scholarly journals Apriorism as the Basis of Spirituality in the Philosophical Heritage of Europe and Russia: An Ethical Aspect

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
С.В. Ковалева
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Ethical Aspect ◽  
Moral Law ◽  
Moral Choice ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Moral Position ◽  
The Individual

Статья призвана определить значение нравственного компонента априорности в философском наследии И. Канта, В. С. Соловьева и М. Шелера и выявить потенциал соответствующих концепций в аспекте совершения нравственного выбора. Исследование основано на трудах перечисленных мыслителей и результатах научных изысканий современных философов. Для каждой из рассмотренных концепций установлено значение чистых априорных категорий и чувственного опыта в нравственном выборе. Эволюция осмысления априорных форм в европейском и отечественном философском наследии заключалась в движении от кантовского формализма к пониманию априорности как целостной установки, определяющей предпочтение человеком одних ценностей другим. Подчеркнута актуальность проанализированных произведений философского наследия для современной моральной практики. Моральный выбор должен осуществляться личностью, нравственно-априорные основания которой актуализируются посредством чувственно-эмоционального переживания этических ценностей. The article aims to establish the meaning of the moral component of apriorism in the philosophical heritage of Immanuel Kant, Vladimir Solovyov, and Мax Scheler, and to determine the possibility of using appropriate conceptions when choosing the moral position of a person in modern culture. The research material was writings by the mentioned thinkers and research analysing their heritage by modern scholars. The methodology is based on the principles of philosophical comparative studies and an axiological approach, which allowed comparing the values and ideas inherent in the conceptions of the three philosophers. The author examines Kant’s heritage in the aspect of the analysis of ideas related to a priori forms and pays special attention to Kant’s theses related to the practical activities of a person as basic apriorism and the importance of moral law in this activity. The author next turns to the philosophical heritage of Solovyov and identifies his views on the elements of an ethical nature that make up the ontological basis of the philosopher’s personality. She further analyses works by Scheler, which allowed comparing his view with Kant’s ethical ideas by the criterion of revealing a person’s attitude to the surrounding world. The value of pure a priori categories and sensory experience in moral choice is established for each of the considered conceptions. The author concludes that the comprehension of the meaning of a priori forms in the European and domestic philosophical heritage during almost three centuries demonstrates a sufficiently clear evolution based on Kant’s formal law of duty, which later received a critical assessment in the works of Russian and foreign thinkers. The main content of this evolution was a departure from Kant’s formalism towards understanding apriorism as a holistic attitude, which determines a person’s preference for some values to others and thus contributes to the formation of a hierarchy of personal values. The three thinkers emphasised the importance of apriorism and a priori forms as fundamental foundations of human morality; however, the philosophical meaning and specific characteristics of the forms changed noticeably throughout the three centuries. Based on her research, the author emphasises the relevance of the examined works for modern moral practice. The individual must be not only a subject of cognitive activity but also a person, whose moral and a priori foundations are actualised through the sensual and emotional experience of ethical values.

scholarly journals The features of the formation of ethno-value consciousness in the modern Kazakh Pedagogical University

Eduweb ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-244
Author(s):  
Ainash Aipova ◽  
Sofiya Apaeva ◽  
Assel Temirgalinova ◽  
Anara Shabambaeva ◽  
Irina Karabulatova
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Value Consciousness ◽  
Synergistic Approach ◽  
Linguistic Analyses ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Education Of Students ◽  
Activity Method

The specifics of the conditions for the formation of the ethno-value consciousness of future teachers based on a comprehensive approach to mastering their ethnic knowledge and skills in the process of competence and activity approaches is the goal of study. The authors used a synergistic approach based on competence-based and activity-based approaches. These approaches include the following methods: interiorization of internal cognitive activity with cross-cultural, cross-competent, cross-linguistic analyses, the method of emotional experience; frame modeling method, competence approach, psycholinguistic and pedagogical experiments. The results the essence of the ethno-value consciousness of the individual is determined; the types of values reflected in the ethno-value consciousness of the individual in the mental form are described, its specificity is revealed; the definition of the ethno-value competence is given and its components are clarified; it is proved that the main methods of forming the ethno-value consciousness of the individual is the event-activity method of reproducing the cultural scenario in order to actualize the cultural space. The results of the study can make a certain contribution to the theory and practice of ethnopedagogical education of students.

Immanuel Kant: Ethics

Philosophy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Denis
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Ethical Theory ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Categorical Imperative ◽  
Moral Principle ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Moral Law ◽  
Moral Philosophies ◽  
The Will ◽  
Kant's Ethics

The ethical theory of Immanuel Kant (b. 1724–d. 1804) exerted a powerful influence on the subsequent history of philosophy and continues to be a dominant approach to ethics, rivaling consequentialism and virtue ethics. Kant’s ethical thought continues to be studied in itself, as a part of his critical system of philosophy, in its historical context, and in relation to particular practical questions. Kant’s writings and lectures display the influence of the Stoics, Rousseau, Crusius, Wolff, Hutcheson, Hume, and others; Fichte, Hegel, Nietzsche, Bradley, Greene, Habermas, and Rawls are among the many philosophers whose moral philosophies can be read (in part) as responses to Kant. Salient foundational features of Kant’s ethics include: its a priori method, its conception of the will as autonomous, its categorical imperative, its theory of freedom, and its account of moral motivation. Kant maintained that foundational moral principles must be a priori, not based on observation or experience. Kant takes the moral law to be legislated by the will to itself. Unlike holy beings, human beings experience morality as a constraint upon our wills. For us, the moral law is a categorical imperative. All ethical duties are ultimately grounded in this supreme moral principle. If we are bound to obey the moral law, we must be capable of doing so; Kant holds that, even assuming causal determinism in the phenomenal world, morality reveals our (noumenal) freedom to us. Kant attributes moral worth only to action done from duty (i.e., from respect for the law), not from inclination. Significant aspects of Kant’s fully developed ethical theory include its rich theory of virtue and the virtues, its taxonomy of duties (which include duties to oneself as well as to others), its distinctive conceptions of the highest good and human evil, and its connections with Kant’s philosophies of history, religion, and human nature. Many of Kant’s own discussions of particular duties, virtues, and vices are controversial. For example, Kant appears to condemn all lies as violations of a duty to oneself. This entry focuses on Kant’s ethics rather than Kantian ethics more broadly. Despite that, it includes a number of pieces that apply, extend, or revise Kant’s ethics in some ways, as well as interpretations of Kant’s ethics that some commentators may object stray too far from Kant’s own stated views. Kant’s political philosophy is discussed only peripherally here, save for the section on the Doctrine of Right of the Metaphysics of Morals.

scholarly journals ВОЗМОЖНО ЛИ ГОВОРИТЬ О РАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТИ ЙОГИ?

2019 ◽  
pp. 157-169
Author(s):  
В. В. Лобас
Keyword(s):  
Design Thinking ◽  
Human Life ◽  
A Priori ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Eastern Culture ◽  
Domestic Literature ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual

In world philosophical practice, yoga is given great attention: courses are given at leading universities of the world, various kinds of projects are being opened to study this type of spiritual technique, research in history continues, and of course, there are a number of scientists who associate knowledge about it as a scientific character. , and with its practical application in modern culture. Unfortunately, in domestic literature not enough attention paid to such an ancient and relevant philosophy in the modern world. In the article we set the task to analyze this aspect of multifaceted human life from the standpoint of the modern European researcher. Eastern culture can be viewed in the context of art, religion, mythology, but the question arises: can it be viewed and evaluated in the context of mental, rational discourse? On the basis of ancient texts, on the basis of works of famous Indologists, modern European philosophers, an attempt was made to describe the rationality of yoga and give it a definition. The author goes to the general nature of the rationality of the East, represented by a cosmological-mythological worldview. He concludes that for a man of the East there are other norms and criteria of rationality than for a European-oriented worldview. The author also analyzes the nature of the design thinking of a person with this form of worldview. For a person of the East, there are other norms and criteria for rationality than for a European-oriented worldview. The rationality of the philosophy of yoga should be the basis for research practices and technologies of yoga. It can be given a conditional definition, but its meaning is deep and rooted in hoary antiquity, and requires careful and thorough analysis. The union of all ascetic practices and religious teachings takes place in the Gita, so without analyzing its texts, it is impossible to understand the rationality of yoga. Yoga rationality is mythological and cosmological in nature: it is an a priori scheme of man’s perception of the world and himself, in which ideas about karma and nirvana were central to world orientation and activity, and the mystic of cosmic and biological emphasized the polyvalence of these apriorisms. Such rationality allows the yogi to mentally move from the world of carnal beings into the world of gods and into the world of transcendental gods. The last world appears as an intermediate between the phenomenal world and the non-world of nirvana. Various Indian practices, techniques, and methods aimed at freeing the spirit through separation acquired their followers, because after the “Upanishads” the rejection of life due to socio-political structures and history became the most worthy soteriological solution. Hence the orientation of the yogi to internal self-improvement and indifference to the outside world. Moral decency and cosmic order here are concepts of the same level, starting with the moral positions of the individual soul, which is akin to the spiritual essence of the Cosmos, and Good and Evil act as metaphors for the rhythmic nature of life, both of Cosmos and of Man.

scholarly journals Мethodical ways of junior schoolchildren’ mental work culture education

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Anatolii Podufalov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Work Culture ◽  
Mental Work ◽  
Educational Models ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual

The article reveals the description experience of practical work for junior schoolchildren educating culture of mental work. The cornerstone of any educational concept is the idea of ​​intellectual development of the pupil who finds ways to solve it in different methods, technologies, didactic and educational models. Traditionally, the intellectual development of the student is considered to be the prerogative of didactics. Meanwhile, without mental education it is impossible to form a proper level of intelligence of a child, because didactics equips the individual with applied tools for learning about the world, and successful use of knowledge, skills, abilities and competencies in everyday life is impossible without emotional experience, reflection on personal achievements and development. That helps in organizing, regulating human activities in the world. Modern pedagogical science has an integrated approach in defining the concept of learning ability - it combines the personal characteristics of the student with the semantic and procedural basis of learning and is interpreted as a regulatory universal learning action, mastery of which ensures success in cognitive activity at all stages and levels of education. In a wider context, universal learning activities are considered to be as the ability of the individual to self-development and self-improvement through conscious and active assimilation of social experience. In this sense, they can be correlated with the concept of "culture of mental work", which means a quality that is manifested not only in education but also in other activities – such as playing and working. The purpose of forming a culture of mental work is to develop the child's readiness to implement various activities in society and the biological environment and the formation of a holistic picture of the world, which is constantly recognized and enriched with new intellectual and emotional aspects of meaning. Methodical aspects of mental work culture formation of the younger schoolchildren discover forms of the organization of educational activity of pupils; selection of exercises and tasks that help the child to understand the purpose of each intellectual operation, to comprehend it and integrate it into a holistic system of operations and to master the algorithm of action; development by schoolchildren of own algorithms of educational actions. Such exercises include reflexive tasks, solving puzzles, composing short texts with explanations, establishing analogies, composing riddles and crossword puzzles, problem tasks

Self-Cultivation and Moral Choice

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-158
Author(s):  
Julia Maskivker
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
David Hume ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
Life Goals ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Moral Choice ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
The Face ◽  
Human Capacity ◽  
The Individual

Philosophical luminaries including Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, David Hume, and John Stuart Mill have all theorized that our human capacity of reason calls us to become the best that we can be by developing our “natural abilities.” This article explores the thesis that the development of our talents is not a moral duty to oneself and suggests that it may be avoided for other reasons than failures of rationality. In the face of the opportunity-costs associated with different life-goals, resistance to developing our powers may spring from an informed and perfectly rational choice in favor of an equally valuable alternative to talent development as a way of life. Thus, the arguments in this essay suggest that the predominant, rationalistic view in defense of a duty to develop one’s talents ignores a distinctively human capacity, namely, the capacity for reasoned moral choice. The paper argues, however, that we do well in viewing the development of one’s talents as worthwhile. In other words, it is correct to sustain that the individual would be acting in a morally deficient manner if she declined to develop her abilities for the wrong reasons even if no duty to self to avoid that course of action exists.

CREATING THE SITUATION OF SUCCESS IN THE HUMAN SCIENCES – A PREREQUISITE FOR THE HUMANIZATION OF EDUCATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
Ayta Sakun ◽  
Tatiana Kadlubovich ◽  
Darina Chernyak
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Creative Potential ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
Future Success ◽  
Cognitive Motivation ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Individual

The problem of success became relevant at the beginning of the XXI century. Everyone strives to succeed, to be confident in themselves and in the future. Success is recognized as one of the needs of the individual. Reforming modern education is designed to make it human-centered, effective, close to the practical needs of the learner. The humanization of education is impossible without creating situations of success in learning. Such situations activate a person's cognitive motivation, reveal his creative potential, make a person strong and confident. To create situations of success, teachers use a variety of methods and tools that enhance the cognitive activity of students.

scholarly journals Communities and the individual: Beyond the liberal–communitarian divide

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-401
Author(s):  
Volker Kaul
Keyword(s):  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Significant Others ◽  
The Self ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Self And Identity ◽  
Default Position ◽  
The Individual

Liberalism believes that individuals are endowed a priori with reason or at least agency and it is up to that reason and agency to make choices, commitments and so on. Communitarianism criticizes liberalism’s explicit and deliberate neglect of the self and insists that we attain a self and identity only through the effective recognition of significant others. However, personal autonomy does not seem to be a default position, neither reason nor community is going to provide it inevitably. Therefore, it is so important to go beyond the liberal–communitarian divide. This article is analysing various proposals in this direction, asks about the place of communities and the individual in times of populism and the pandemic and provides a global perspective on the liberal–communitarian debate.

„Zurück zur Individualität!“ Die Rezeption moderner Religionsphilosophie im Hochland in der Weimarer Zeit

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-241
Author(s):  
Paul Silas Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Moral Theory ◽  
Philosophy Of Religion ◽  
German Language ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Small Minority ◽  
Interpretive Analysis ◽  
Modern Thought ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The monthly magazine Hochland was probably the most influential Catholic cultural periodical in Germany in the Weimar Period. According to Georg Cardinal von Kopp’s assessment in 1911, it was “unfortunately the most read periodical in all of the educated circles of Germany, Austria and German Switzerland”. Moving beyond the simple rejection of modern culture in Germany, the journal tried to follow a new program of mediatory engagement, although it did continue to hold to traditional positions in many regards. In this article the reception of modern, Enlightenment-affirmative philosophy of religion in the journal is introduced with reference to reviews and essays from the later 1910s to the early 1930s. The journal’s treatment of a few critical subject areas is given close interpretive analysis, including the journal’s treatment of Gertrud Simmel’s Über das Religiöse, individually conceptualized forms of personalist moral theory, and the general shift to phenomenological discourses and the individual in the philosophy of religion. The fundamental rejections of these ideas and these schools of thought in reviews and essays, which are also found in the journal at this time (as in most all German language Catholic cultural journals of the period), are not addressed in this article. The article thus sheds light on an often-forgotten and relatively small minority phenomenon in German Catholic intellectual circles of the Weimar Period, namely the positive embrace of Enlightenment-oriented modern thought. By promoting these ideas at this time, this group made themselves highly vulnerable to disciplinary measures by the Catholic Church. (The journal was put on the Index in 1911.)

scholarly journals Statistical Uncertainty of DNS in Geometries without Homogeneous Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1399
Author(s):  
Jure Oder ◽  
Cédric Flageul ◽  
Iztok Tiselj
Keyword(s):  
Channel Flow ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Time Integration ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Statistical Uncertainty ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Averaging Time ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Time Required

In this paper, we present uncertainties of statistical quantities of direct numerical simulations (DNS) with small numerical errors. The uncertainties are analysed for channel flow and a flow separation case in a confined backward facing step (BFS) geometry. The infinite channel flow case has two homogeneous directions and this is usually exploited to speed-up the convergence of the results. As we show, such a procedure reduces statistical uncertainties of the results by up to an order of magnitude. This effect is strongest in the near wall regions. In the case of flow over a confined BFS, there are no such directions and thus very long integration times are required. The individual statistical quantities converge with the square root of time integration so, in order to improve the uncertainty by a factor of two, the simulation has to be prolonged by a factor of four. We provide an estimator that can be used to evaluate a priori the DNS relative statistical uncertainties from results obtained with a Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes simulation. In the DNS, the estimator can be used to predict the averaging time and with it the simulation time required to achieve a certain relative statistical uncertainty of results. For accurate evaluation of averages and their uncertainties, it is not required to use every time step of the DNS. We observe that statistical uncertainty of the results is uninfluenced by reducing the number of samples to the point where the period between two consecutive samples measured in Courant–Friedrichss–Levy (CFL) condition units is below one. Nevertheless, crossing this limit, the estimates of uncertainties start to exhibit significant growth.

scholarly journals Sartres Lösung zur Antinomie der sozialen Realität in der Kritik der dialektischen Vernunft

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 817-847
Author(s):  
Sebastian Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Theory ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Social Ontology ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
Philosophical Foundation ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Dialectical Reason ◽  
The Individual

AbstractCritics have standardly regarded Sartre’s Critique of Dialectical Reason as an abortive attempt to overcome the subjectivist individualism of his early philosophy, motivated by a recognition that Being and Nothingness lacks ethical and political significance, but derailed by Sartre’s Marxism. In this paper I offer an interpretation of the Critique which, if correct, shows it to offer a coherent and highly original account of social and political reality, which merits attention both in its own right and as a reconstruction of the philosophical foundation of Marxism. The key to Sartre’s theory of collective and historical existence in the Critique is a thesis carried over from Being and Nothingness: intersubjectivity on Sartre’s account is inherently aporetic, and social ontology reproduces in magnified form its limited intelligibility, lack of transparency, and necessary frustration of the demands of freedom. Sartre’s further conjecture – which can be formulated a priori but requires a posteriori verification – is that man’s collective historical existence may be understood as the means by which the antinomy within human freedom, insoluble at the level of the individual, is finally overcome. The Critique provides therefore the ethical theory promised in Being and Nothingness.

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