dengue are multisystemic and multifaceted with organ involvement, such as liver, brain, heart, kidney, central/peripheral nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, lympho reticular system. Dengue virus has long been considered as a non-neurotropic virus, as animal studies have shown that virus does not cross blood brain barrier. Hyponatremia may be found in association with dengue fever and is thought to be caused by peripheral fluid extravasation and resulting intravascular hypovolaemia. But hyponatremia due to syndrome of inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH) in Dengue fever is rare. We report a 40 years old male who was diagnosed as Dengue fever (Dengue Ns1Ag positive) with thrombocytopenia and hyponatremia. He was admitted and further investigations revealed SIADH. He responded well to cautious sodium replacement and addition of tolvaptan. He recovered completely and was discharged after one week. Thus, all clinicians should keep in mind the possibility of SIADH as a part of expanded dengue syndrome.

scholarly journals COMPARISON BIOLARVICIDES POTENCIAL OF FRUIT SEEDS AND LEAF PAPAYA EXTRACTS (Carica papaya) ON Aedes aegypti

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Fidel Corona ◽  
Freggy Spicano Joprang
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
World Health ◽  
P Value ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Health Organization

Introduction: Aedes aegypti is the major vector of dengue virus. Dengue virus can cause dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). DHF is dangerous because it can cause death. World Health Organization (WHO) noted Indonesia as state with the highest dengue cases in Southeast Asia. Effort to control A. aegypti vector that can be done is by using natural substances that have the effect of biolarvicides. This study aims to determine natural biolarvicides potencial of fruit seeds and leaf papaya (Carica papaya) extracts against A. aegypti larvae. Methods: This study was an experimental study and conducted in 2016 using two groups of samples with the design before and after intervention. Samples were A. aegypti larval instar III and IV with the number of 10 larvaeper concentration and 10 larvae of control for each types of extracts. The concentration used was 0 mg / L (control), 50 mg / L, 100 mg / L, and 150 mg / L for both types of extracts, then observed at 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, and 24 hours after exposure. Results: This study using Kruskal Wallis test, p value = 0.352. (P> 0.05) means there is no significant difference in the effect of biolarvicides concentration between the two types of extracts that used to the number of dead larvae of A. aegypti. Conclusion: Fruit seeds and leaf papaya extracts (C. Papaya L.) with concentrations of 50 mg / L, 100 mg/ L, and 150 mg / L are not effective to kill the larvae of A. aegypti. Other studies show concentrations above 21.9 ppm of leaf extract and 442 ppm of fruit seed extract can effectively kill larvae, therefore future studies are needed to determine effective extract concentrations to kill the larvae of A. aegypti.

STEVIA PLANT - ALTERNATIVE SWEETNER IN FOOD TECHNOLOGY

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1213-1217
Author(s):  
Jovana Džoljić ◽  
Ljiljana Đorđević
Keyword(s):  
Food Additives ◽  
Functional Class ◽  
World Health ◽  
Food Technology ◽  
Food Standards ◽  
Safety Studies ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Agricultural Organization

Food and Agricultural Organization as a “sweeteners” consider products used for sweetening derived from sugar crops, cereals, fruits or milk, or that are produced by insects. Sweeteners, as an additive, have important role for technological functions of food, especially in providing texture, bulk and color, and also as preservative agents. Regardless the numerous sweeteners, alternative sweeteners to sucrose are in main focus for implementation in food industry. Nowadays Food and Agricultural Organization and World Health Organization Food standards, Codex Alimentarius Commission (2018) accepted list of 27 food additives that have the functional class “sweetener”. Nowadays, alternative sweeteners and their application in food technology are in main focus of scientist. Stevia plant stands for one of the most important natural intense sweetener, since stevia glycosides are almost 400 times sweeter than sucrose. Extracts of stevia represents a powerful tool for reducing sugars in food and beverages, which can be acceptable substitutes to full sugar versions of this products. Regarding the data of Euromonitor international, new food products containing stevia grew 10% from 2016 to 2017. The biggest increment in stevia use was noticed in categories of snacks, juice drinks, dairy, carbonated soft drinks and confectionery. Barriocanal et al. (2008) highlighted that safety studies reported no negative side effects of stevia use. Can be expected that in recent future use of S. rebaudiana as sweetener would be extended to almost all the world’s countries, regarding all discovered beneficial health effects.

Critical Insight into the Attributes of Emerging Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in India and Across the World

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Gaurav M. Doshi ◽  
Hemen S. Ved ◽  
Ami P. Thakkar
Keyword(s):  
Review Article ◽  
World Health ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Insight ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Old Drugs

The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently announced the spread of novel coronavirus (nCoV) globally and has declared it a pandemic. The probable source of transmission of the virus, which is from animal to human and human to human contact, has been established. As per the statistics reported by the WHO on 11th April 2020, data has shown that more than sixteen lakh confirmed cases have been identified globally. The reported cases related to nCoV in India have been rising substantially. The review article discusses the characteristics of nCoV in detail with the probability of potentially effective old drugs that may inhibit the virus. The research may further emphasize and draw the attention of the world towards the development of an effective vaccine as well as alternative therapies. Moreover, the article will help to bridge the gap between the new researchers since it’s the current thrust area of research.

scholarly journals A living WHO guideline on drugs to prevent covid-19

BMJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. n526
Author(s):  
François Lamontagne ◽  
Thomas Agoritsas ◽  
Reed Siemieniuk ◽  
Bram Rochwerg ◽  
Jessica Bartoszko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Guideline Development ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Assessment Development ◽  
Research Priority ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Drug Interventions

Abstract Clinical question What is the role of drugs in preventing covid-19? Why does this matter? There is widespread interest in whether drug interventions can be used for the prevention of covid-19, but there is uncertainty about which drugs, if any, are effective. The first version of this living guideline focuses on the evidence for hydroxychloroquine. Subsequent updates will cover other drugs being investigated for their role in the prevention of covid-19. Recommendation The guideline development panel made a strong recommendation against the use of hydroxychloroquine for individuals who do not have covid-19 (high certainty). How this guideline was created This living guideline is from the World Health Organization (WHO) and provides up to date covid-19 guidance to inform policy and practice worldwide. Magic Evidence Ecosystem Foundation (MAGIC) provided methodological support. A living systematic review with network analysis informed the recommendations. An international guideline development panel of content experts, clinicians, patients, an ethicist and methodologists produced recommendations following standards for trustworthy guideline development using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Understanding the new recommendation The linked systematic review and network meta-analysis (6 trials and 6059 participants) found that hydroxychloroquine had a small or no effect on mortality and admission to hospital (high certainty evidence). There was a small or no effect on laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (moderate certainty evidence) but probably increased adverse events leading to discontinuation (moderate certainty evidence). The panel judged that almost all people would not consider this drug worthwhile. In addition, the panel decided that contextual factors such as resources, feasibility, acceptability, and equity for countries and healthcare systems were unlikely to alter the recommendation. The panel considers that this drug is no longer a research priority and that resources should rather be oriented to evaluate other more promising drugs to prevent covid-19. Updates This is a living guideline. New recommendations will be published in this article and signposted by update notices to this guideline. Readers note This is the first version of the living guideline for drugs to prevent covid-19. It complements the WHO living guideline on drugs to treat covid-19. When citing this article, please consider adding the update number and date of access for clarity.

scholarly journals Covid-19 Pandemic Era: Is It Time To Promote Home Dialysis And Peritoneal Dialysis?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Cozzolino ◽  
Ferruccio Conte ◽  
Fulvia Zappulo ◽  
Paola Ciceri ◽  
Andrea Galassi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Infection ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
World Health ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Home Dialysis ◽  
Renal Replacement Therapies ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Immunologic Diseases ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACT The novel coronavirus, called SARS-CoV-2 has been declared a pandemic on March 2020, by the World Health Organization. Older individuals and patients with comorbid conditions such as hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, lung disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and immunologic diseases are at higher risk of contracting this severe infection. In particular, patients with advanced CKD constitute a vulnerable population and a challenge in the prevention and control of the disease. Home-based renal replacement therapies offer opportunity to manage patients remotely, thus reducing the likelihood of infection due to direct human interaction. Patients are seen less frequently, limiting the close interaction between patients and healthcare workers who may contract and spread the disease. On the other hand, while home dialysis is reasonable selection at his time due to the advantage of isolation of patients, measures must be assured to implement the program. Despite its logistical benefits, outpatient hemodialysis also presents certain challenges during times of crises such as COVID 19 pandemic and potentially future ones.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Face Masks in Reducing the Spread of COVID-19: A Model-Based Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 0272989X2110190
Author(s):  
Isabelle J. Rao ◽  
Jacqueline J. Vallon ◽  
Margaret L. Brandeau
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Infected Individual ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Mask Effectiveness

Background The World Health Organization and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that both infected and susceptible people wear face masks to protect against COVID-19. Methods We develop a dynamic disease model to assess the effectiveness of face masks in reducing the spread of COVID-19, during an initial outbreak and a later resurgence, as a function of mask effectiveness, coverage, intervention timing, and time horizon. We instantiate the model for the COVID-19 outbreak in New York, with sensitivity analyses on key natural history parameters. Results During the initial epidemic outbreak, with no social distancing, only 100% coverage of masks with high effectiveness can reduce the effective reproductive number [Formula: see text] below 1. During a resurgence, with lowered transmission rates due to social distancing measures, masks with medium effectiveness at 80% coverage can reduce [Formula: see text] below 1 but cannot do so if individuals relax social distancing efforts. Full mask coverage could significantly improve outcomes during a resurgence: with social distancing, masks with at least medium effectiveness could reduce [Formula: see text] below 1 and avert almost all infections, even with intervention fatigue. For coverage levels below 100%, prioritizing masks that reduce the risk of an infected individual from spreading the infection rather than the risk of a susceptible individual from getting infected yields the greatest benefit. Limitations Data regarding COVID-19 transmission are uncertain, and empirical evidence on mask effectiveness is limited. Our analyses assume homogeneous mixing, providing an upper bound on mask effectiveness. Conclusions Even moderately effective face masks can play a role in reducing the spread of COVID-19, particularly with full coverage, but should be combined with social distancing measures to reduce [Formula: see text] below 1. [Box: see text]

Food advertising during children’s television programmes in Italy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Silvano Gallus ◽  
Elisa Borroni ◽  
Chiara Stival ◽  
Sharanpreet Kaur ◽  
Sofia Davoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Product ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Children's Television ◽  
World Health ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
International Guidelines ◽  
Food Advertisements ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Objective: Previous studies from European countries noted that food products promoted on TV for children did not comply with international guidelines, including the World Health Organization European Nutrient Profile Model (WHO-ENPM) and the EU Pledge Nutrition Criteria (EU-PNC, an initiative developed by leading food companies). We aim to provide new data from Italy. Design: Evaluation of Italian TV advertisements. Data on nutritional values for food product advertised were compared with nutritional standards issued by the WHO-ENPM and the EU-PNC. Setting: In total, 180 h of TV programmes from six Italian channels, 2016–2017. Participants: Eight hundred and ten consecutive advertisements during children’s programmes. Results: Out of 810 advertisements, 90 (11·1 %) referred to food products. Among these, 84·5 % of the foods promoted did not meet the WHO-ENPM and 55·6 % the EU-PNC guidelines. Advertisements promoting sweet and salty snacks (i.e. ≥ 70 % of all foods) v. other food products showed higher non-compliance with both the WHO-ENPM (OR: 73·8; 95 % CI: 4·09, 1330) and the EU-PNC (OR: 9·21; 95 % CI: 2·82, 30·1). Conclusions: In Italy, most food advertisements during children’s programmes are not compliant with European nutritional standards. Almost all the advertisements for snacks do not meet international guidelines. As the WHO-ENPM guidelines do not propose standards for all the food products, including meals, there is an urgent need to define independent and easy-to-read guidelines for food advertisements targeting children. As a first step towards the complete ban of food advertisements targeting children recommended by other researchers, these guidelines should be enforced by all the TV broadcasts.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pandemic: A review of the global lockdown and its far-reaching effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 003685042110198
Author(s):  
Helen Onyeaka ◽  
Christian K Anumudu ◽  
Zainab T Al-Sharify ◽  
Esther Egele-Godswill ◽  
Paul Mbaegbu
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Education Delivery ◽  
Environmental Air ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

COVID-19, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on the 11th of March 2020, leading to some form of lockdown across almost all countries of the world. The extent of the global pandemic due to COVID-19 has a significant impact on our lives that must be studied carefully to combat it. This study highlights the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on crucial aspects of daily life globally, including; Food security, Global economy, Education, Tourism, hospitality, sports and leisure, Gender Relation, Domestic Violence/Abuse, Mental Health and Environmental air pollution through a systematic search of the literature. The COVID-19 global lockdown was initiated to stem the spread of the virus and ‘flatten the curve’ of the pandemic. However, the impact of the lockdown has had far-reaching effects in different strata of life, including; changes in the accessibility and structure of education delivery to students, food insecurity as a result of unavailability and fluctuation in prices, the depression of the global economy, increase in mental health challenges, wellbeing and quality of life amongst others. This review article highlights the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown across the globe. As the global lockdown is being lifted in a phased manner in various countries of the world, it is necessary to explore its impacts to understand its consequences comprehensively. This will guide future decisions that will be made in a possible future wave of the COVID-19 pandemic or other global disease outbreak.

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