scholarly journals About the Determination of Crime

2020 ◽  
pp. 274-280
Author(s):  
Bohdan Holovkin
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
General System ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Legal Consciousness ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Criminal Offenses

In the article on the basis of system approach the concept and mechanism of determination of crime are considered, the system of determinants of crime is established, causality of this phenomenon is revealed. It is noted that crime arises, exists and develops as a result of the interaction of members of society with each other, as well as with the social environment and society as a general system. Therefore, crime first and foremost linked to the conditions of life of society, the state of social consciousness and the system of social relations. Crime does not produce a single phenomenon, process or event, but a synergy of similar and homogeneous phenomena and processes. In addition, crime is capable of self-reproduction, by regularly repeating the most persistent forms of criminal behavior. Of all the types of determination, causality is of paramount importance, since this category reflects the objective, regular link between crime and the phenomena that give rise to it. At the level of society, the causes of crime are criminogenic deformations of the legal consciousness and legal culture, which, under certain conditions, naturally give rise to criminal forms of behavior by members of society. Such deformations lead to a criminal state, when people think about the benefits of criminal behavior and are not afraid of criminal responsibility. Deformations of the legal consciousness include defects in the legal worldview, distorted values, the legal subculture, double morality, anti-social interests, and opportunistic behavioral strategies. Among the conditions contributing to the increase in the crime rate, the biggest influences are: shadow economy and criminal monopolism; corruption; poverty of a large part of the population; income inequality; job cuts and unemployment; uncontrolled urbanization; ill-considered changes to the legislation, first of all criminal; human rights abuses; social tension and conflicting; concealment of criminal offenses from accounting, low rates of disclosure of criminal offenses; unfair judgments (sentences); trafficking in weapons, ammunition and explosives; unreasonable large-scale amnesty of criminals; high levels of consumption of alcoholic beverages, drugs and psychotropic substances; child homelessness and neglect.

scholarly journals Complex reconstruction of the life path and psychological characteristics of a historical person as a method of historical psychology

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (121) ◽  
pp. 97-109
Author(s):  
Elena N. Kholondovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Legal Consciousness ◽  
Biographical Research ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
Single Method ◽  
Life Path

The article analyzes the works on the study of historical figures in various socio-humanitarian sciences: history, philosophy, literary studies, psychology. Various approaches to biographical research in psychology are considered: psychoanalysis, psychiatry, historical psychology. There is a growing interest in biographical research in both science and mass consciousness. In historical psychology, personality is studied from different perspectives: from the point of view of its genius, its orientation, legal consciousness as a representative of the moral elite, etc. It is concluded that there is no single method of studying the historical personality in psychology. The author offers a comprehensive reconstruction of the life path and psychological characteristics of a historical person as a method of historical psychology, which is based on the structural and dynamic model of a person by B. G. Ananyev, the subject-activity approach by S. L. Rubinstein, and the ideas of B. F. Lomov on the system determination of the psyche, a procedure of psychological and historical reconstruction that allows combining various methods in the study (modeling, biographical method, praximetric method, quantitative methods, etc.). The proposed method will allow us to study the historical personality comprehensively, in the dynamics included in the integral system of social relations, as well as to reveal the features of its development in the context of historical time. Various hierarchically organized structures (individuum, personality, subject of activity, individuality) cover all levels of relations and interactions of a person and the functions and roles performed by him in the process of living life at each stage of his development. Such a study reaches the level of a systematic reconstruction of the life path of a historical person as an integral phenomenon without losing the complex methodological basis.

Rethinking the Scientific and Legal Implications of Developmental Differences Research in Juvenile Justice

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-441
Author(s):  
Mark R. Fondacaro
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Legal Implications

A recent string of Supreme Court cases now ensures that fewer juveniles will be subjected to our most extreme punitive sanctions, a sign of forward movement toward evolving standards of decency in our culture and jurisprudence. However, this article will argue that there are potential long-term costs associated with the interpretation of developmental differences research relied upon by the Court, not only to juveniles and adults accused and convicted of serious crimes, but to the credibility of science and the legitimacy of the criminal law. The article draws on cutting-edge scientific research to argue that juveniles should indeed be treated differently than we currently treat adults for criminal offenses. However, the primary reason we should treat them differently is not because they are developmentally immature (which many of them may indeed be), but because our retributive justifications for adult punishment do not and will not stand up to scientific scrutiny and the ongoing, inevitable advances in the behavioral and biological sciences. Adolescent immaturity is just one example of the growing number of diminished capacities taking aim at the legitimacy of retributive justifications for punishment. As philosophical and commonsense explanations for criminal behavior give way to scientific and empirical analyses across biological, psychological, and social levels, the justification for and responses to criminal responsibility will need to shift from retribution and just desert toward more forward-looking, consequentialist approaches with both juveniles and adults.

Criminological analysis of determinants of criminal behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S4) ◽  
pp. 1483-1499
Author(s):  
Maksym Zabarniy ◽  
Vasyl Topchii ◽  
Tatiana Korniakova ◽  
Oksana Topchii ◽  
Vitalii Topchii
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Illegal Acts ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Criminal Conduct ◽  
Criminological Theories ◽  
Criminological Analysis ◽  
Case Basis

This article analyzes the process of determination of criminal conduct. The authors argue that the reasons for criminal conduct are individual and can vary significantly on a case-by-case basis. Its dependence on both biological and social factors is stated. The combination of pathological heredity, social environment, political and economic factors can cause criminal behavior. At the same time, the psychological aspects of illegal acts are taken into account within almost all criminological theories to a greater or lesser extent. Criminal behavior is always demonstrated only by an individual and, above all, it is a manifestation of psychological deformities, expressed in the phenomenon of criminogenic contamination. Therefore, understanding its essence will better determine the nature of the warning influence. As a result, it is possible to answer several questions about the determination and nature of criminal behavior, the reasons for the commission of criminal offenses, the peculiarities of the functioning of the mental sphere, psychological problems, complexes, etc. This information helps to optimize methods of crime prevention, provide for further actions of serial criminals, help in the identification of offenders and the investigation of criminal cases.

Large-scale Motion of Solar Filaments

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 205-208
Author(s):  
Pavel Ambrož ◽  
Alfred Schroll
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Proper Motion ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurements ◽  
Solar Filaments ◽  
General Movement ◽  
Scale Motion ◽  
Velocity Scatter

AbstractPrecise measurements of heliographic position of solar filaments were used for determination of the proper motion of solar filaments on the time-scale of days. The filaments have a tendency to make a shaking or waving of the external structure and to make a general movement of whole filament body, coinciding with the transport of the magnetic flux in the photosphere. The velocity scatter of individual measured points is about one order higher than the accuracy of measurements.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OF CA DONG PEOPLE IN RESETTLEMENT AREA OF TRANH RIVER HYDROPOWER NUMBER 2: CURRENT SITUATION AND IMPACT FACTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bùi Thị Bích Lan
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Technical Application ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Role Of The State

In Vietnam, the construction of hydropower projects has contributed significantly in the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country. The place where hydropower projects are built is mostly inhabited by ethnic minorities - communities that rely primarily on land, a very important source of livelihood security. In the context of the lack of common productive land in resettlement areas, the orientation for agricultural production is to promote indigenous knowledge combined with increasing scientific and technical application; shifting from small-scale production practices to large-scale commodity production. However, the research results of this article show that many obstacles in the transition process are being posed such as limitations on natural resources, traditional production thinking or the suitability and effectiveness of scientific - technical application models. When agricultural production does not ensure food security, a number of implications for people’s lives are increasingly evident, such as poverty, preserving cultural identity, social relations and resource protection. Since then, it has set the role of the State in researching and building appropriate agricultural production models to exploit local strengths and ensure sustainability.

Methods for the Quantification of Salivary Cortisol and of a-amylase in Biosensors and Portable Devices

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2857-2859
Author(s):  
Cristina Mihaela Ghiciuc ◽  
Andreea Silvana Szalontay ◽  
Luminita Radulescu ◽  
Sebastian Cozma ◽  
Catalina Elena Lupusoru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Salivary Amylase ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity

There is an increasing interest in the analysis of salivary biomarkers for medical practice. The objective of this article was to identify the specificity and sensitivity of quantification methods used in biosensors or portable devices for the determination of salivary cortisol and salivary a-amylase. There are no biosensors and portable devices for salivary amylase and cortisol that are used on a large scale in clinical studies. These devices would be useful in assessing more real-time psychological research in the future.

Identification of N-Substituted Triazolo-azetidines as Novel Antibacterials using pDualrep2 HTS Platform

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 346-354
Author(s):  
Yan A. Ivanenkov ◽  
Renat S. Yamidanov ◽  
Ilya A. Osterman ◽  
Petr V. Sergiev ◽  
Vladimir A. Aladinskiy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Luciferase Assay ◽  
Reporter System ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Mic Value

Aim and Objective: Antibiotic resistance is a serious constraint to the development of new effective antibacterials. Therefore, the discovery of the new antibacterials remains one of the main challenges in modern medicinal chemistry. This study was undertaken to identify novel molecules with antibacterial activity. Materials and Methods: Using our unique double-reporter system, in-house large-scale HTS campaign was conducted for the identification of antibacterial potency of small-molecule compounds. The construction allows us to visually assess the underlying mechanism of action. After the initial HTS and rescreen procedure, luciferase assay, C14-test, determination of MIC value and PrestoBlue test were carried out. Results: HTS rounds and rescreen campaign have revealed the antibacterial activity of a series of Nsubstituted triazolo-azetidines and their isosteric derivatives that has not been reported previously. Primary hit-molecule demonstrated a MIC value of 12.5 µg/mL against E. coli Δ tolC with signs of translation blockage and no SOS-response. Translation inhibition (26%, luciferase assay) was achieved at high concentrations up to 160 µg/mL, while no activity was found using C14-test. The compound did not demonstrate cytotoxicity in the PrestoBlue assay against a panel of eukaryotic cells. Within a series of direct structural analogues bearing the same or bioisosteric scaffold, compound 2 was found to have an improved antibacterial potency (MIC=6.25 µg/mL) close to Erythromycin (MIC=2.5-5 µg/mL) against the same strain. In contrast to the parent hit, this compound was more active and selective, and provided a robust IP position. Conclusion: N-substituted triazolo-azetidine scaffold may be used as a versatile starting point for the development of novel active and selective antibacterial compounds.

scholarly journals Revealing the constituents of Egypt’s oldest beer using infrared and mass spectrometry

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Farag ◽  
Moamen M. Elmassry ◽  
Masahiro Baba ◽  
Renée Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Beer Brewing ◽  
Chemical Signatures ◽  
Chemical Determination ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
High Level ◽  
Beer Production ◽  
First Time ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the Ancient Egyptians used malted wheat and barley as the main ingredients in beer brewing, but the chemical determination of the exact recipe is still lacking. To investigate the constituents of ancient beer, we conducted a detailed IR and GC-MS based metabolite analyses targeting volatile and non-volatile metabolites on the residues recovered from the interior of vats in what is currently the world’s oldest (c. 3600 BCE) installation for large-scale beer production located at the major pre-pharaonic political center at Hierakonpolis, Egypt. In addition to distinguishing the chemical signatures of various flavoring agents, such as dates, a significant result of our analysis is the finding, for the first time, of phosphoric acid in high level probably used as a preservative much like in modern beverages. This suggests that the early brewers had acquired the knowledge needed to efficiently produce and preserve large quantities of beer. This study provides the most detailed chemical profile of an ancient beer using modern spectrometric techniques and providing evidence for the likely starting materials used in beer brewing.

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